Intergenerational Transmission of Benevolent Sexism from Mothers to Daughters and its Relation to Daughters' Academic Performance and Goals

Sex Roles

Volumn 66, Issue 7-8, 2012, Pages 468-478

  Montañés, Pilar ^a,d   de Lemus, Soledad ^b   Bohner, Gerd ^c   Megías, Jesús L ^b   Moya, Miguel ^b   Garcia Retamero, Rocio ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LA RIOJA   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^c BIELEFELD UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^d Departamento de Ciencias de la Educación   (Spain)

Author keywords

Academic performance; Adolescence; Benevolent sexism; Goals; Intergenerational transmission

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858339802     PISSN: 03600025     EISSN: 15732762     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11199-011-0116-0     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Affleck, M., Morgan, C. S., & Hayes, M. P. (1989). The influence of gender-role attitudes on life expectations of college students. Youth & Society, 20, 307-319. doi: 10. 1177/0044118X89020003005.
2. Akaike, H. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716-723.
3. Álvarez, B., & Miles, D. (2006). Husbands' housework time: Does wives paid employment make a difference? Investigaciones Económicas, 30, 5-31.
4. Barreto, M., & Ellemers, N. (2005). The burden of benevolent sexism: How it contributes to the maintenance of gender inequalities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 35, 633-642. doi: 10. 1002/ejsp. 270.
5. Bohner, G., Ahlborn, K., & Steiner, R. (2010). How sexy are sexist men? Women's perception of male response profiles in the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. Sex Roles, 62, 568-582. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-009-9665-x.
6. Booth, A., & Amato, P. (1994). Parental gender role nontraditionalism and offspring outcomes. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 865-877. doi: 10. 2307/353599.
7. Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106, 676-713. doi: 10. 1037/0033-295x. 106. 4. 676.
8. Byrne, B. (2001). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications and programming. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
9. Carmines, E. G., & McIver, J. D. (1981). Analyzing models with unobserved variables: Analysis of covariance structures. In G. W. Bohinstedt & E. F. Borgatta (Eds.), Social measurement: Current issues (pp. 65-115). Beverly Hills: Sage.
10. Corder, J., & Stephan, C. (1984). Females' combination of work and family roles: Adolescent aspiration. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 391-402. doi: 10. 2307/352471.
11. Crouter, A., Manke, B., & McHale, S. (1995). The family context of gender intensification in early adolescence. Child Development, 66, 317-329. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1467-8624. 1995. tb00873. x.
12. De Lemus, S., Castillo, M., Moya, M., Padilla, J. L., & Ryan, E. (2008). Elaboración y validación del inventario de sexismo ambivalente para adolescentes [Construction and validation of the ambivalent sexism inventory for adolescents]. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 8, 537-562.
13. De Lemus, S., Moya, M., & Glick, P. (2010). When contact correlates with prejudice: Adolescents' romantic relationship experience predicts greater benevolent sexism in boys and hostile sexism in girls. Sex Roles, 63, 214-225. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-010-9786-2.
14. Dema-Moreno, S. (2009). Behind the negotiations: Financial decision-making processes in Spanish dual-income couples. Feminist Economics, 15, 27-56. doi: 10. 1080/13545700802620575.
15. Eccles, J. S., Jacobs, J. E., & Harold, R. O. (1990). Gender role stereotypes, expectancy effects, and parents' socialization of gender differences. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 183-201. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1540-4560. 1990. tb01929. x.
16. Efron, B. (1987). Better bootstrap confidence intervals. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82, 171-185. doi: 10. 2307/2289144.
17. Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1993). An introduction to the bootstrap. Boca Raton, FL: Chapman & Hall.
18. Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2009). Collective action in modern times: How modern expressions of prejudice prevent collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 749-768. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1540-4560. 2009. 01621. x.
19. Eurostat. (2006). 8 March 2006: International women's day. A statistical view of the life of women and men in the EU25. Retrieved from http://europa. eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction. do?reference=STAT/06/29&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=e.
20. Ex, C., & Janssens, J. (1998). Maternal influences on daughters' gender role attitudes. Sex Roles, 38, 171-186. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1018776931419.
21. Expósito, F., Moya, M., & Glick, P. (1998). Sexismo ambivalente: Medición y correlatos (Ambivalent sexism: Measurement and correlates). Revista de Psicología Social, 13, 159-169. doi: 10. 1174/021347498760350641.
22. Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2006). Prejudice against women in male-congenial environments: Perceptions of gender role congruity in leadership. Sex Roles, 55, 51-61. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-006-9068-1.
23. Garcia-Retamero, R., & López-Zafra, E. (2009). Causal attributions about feminine and leadership roles: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 40, 492-509. doi: 10. 1177/0022022108330991.
24. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491-512. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 70. 3. 491.
25. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56, 109-118. doi: 10. 1037//0003-066X. 56. 2. 109.
26. Glick, P., & Hilt, L. (2000). Combative children to ambivalent adults: The development of gender prejudice. In T. Eckes & M. Trautner (Eds.), Developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 243-272). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
27. Glick, P., Fiske, S. T., Mladinic, A., Saiz, J., Abrams, D., Masser, B., & López, W. L. (2000). Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 763-775. doi: 10. 1037//0022-3514. 79. 5. 763.
28. Glick, P., Lameiras, M., & Rodríguez-Castro, Y. (2002). Education and religiosity as predictors of ambivalently sexist attitudes. Sex Roles, 47, 433-441. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1021696209949.
29. Glick, P., Lameiras, M., Fiske, S. T., Eckes, T., Masser, B., Volpato, C., & Wells, R. (2004). Bad but bold: Ambivalent attitudes toward men predict gender inequality in 16 nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 713-728. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 86. 5. 713.
30. Goñi-Legaz, S., Ollo-López, A., & Bayo-Moriones, A. (2010). The division of household labor in Spanish dual earner couples: Testing three theories. Sex Roles, 63, 515-529. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-010-9840-0.
31. Greenberg, E., & Goldberg, W. (1989). Work, parenting and the socialization of children. Developmental Psychology, 25, 23-35. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 25. 1. 22.
32. Hoffman, L. W. (1989). Effects of maternal employment in the two-parent family. American Psychologist, 44, 283-292. doi: 10. 1037/0003-066X. 44. 2. 283.
33. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi: 10. 1080/10705519909540118.
34. Ibañez-Pascual, M. (2008). La segregación ocupacional por sexo a examen. Características personales, de los puestos y de las empresas asociadas a las ocupaciones masculinas y femeninas. [Sex segregation of occupations under examination. Individual, job and business characteristics associated with male and female occupations]. Revistas Española de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 123, 87-122.
35. Instituto de la Mujer. (2009). Alumnado universitario matriculado según área de conocimiento [University students registered by subject areas]. Retrieved from http://www. migualdad. es/mujer/mujeres/cifras/tablas/W128. XLS.
36. Instituto Nacional de Estadística. (2009). Mujeres y Hombres en España 2009. [Women and Men in Spain 2009]. Retrieved from http://www. ine. es/prodyser/pubweb/myh/myh09. pdf.
37. Jackman, M. R. (1994). The velvet glove: Paternalism and conflict in gender, class, and race relations. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
38. Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). Another look at sex differences in preferred mate characterstics: The effects of endorsing the traditional female gender role. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 26, 322-328. doi: 10. 1111/1471-6402. t01-2-00071.
39. Joreskog, K. G., & Sorbom, D. (1989). LISREL 7: A guide to program and applications (2nd ed.). Chicago: SPSS.
40. Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1-27. doi: 10. 1111/j. 2044-8309. 1994. tb01008. x.
41. Jost, J. T., & Hamilton, D. L. (2005). Stereotypes in our culture. In J. Dovidio, P. Glick, & L. Rudman (Eds.), On the nature of prejudice (pp. 208-225). Oxford: Blackwell.
42. Jost, J. T., & Kay, A. C. (2005). Exposure to benevolent sexism and complementary gender stereotypes: Consequences for specific and diffuse forms of system justification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 498-509. doi: 10. 1037/0022-3514. 88. 3. 498.
43. Katz, P. A., & Ksansnak, K. R. (1994). Developmental aspects of gender role flexibility and traditionality in middle childhood and adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 30, 272-282. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 30. 2. 272.
44. Kilianski, S., & Rudman, L. A. (1998). Wanting it both ways: Do women approve of benevolent sexism? Sex Roles, 39, 333-352. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1018814924402.
45. Kulik, L. (2002). The impact of social background on gender-role ideology: Parents' versus children's attitudes. Journal of Family Issues, 23, 53-73. doi: 10. 1177/0192513X02023001003.
46. Kulik, L. (2004). Predicting gender role attitudes among mothers and adolescent daughters in Israel. Affilia, 19, 437-449. doi: 10. 1177/0886109904268930.
47. Leaper, C. (2002). Parenting girls and boys. In Handbook of parenting: Children and parenting (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 189-226). Mahwah: Erlbaum.
48. Leaper, C., & Friedman, C. K. (2006). The socialization of gender. In J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds.), The handbook of socialization: Theory and research (pp. 561-587). New York: Guilford.
49. Maccoby, E. E. (1998). The two sexes: Growing apart, coming together. Cambridge: Harvard.
50. MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the produce and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99-128. doi: 10. 1207/s15327906mbr3901_4.
51. McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Tucker, C. J. (1999). Family context and gender role socialization in middle childhood: Comparing girls to boys and sisters to brothers. Child Development, 70, 990-1004. doi: 10. 1111/1467-8624. 00072.
52. McHale, S. M., Crouter, A. C., & Whiteman, S. (2003). The family contexts of gender development in childhood and adolescence. Social Development, 12, 126-148. doi: 10. 1111/1467-9507. 00225.
53. Moen, P., Erickson, M. A., & Dempster-McClain, D. (1997). Their mothers' daughters? The intergenerational transmission of gender attitudes in a world of changing roles. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 281-293. doi: 10. 2307/353470.
54. Montañés, P., de Lemus, S., Megías, J. L., & Moya, M. (2011). How attractive are Spanish sexist men and women? Manuscript in preparation.
55. Moya, M. (2011). Ambivalent sexism indexes by gender and age in Spain. Manuscript in preparation.
56. Moya, M., Expósito, F., & Ruiz, J. (2000). Close relationships, gender and career salience. Sex Roles, 42, 825-846. doi: 10. 1023/A: 1007094232453.
57. Moya, M., Expósito, F., Rodríguez-Bailón, R., Glick, P., & Páez, D. (2002). Sexismo ambivalente en España y Latinoamérica [Ambivalent sexism in Spain and Latin America]. SOCIOTAM, Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, 12, 139-167.
58. Moya, M., Glick, P., Expósito, F., De Lemus, S., & Hart, J. (2007). It's for your own good: Benevolent sexism and women's reactions to protectively justified restrictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1421-1434. doi: 10. 1177/0146167207304790.
59. Pratto, F., & Walker, A. (2004). The bases of gendered power. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The psychology of gender (2nd ed., pp. 242-268). New York: Guilford.
60. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717-731.
61. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi: 10. 3758/BRM. 40. 3. 879.
62. Rudman, L. A., & Heppen, J. B. (2003). Implicit romantic fantasies and women's interest in personal power: A glass slipper effect? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 1357-1370. doi: 10. 1177/0146167203256906.
63. Sánchez, L., & Hall, C. S. (1999). Traditional values and democratic impulses: The gender division of labor in contemporary Spain. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 30, 659-685.
64. Sánchez-Herrero Arbide, S., Sánchez-López, M. P., & Dresch, V. (2009). Hombres y trabajo doméstico: Variables demográficas, salud y satisfacción [Men and house - work: Demographic variables, health and satisfaction]. Anales de Psicología, 25, 299-307.
65. Serbin, L. A., Powlishta, K. K., & Gulko, J. (1993). The development of sex typing in middle childhood. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58, 1-73.
66. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance. An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
67. Silván-Ferrero, M. P., & Bustillos L.A. (2007). Benevolent sexism toward men and women: Justification of the traditional system and conventional gender roles in Spain. Sex Roles, 57, 607-614. doi: 10. 1007/s11199-007-9271-8.
68. Smith, M., & Self, G. (1980). The congruence between mothers' and daughters' sex role attitudes: A research note. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 105-109. doi: 10. 2307/351938.
69. Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173-180.
70. Swim, J. K., Mallett, R., Russo-Devosa, Y., & Stangor, C. (2005). Judgments of sexism: A comparison of the subtlety of sexism measures and sources of variability in judgments of sexism. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 406-411. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1471-6402. 2005. 00240. x.
71. Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2002). Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender related cognitions? Developmental Psychology, 38, 615-630. doi: 10. 1037/0012-1649. 38. 4. 615.
72. Walkerdine, V. (1984). Some day my prince will come: Young girls and the preparation for adolescent sexuality. In A. McRobbie & M. Nava (Eds.), Gender and generation (pp. 162-184). London: Macmillan.