Graft-versus-host disease: Part I. Pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of graft-versus-host disease

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 515.e1-515.e18

  Hymes, Sharon R ^a   Alousi, Amin M ^b   Cowen, Edward W ^c  

^a University of Texas Health Science Center   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^c NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

fasciitis; fibrosis; graft versus host disease; hematopoietic cell transplantation

Indexed keywords

ACUTE GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE; ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ARTICLE; B LYMPHOCYTE; CHRONIC GRAFT VERSUS HOST DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HUMAN; MUCOSAL DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SKIN MANIFESTATION; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS;

EID: 84858309042     PISSN: 01909622     EISSN: 10976787     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2011.11.960     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. M.C. Pasquini, Z. Wang, M.M. Horowitz, and R.P. Gale 2010 report from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR): current uses and outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplants for blood and bone marrow disorders Clin Transpl 2010 87 105
2. S.J. Lee, J.P. Klein, A.J. Barrett, O. Ringden, J.H. Antin, and J.Y. Cahn Severity of chronic graft-versus-host disease: association with treatment-related mortality and relapse Blood 100 2002 406 414
3. V.K. Prasad, N.A. Kernan, G. Heller, R.J. O'Reilly, and S.Y. Yang DNA typing for HLA-A and HLA-B identifies disparities between patients and unrelated donors matched by HLA-A and HLA-B serology and HLA-DRB1 Blood 93 1999 399 409
4. G.B. Ferrara, A. Bacigalupo, T. Lamparelli, E. Lanino, L. Delfino, and A. Morabito Bone marrow transplantation from unrelated donors: the impact of mismatches with substitutions at position 116 of the human leukocyte antigen class I heavy chain Blood 98 2001 3150 3155
5. N. Flomenberg, L.A. Baxter-Lowe, D. Confer, M. Fernandez-Vina, A. Filipovich, and M. Horowitz Impact of HLA class I and class II high-resolution matching on outcomes of unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation: HLA-C mismatching is associated with a strong adverse effect on transplantation outcome Blood 104 2004 1923 1930
6. J.J. Molldrem, K. Komanduri, and E. Wieder Overexpressed differentiation antigens as targets of graft-versus-leukemia reactions Curr Opin Hematol 9 2002 503 508
7. D. Przepiorka, P. Anderlini, R. Saliba, K. Cleary, R. Mehra, and I. Khouri Chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation Blood 98 2001 1695 1700
8. M. Remberger, G. Kumlien, J. Aschan, L. Barkholt, P. Hentschke, and P. Ljungman Risk factors for moderate-to-severe chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 8 2002 674 682
9. A.H. Filipovich, D. Weisdorf, S. Pavletic, G. Socie, J.R. Wingard, and S.J. Lee National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: I. Diagnosis and staging working group report Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 11 2005 945 956
10. H.M. Shulman, D. Kleiner, S.J. Lee, T. Morton, S.Z. Pavletic, and E. Farmer Histopathologic diagnosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: II. Pathology Working Group Report Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 2006 31 47
11. K.R. Schultz, D.B. Miklos, D. Fowler, K. Cooke, J. Shizuru, and E. Zorn Toward biomarkers for chronic graft-versus-host disease: National Institutes of Health consensus development project on criteria for clinical trials in chronic graft-versus-host disease: III. Biomarker Working Group Report Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 2006 126 137
12. S.Z. Pavletic, P. Martin, S.J. Lee, S. Mitchell, D. Jacobsohn, and E.W. Cowen Measuring therapeutic response in chronic graft-versus-host disease: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: IV. Response Criteria Working Group report Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 2006 252 266
13. P.J. Martin, D. Weisdorf, D. Przepiorka, S. Hirschfeld, A. Farrell, and J.D. Rizzo National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: VI. Design of Clinical Trials Working Group report Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 2006 491 505
14. D. Couriel, P.A. Carpenter, C. Cutler, J. Bolanos-Meade, N.S. Treister, and J. Gea-Banacloche Ancillary therapy and supportive care of chronic graft-versus-host disease: National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease: V. Ancillary Therapy and Supportive Care Working Group report Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 12 2006 375 396
15. M. Jagasia, J. Giglia, W. Chinratanalab, S. Dixon, H. Chen, and H. Frangoul Incidence and outcome of chronic graft-versus-host disease using National Institutes of Health consensus criteria Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13 2007 1207 1215
16. M.E. Flowers, Y. Inamoto, P.A. Carpenter, S.J. Lee, H.P. Kiem, and E.W. Petersdorf Comparative analysis of risk factors for acute graft-versus-host disease and for chronic graft-versus-host disease according to National Institutes of Health consensus criteria Blood 117 2011 3214 3219
17. A.C. Vigorito, P.V. Campregher, B.E. Storer, P.A. Carpenter, C.K. Moravec, and H.P. Kiem Evaluation of NIH consensus criteria for classification of late acute and chronic GVHD Blood 114 2009 702 708
18. R. Storb, H.J. Deeg, J. Whitehead, F. Appelbaum, P. Beatty, and W. Bensinger Methotrexate and cyclosporine compared with cyclosporine alone for prophylaxis of acute graft versus host disease after marrow transplantation for leukemia N Engl J Med 314 1986 729 735
19. R. Storb, H.J. Deeg, L. Fisher, F. Appelbaum, C.D. Buckner, and W. Bensinger Cyclosporine v methotrexate for graft-v-host disease prevention in patients given marrow grafts for leukemia: long-term follow-up of three controlled trials Blood 71 1988 293 298
20. R. Storb, H.J. Deeg, M. Pepe, F. Appelbaum, C. Anasetti, and P. Beatty Methotrexate and cyclosporine versus cyclosporine alone for prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease in patients given HLA-identical marrow grafts for leukemia: long-term follow-up of a controlled trial Blood 73 1989 1729 1734
21. V. Ratanatharathorn, R.A. Nash, D. Przepiorka, S.M. Devine, J.L. Klein, and D. Weisdorf Phase III study comparing methotrexate and tacrolimus (prograf, FK506) with methotrexate and cyclosporine for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation Blood 92 1998 2303 2314
22. R.A. Nash, J.H. Antin, C. Karanes, J.W. Fay, B.R. Avalos, and A.M. Yeager Phase 3 study comparing methotrexate and tacrolimus with methotrexate and cyclosporine for prophylaxis of acute graft-versus-host disease after marrow transplantation from unrelated donors Blood 96 2000 2062 2068
23. D. Przepiorka, D. Weisdorf, P. Martin, H.G. Klingemann, P. Beatty, and J. Hows 1994 Consensus Conference on Acute GVHD Grading Bone Marrow Transplant 15 1995 825 828
24. K.J. Friedman, P.E. LeBoit, and E.R. Farmer Acute follicular graft-vs-host reaction. A distinct clinicopathologic presentation Arch Dermatol 124 1988 688 691
25. D.E. Marra, P.H. McKee, and P. Nghiem Tissue eosinophils and the perils of using skin biopsy specimens to distinguish between drug hypersensitivity and cutaneous graft-versus-host disease J Am Acad Dermatol 51 2004 543 546
26. J. Weaver, and W.F. Bergfeld Quantitative analysis of eosinophils in acute graft-versus-host disease compared with drug hypersensitivity reactions Am J Dermatopathol 32 2010 31 34
27. R.E. Slavin, and G.W. Santos The graft versus host reaction in man after bone marrow transplantation: pathology, pathogenesis, clinical features, and implication Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1 1973 472 498
28. S.R. Hymes, E.R. Farmer, P.G. Lewis, P.J. Tutschka, and G.W. Santos Cutaneous graft-versus-host reaction: prognostic features seen by light microscopy J Am Acad Dermatol 12 1985 468 474
29. K.G. Lerner, G.F. Kao, R. Storb, C.D. Buckner, R.A. Clift, and E.D. Thomas Histopathology of graft-vs.-host reaction (GvHR) in human recipients of marrow from HL-A-matched sibling donors Transplant Proc 6 1974 367 371
30. J.L. Ferrara, J.E. Levine, P. Reddy, and E. Holler Graft-versus-host disease Lancet 373 2009 1550 1561
31. S.J. Lee, G. Vogelsang, and M.E. Flowers Chronic graft-versus-host disease Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 9 2003 215 233
32. S. Carlens, O. Ringden, M. Remberger, B. Lonnqvist, H. Hagglund, and S. Klaesson Risk factors for chronic graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation: a retrospective single centre analysis Bone Marrow Transplant 22 1998 755 761
33. R. Storb, R.L. Prentice, K.M. Sullivan, H.M. Shulman, H.J. Deeg, and K.C. Doney Predictive factors in chronic graft-versus-host disease in patients with aplastic anemia treated by marrow transplantation from HLA-identical siblings Ann Intern Med 98 1983 461 466
34. M.A. Higman, and G.B. Vogelsang Chronic graft versus host disease Br J Haematol 125 2004 435 454
35. S.J. Lee, H.T. Kim, V.T. Ho, C. Cutler, E.P. Alyea, and R.J. Soiffer Quality of life associated with acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease Bone Marrow Transplant 38 2006 305 310
36. Y.W. Chu, and R.E. Gress Murine models of chronic graft-versus-host disease: insights and unresolved issues Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 14 2008 365 378
37. T. Toubai, Y. Sun, and P. Reddy GVHD pathophysiology: is acute different from chronic? Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 21 2008 101 117
38. M. Shimada, M. Onizuka, S. Machida, R. Suzuki, M. Kojima, and K. Miyamura Association of autoimmune disease-related gene polymorphisms with chronic graft-versus-host disease Br J Haematol 139 2007 458 463
39. S. Quaranta, H. Shulman, A. Ahmed, Y. Shoenfeld, J. Peter, and G.B. McDonald Autoantibodies in human chronic graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation Clin Immunol 91 1999 106 116
40. F. Patriarca, C. Skert, A. Sperotto, F. Zaja, E. Falleti, and R. Mestroni The development of autoantibodies after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is related with chronic graft-vs-host disease and immune recovery Exp Hematol 34 2006 389 396
41. Y. Sakoda, D. Hashimoto, S. Asakura, K. Takeuchi, M. Harada, and M. Tanimoto Donor-derived thymic-dependent T cells cause chronic graft-versus-host disease Blood 109 2007 1756 1764
42. A.D. Hess, L. Horwitz, W.E. Beschorner, and G.W. Santos Development of graft-vs.-host disease-like syndrome in cyclosporine-treated rats after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. I. Development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with apparent polyclonal anti-Ia specificity, including autoreactivity J Exp Med 161 1985 718 730
43. A. Hess, C. Thoburn, E. Bright, and L. Horwitz Specificity of effector mechanisms in syngeneic graft-vs-host disease: recognition of the MHC class II invariant chain peptide (CLIP) Transplant Proc 29 1997 725 727
44. N. Fukushi, H. Arase, B. Wang, K. Ogasawara, T. Gotohda, and R.A. Good Thymus: a direct target tissue in graft-versus-host reaction after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation that results in abrogation of induction of self-tolerance Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 87 1990 6301 6305
45. G.A. Hollander, B. Widmer, and S.J. Burakoff Loss of normal thymic repertoire selection and persistence of autoreactive T cells in graft vs host disease J Immunol 152 1994 1609 1617
46. T. Teshima, P. Reddy, C. Liu, D. Williams, K.R. Cooke, and J.L. Ferrara Impaired thymic negative selection causes autoimmune graft-versus-host disease Blood 102 2003 429 435
47. M.R. Ehrenstein, J.G. Evans, A. Singh, S. Moore, G. Warnes, and D.A. Isenberg Compromised function of regulatory T cells in rheumatoid arthritis and reversal by anti-TNFalpha therapy J Exp Med 200 2004 277 285
48. M. Miyara, Z. Amoura, C. Parizot, C. Badoual, K. Dorgham, and S. Trad Global natural regulatory T cell depletion in active systemic lupus erythematosus J Immunol 175 2005 8392 8400
49. +CD25 high regulatory T cells Blood 103 2004 2410 2416
50. + regulatory T cells are numerically deficient in acute and chronic GvHD Blood 107 2006 1717 1723
51. + regulatory T cells in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease Blood 106 2005 2903 2911
52. X. Chen, S. Vodanovic-Jankovic, B. Johnson, M. Keller, R. Komorowski, and W.R. Drobyski Absence of regulatory T-cell control of TH1 and TH17 cells is responsible for the autoimmune-mediated pathology in chronic graft-versus-host disease Blood 110 2007 3804 3813
53. P. Hoffmann, J. Ermann, M. Edinger, C.G. Fathman, and S. Strober Donor-type CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells suppress lethal acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation J Exp Med 196 2002 389 399
54. T. Mutis, R.S. van Rijn, E.R. Simonetti, T. Aarts-Riemens, M.E. Emmelot, and L. van Bloois Human regulatory T cells control xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease induced by autologous T cells in RAG2-/-gammac-/- immunodeficient mice Clin Cancer Res 12 2006 5520 5525
55. + regulatory T cells ameliorate ongoing chronic graft-versus-host disease Blood 112 2008 2129 2138
56. + T-regulatory cells are potent inhibitors of GVHD and BM graft rejection Blood 104 2004 3804 3812
57. + regulatory T cells in nonlymphopenic hosts J Leukoc Biol 82 2007 1053 1061
58. E. Zorn, D.B. Miklos, B.H. Floyd, A. Mattes-Ritz, L. Guo, and R.J. Soiffer Minor histocompatibility antigen DBY elicits a coordinated B and T cell response after allogeneic stem cell transplantation J Exp Med 199 2004 1133 1142
59. D.B. Miklos, H.T. Kim, K.H. Miller, L. Guo, E. Zorn, and S.J. Lee Antibody responses to H-Y minor histocompatibility antigens correlate with chronic graft-versus-host disease and disease remission Blood 105 2005 2973 2978
60. D.H. Kaplan, B.E. Anderson, J.M. McNiff, D. Jain, M.J. Shlomchik, and W.D. Shlomchik Target antigens determine graft-versus-host disease phenotype J Immunol 173 2004 5467 5475
61. S.C. Morris, A. Lees, and F.D. Finkelman In vivo activation of naive T cells by antigen-presenting B cells J Immunol 152 1994 3777 3785
62. A. Rivera, C.C. Chen, N. Ron, J.P. Dougherty, and Y. Ron Role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells in vivo revisited: antigen-specific B cells are essential for T cell expansion in lymph nodes and for systemic T cell responses to low antigen concentrations Int Immunol 13 2001 1583 1593
63. + T cell activation and CTL effector function J Immunol 168 2002 3786 3792
64. I.S. Grewal, and R.A. Flavell The role of CD40 ligand in costimulation and T-cell activation Immunol Rev 153 1996 85 106
65. + T and B cells in transplants induce chronic graft-versus-host disease with autoimmune manifestations Blood 107 2006 2993 3001
66. W.D. Shlomchik, S.J. Lee, D. Couriel, and S.Z. Pavletic Transplantation's greatest challenges: advances in chronic graft-versus-host disease Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13 2007 2 10
67. R. Ordemann, R. Hutchinson, J. Friedman, S.J. Burakoff, P. Reddy, and U. Duffner Enhanced allostimulatory activity of host antigen-presenting cells in old mice intensifies acute graft-versus-host disease J Clin Invest 109 2002 1249 1256
68. J. Gordon, R.A. Murgita, and T.B. Tomasi Jr. The immune response of mice treated with anti-mu antibodies: the effect on antibody-forming cells, their precursors and helper cells assayed in vitro J Immunol 114 1975 1808 1812
69. Y. Ron, P. De Baetselier, E. Tzehoval, J. Gordon, M. Feldman, and S. Segal Defective induction of antigen-reactive proliferating T cells in B cell-deprived mice. II. Anti-mu treatment affects the initiation and recruitment of T cells Eur J Immunol 13 1983 167 171
70. Y. Ron, P. De Baetselier, J. Gordon, M. Feldman, and S. Segal Defective induction of antigen-reactive proliferating T cells in B cell-deprived mice Eur J Immunol 11 1981 964 968
71. E. Tzehoval, P. De Baetselier, Y. Ron, B. Tartakovsky, M. Feldman, and S. Segal Splenic B cells function as immunogenic antigen-presenting cells for the induction of effector T cells Eur J Immunol 13 1983 89 94
72. C.A. Janeway Jr., J. Ron, and M.E. Katz The B cell is the initiating antigen-presenting cell in peripheral lymph nodes J Immunol 138 1987 1051 1055
73. K.R. Schultz, J. Paquet, S. Bader, and K.T. HayGlass Requirement for B cells in T cell priming to minor histocompatibility antigens and development of graft-versus-host disease Bone Marrow Transplant 16 1995 289 295
74. Y. Liu, Y. Wu, L. Ramarathinam, Y. Guo, D. Huszar, and M. Trounstine Gene-targeted B-deficient mice reveal a critical role for B cells in the CD4 T cell response Int Immunol 7 1995 1353 1362
75. A. Shimabukuro-Vornhagen, M.J. Hallek, R.F. Storb, and M.S. von Bergwelt-Baildon The role of B cells in the pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease Blood 114 2009 4919 4927
76. A.P. Iori, G.F. Torelli, M.S. De Propris, F. Milano, S. Pupella, and M. Gozzer B-cell concentration in the apheretic product predicts acute graft-versus-host disease and treatment-related mortality of allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation Transplantation 85 2008 386 390
77. M.A. Kharfan-Dabaja, A.R. Mhaskar, B. Djulbegovic, C. Cutler, M. Mohty, and A. Kumar Efficacy of rituximab in the setting of steroid-refractory chronic graft-versus-host disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 15 2009 1005 1013
78. L. Gorelik, K. Gilbride, M. Dobles, S.L. Kalled, D. Zandman, and M.L. Scott Normal B cell homeostasis requires B cell activation factor production by radiation-resistant cells J Exp Med 198 2003 937 945
79. F. Mackay, and J.L. Browning BAFF: a fundamental survival factor for B cells Nat Rev Immunol 2 2002 465 475
80. S. Sarantopoulos, K.E. Stevenson, H.T. Kim, N.S. Bhuiya, C.S. Cutler, and R.J. Soiffer High levels of B-cell activating factor in patients with active chronic graft-versus-host disease Clin Cancer Res 13 2007 6107 6114
81. S. Sarantopoulos, K.E. Stevenson, H.T. Kim, C.S. Cutler, N.S. Bhuiya, and M. Schowalter Altered B-cell homeostasis and excess BAFF in human chronic graft-versus-host disease Blood 113 2009 3865 3874
82. M. Thien, T.G. Phan, S. Gardam, M. Amesbury, A. Basten, and F. Mackay Excess BAFF rescues self-reactive B cells from peripheral deletion and allows them to enter forbidden follicular and marginal zone niches Immunity 20 2004 785 798
83. S.J. Lee, and M.E. Flowers Recognizing and managing chronic graft-versus-host disease Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2008 134 141
84. O. Chosidow, M. Bagot, J.P. Vernant, J.C. Roujeau, C. Cordonnier, and M. Kuentz Sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease. Analysis of seven cases J Am Acad Dermatol 26 1992 49 55
85. C. Skert, F. Patriarca, A. Sperotto, M. Cerno, C. Fili, and F. Zaja Sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, predictors and outcome Haematologica 91 2006 258 261
86. J.V. Schaffer, J.M. McNiff, S. Seropian, D.L. Cooper, and J.L. Bolognia Lichen sclerosus and eosinophilic fasciitis as manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease: expanding the sclerodermoid spectrum J Am Acad Dermatol 53 2005 591 601
87. A.R. Patel, S.Z. Pavletic, M.L. Turner, and E.W. Cowen The isomorphic response in morphealike chronic graft-vs-host disease Arch Dermatol 144 2008 1229 1231
88. K. Martires, K. Baird, D. Citrin, F. Hakim, S. Pavletic, and E.W. Cowen Localization of sclerotic-type chronic graft-versus-host disease to sites of skin injury: potential insight into the mechanism of isomorphic and isotopic responses Arch Dermatol 147 2011 1081 1086
89. K. Martires, K. Baird, S. Steinberg, J. Grkovic, K.M. Williams, and F.T. Hakim Sclerotic-type chronic graft-versus-host disease of the skin: clinical risk factors, laboratory markers, and burden of disease in a large cross-sectional NIH cohort Blood 118 2011 4250 4257
90. A.R. Patel, D. Avila, H.L. Malech, S.Z. Pavletic, L. Yao, and E.W. Cowen Rippled skin, fasciitis, and joint contractures J Am Acad Dermatol 59 2008 1070 1074
91. J. Man, M. Kalisiak, I.W. Birchall, and T.G. Salopek Chronic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease manifesting as calcinosis cutis universalis on a background of widespread sclerodermatoid changes J Cutan Med Surg 14 2010 249 253
92. C.B. Carroll, D.A. Hilton, M. Hamon, and J.P. Zajicek Muscle cramps and weakness secondary to graft versus host disease fasciitis Eur J Neurol 12 2005 320 322
93. J. Clark, L. Yao, S.Z. Pavletic, M. Krumlauf, S. Mitchell, and M.L. Turner Magnetic resonance imaging in sclerotic-type chronic graft-vs-host disease Arch Dermatol 145 2009 918 922
94. K. Oda, C. Nakaseko, S. Ozawa, M. Nishimura, Y. Saito, and F. Yoshiba Fasciitis and myositis: an analysis of muscle-related complications caused by chronic GVHD after allo-SCT Bone Marrow Transplant 43 2009 159 167
95. G.R. Hill, J.M. Crawford, K.R. Cooke, Y.S. Brinson, L. Pan, and J.L. Ferrara Total body irradiation and acute graft-versus-host disease: the role of gastrointestinal damage and inflammatory cytokines Blood 90 1997 3204 3213
96. J.M. Wu, C.J. Thoburn, J. Wisell, E.R. Farmer, and A.D. Hess CD20, AIF-1, and TGF-beta in graft-versus-host disease: a study of mRNA expression in histologically matched skin biopsies Mod Pathol 23 2010 720 728
97. C. Vassallo, V. Brazzelli, M. Zecca, F. Locatelli, P.E. Alessandrino, and G. Borroni Isomorphic cutaneous graft-versus-host disease reaction after ultraviolet exposure: clinical, histological and direct immunofluorescence studies of four allo-transplanted patients J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 23 2009 913 918
98. T. Matsushita, M. Hasegawa, F. Shirasaki, M. Fujimoto, H. Yamazaki, and S. Sato A case of acute cutaneous graft-versus-host disease mimicking psoriasis vulgaris Dermatology 216 2008 64 67
99. D. Creamer, C.L. Martyn-Simmons, G. Osborne, M. Kenyon, J.R. Salisbury, and S. Devereux Eczematoid graft-vs-host disease: a novel form of chronic cutaneous graft-vs-host disease and its response to psoralen UV-A therapy Arch Dermatol 143 2007 1157 1162
100. H.S. Ahn, H.J. Park, J.Y. Lee, and B.K. Cho A case of chronic cutaneous graft versus host disease with the clinical features of exfoliative dermatitis Ann Dermatol 21 2009 319 322
101. E.W. Cowen, and S.R. Hymes Cutaneous manifestations of chronic graft versus host disease G.B. Vogelsang, S.Z. Pavletic, Chronic graft versus host disease: interdisciplinary management 2009 Cambridge University Press New York 169 181
102. W. van der Velden, J. Lesterhuis, W. Blokx, and A. Schattenberg Isolated acral dermatitis due to graft-versus-host disease Eur J Haematol 82 2009 326
103. B. Beers, R.S. Kalish, V.N. Kaye, and M.V. Dahl Unilateral linear lichenoid eruption after bone marrow transplantation: an unmasking of tolerance to an abnormal keratinocyte clone? J Am Acad Dermatol 28 1993 888 892
104. C.S. Schauder, S.R. Hymes, R.P. Rapini, and T.F. Zipf Vesicular graft-versus-host disease Int J Dermatol 31 1992 509 510
105. P. Szabolcs, M. Reese, K.B. Yancey, R.P. Hall, and J. Kurtzberg Combination treatment of bullous pemphigoid with anti-CD20 and anti-CD25 antibodies in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease Bone Marrow Transplant 30 2002 327 329
106. W.Y. Au, C.K. Yeung, H.H. Chan, and A.K. Lie Generalized vitiligo after lymphocyte infusion for relapsed leukaemia Br J Dermatol 145 2001 1015 1017
107. H. Sanli, B.N. Akay, M. Arat, P. Kocyigit, H. Akan, and M. Beksac Vitiligo after hematopoietic cell transplantation: six cases and review of the literature Dermatology 216 2008 349 354
108. H. Sanli, M. Arat, T. Oskay, and G. Gurman Evaluation of nail involvement in patients with chronic cutaneous graft versus host disease: a single-center study from Turkey Int J Dermatol 43 2004 176 180
109. B.N. Akay, H. Sanli, P. Topcuoglu, M. Arat, and A. Akyol Nailfold capillary abnormalities are prevalent in sclerodermoid graft-versus-host disease and readily detected with dermatoscopy Br J Dermatol 162 2010 1076 1082
110. K.M. Sullivan, H.M. Shulman, R. Storb, P.L. Weiden, R.P. Witherspoon, and G.B. McDonald Chronic graft-versus-host disease in 52 patients: adverse natural course and successful treatment with combination immunosuppression Blood 57 1981 267 276
111. R.M. Nagler, and A. Nagler Salivary gland involvement in graft-versus-host disease: the underlying mechanism and implicated treatment Isr Med Assoc J 6 2004 167 172
112. B. Hasseus, M. Jontell, M. Brune, P. Johansson, and U.I. Dahlgren Langerhans cells and T cells in oral graft versus host disease and oral lichen planus Scand J Immunol 54 2001 516 524
113. S. Spinelli, S. Chiodi, S. Costantini, M.T. Van Lint, A.M. Raiola, and G.B. Ravera Female genital tract graft-versus-host disease following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation Haematologica 88 2003 1163 1168
114. L.B. Spiryda, M.R. Laufer, R.J. Soiffer, and J.A. Antin Graft-versus-host disease of the vulva and/or vagina: diagnosis and treatment Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 9 2003 760 765
115. S. Costantini, E. Di Capua, S. Bosi, S. Chiodi, and S. Spinelli The management of severe vaginal obstruction from genital chronic graft-versus-host disease: diagnosis, surgical technique and follow-up Minerva Ginecol 58 2006 11 16
116. C. Marks, M. Stadler, P. Hausermann, D. Wolff, S. Buchholz, and G. Stary German-Austrian-Swiss Consensus Conference on clinical practice in chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): guidance for supportive therapy of chronic cutaneous and musculoskeletal GVHD Br J Dermatol 165 2011 18 29
117. W.Y. Au, C.K. Yeung, M.C. Cheung, and N.J. Trendell-Smith Penile lichen sclerosus after allogeneic stem cell transplantation Br J Dermatol 159 2008 470 472