Citalopram for agitation in Alzheimer's disease: Design and methods

Alzheimer's and Dementia

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 121-130

  Drye, Lea T ^a   Ismail, Zahinoor ^b   Porsteinsson, Anton P ^c   Rosenberg, Paul B ^d   Weintraub, Daniel ^e   Marano, Christopher ^d   Pelton, Gregory ^f   Frangakis, Constantine ^a   Rabins, Peter V ^d   Munro, Cynthia A ^d   Meinert, Curtis L ^a   Devanand, D P ^f   Yesavage, Jerome ^g   Mintzer, Jacobo E ^h   Schneider, Lon S ⁱ   Pollock, Bruce G ^b   Lyketsos, Constantine G ^d  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^f NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^g STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h RALPH H JOHNSON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Agitation; Alzheimer dementia; Citalopram; Randomized trial

Indexed keywords

CITALOPRAM; LORAZEPAM; PLACEBO; TRAZODONE;

ADJUVANT THERAPY; AGITATION; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ALZHEIMER DISEASE COOPERATIVE STUDY CLINICAL GLOBAL IMPRESSION OF CHANGE IN AGITATION; ARTICLE; CANADA; CAREGIVER; CAREGIVER BURDEN; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COGNITION; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; HEALTH CENTER; HUMAN; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; NEUROBEHAVIORAL RATING SCALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RATING SCALE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; SLEEP DISORDER; UNITED STATES;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CITALOPRAM; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT (HEALTH CARE); PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOMOTOR AGITATION; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 84858296341     PISSN: 15525260     EISSN: 15525279     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.01.007     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Rabins PV, Lyketsos CG, Steele CD. Practical dementia care, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
2. L. Teri, R.G. Logsdon, E. Peskind, M. Raskind, M.F. Weiner, and R.E. Tractenberg Treatment of agitation in AD: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial Neurology 55 2000 1271 1278
3. S. Finkel, J. Lyons, R. Anderson, K. Sherrell, J. Davis, J. Cohen-Mansfield, A. Schwartz, J. Gandy, and L. Schneider A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of thiothixene in agitated, demented nursing home patients Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 10 1995 129 136
4. S. Finkel Introduction to behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 15 Suppl 1 2000 S2 S4
5. S.I. Finkel, J. Costa e Silva, G. Cohen, S. Miller, and N. Sartorius Behavioral and psychological signs and symptoms of dementia: a consensus statement on current knowledge and implications for research and treatment Int Psychogeriatr 8 Suppl 3 1996 497 500 (Pubitemid 27229556)
6. P. Aalten, M.E. de Vugt, N. Jaspers, J. Jolles, and F.R. Verhey The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Part I: findings from the two-year longitudinal Maasbed study Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 20 2005 523 530 (Pubitemid 40873344)
7. P.P. De Deyn, K. Rabheru, A. Rasmussen, J.P. Bocksberger, P.L. Dautzenberg, S. Eriksson, and B.A. Lawlor A randomized trial of risperidone, placebo, and haloperidol for behavioral symptoms of dementia Neurology 53 1999 946 955 (Pubitemid 29442108)
8. M. Steinberg, H. Shao, P. Zandi, J. Tschanz, K.A. Welsch-Bohmer, M. Norton, J.C.S. Breitner, D. Steffens, C.G. Lyketsos Cache County Investigators Point and five-year period prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia: the Cache County study Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 23 2008 170 177 (Pubitemid 351308497)
9. M. Steinberg, C.A. Munro, Q. Samus, V. Rabins, J. Brandt, and C.G. Lyketsos Patient predictors of response to treatment of depression in Alzheimer's disease: the DIADS study Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19 2004 144 150 (Pubitemid 38247849)
10. S.H. Ryu, C. Katona, B. Rive, and G. Livingston Persistence of and changes in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease over 6 months: the LASER-AD study Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13 2005 976 983 (Pubitemid 46638664)
11. C.G. Lyketsos, C.C. Colenda, C. Beck, K. Blank, M.P. Doraiswamy, D.A. Kalunian, and K. Yaffe Position statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry regarding principles of care for patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 2006 561 572 (Pubitemid 44036480)
12. G. Livingston, K. Johnston, C. Katona, J. Paton, and C.G. Lyketsos Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia Am J Psychiatry 162 2005 1996 2021 (Pubitemid 41598254)
13. L.S. Schneider, V.E. Pollock, and S.A. Lyness A meta-analysis of controlled trials of neuroleptic treatment in dementia J Am Geriatr Soc 38 1990 553 563 (Pubitemid 20177819)
14. L.S. Schneider, P.N. Tariot, K.S. Dagerman, S.M. Davis, J.K. Hsiao, and M.S. Ismail Effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with Alzheimer's disease N Engl J Med 355 2006 1525 1538 (Pubitemid 44547805)
15. C. Ballard, and R. Howard Neuroleptic drugs in dementia: benefits and harm Nat Rev Neurosci 7 2006 492 500 (Pubitemid 44012289)
16. P.S. Wang, S. Schneeweiss, J. Avorn, M.A. Fischer, H. Mogun, D.H. Solomon, and M.A. Brookhart Risk of death in elderly users of conventional vs. atypical antipsychotic medications N Engl J Med 353 2005 2335 2341 (Pubitemid 41713745)
17. L.S. Schneider, K.S. Dagerman, and P. Insel Risk of death with atypical antipsychotic drug treatment for dementia: meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials JAMA 294 2005 1934 1943 (Pubitemid 41464695)
18. U.S. Food and Drug Administration Deaths with antipsychotics in elderly patients with behavioral disturbances 2005 FDA Public Health Advisory, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research Washington, DC
19. C. Ballard, M.L. Hanney, M. Theodoulou, S. Douglas, R. McShane, and K. Kossakowski The dementia antipsychotic withdrawal trial (DART-AD): long-term follow-up of a randomised placebo-controlled trial Lancet Neurol 8 2009 151 157
20. G.H. Suh, and A. Shah Effect of antipsychotics on mortality in elderly patients with dementia: a 1-year prospective study in a nursing home Int Psychogeriatr 17 2005 429 441 (Pubitemid 41391687)
21. M.M. Raivio, J.V. Laurila, T.E. Strandberg, R.S. Tilvis, and K.H. Pitkala Neither atypical nor conventional antipsychotics increase mortality or hospital admissions among elderly patients with dementia: a two-year prospective study Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15 2007 416 424
22. L. Simoni-Wastila, P.T. Ryder, J. Qian, I.H. Zuckerman, T. Shaffer, and L. Zhao Association of antipsychotic use with hospital events and mortality among Medicare beneficiaries residing in long-term care facilities Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17 2009 417 427
23. C.G. Ballard, S. Gauthier, J.L. Cummings, H. Brodaty, G.T. Grossberg, P. Robert, and C.G. Lyketsos Management of agitation and aggression associated with Alzheimer disease Nat Rev Neurol 5 2009 245 255
24. S. Gauthier, J. Cummings, C. Ballard, H. Brodaty, G. Grossberg, P. Robert, and C. Lyketsos Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease Int Psychogeriatr 22 2010 346 372
25. B. Amann, J. Pantel, H. Grunze, E. Vieta, F. Colom, A. Gonzalez-Pinto, D. Naber, and H. Hampel Anticonvulsants in the treatment of aggression in the demented elderly: an update Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 5 2009 14
26. A.M. Palmer Neurochemical studies of Alzheimer's disease Neurodegeneration 5 1996 381 391 (Pubitemid 27077898)
27. C.P. Chen, J.T. Alder, D.M. Bowen, M.M. Esiri, B. McDonald, T. Hope, K.A. Jobst, and P.T. Francis Presynaptic serotonergic markers in community-acquired cases of Alzheimer's disease: correlations with depression and neuroleptic medication J Neurochem 66 1996 1592 1598 (Pubitemid 26090562)
28. A.W. Procter, P.T. Francis, G.C. Stratmann, and D.M. Bowen Serotonergic pathology is not widespread in Alzheimer patients without prominent aggressive symptoms Neurochem Res 17 1992 917 922
29. D.E. Lorke, G. Lu, E. Cho, and D.T. Yew Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptors in the prefrontal cortex of Alzheimer and normal aging patients BMC Neurosci 7 2006 36
30. M. Garcia-Alloza, F.J. Gil-Bea, M. Diez-Ariza, C.P. Chen, P.T. Francis, B. Lasheras, and M.J. Ramirez Cholinergic-serotonergic imbalance contributes to cognitive and behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease Neuropsychologia 43 2005 442 449 (Pubitemid 40222131)
31. M.K. Lai, S.W. Tsang, P.T. Francis, M.M. Esiri, J. Keene, T. Hope, and C.P. Chen Reduced serotonin 5-HT1A receptor binding in the temporal cortex correlates with aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease Brain Res 974 2003 82 87 (Pubitemid 36549222)
32. K.L. Lanctot, D.F. Hussey, N. Herrmann, S.E. Black, P.M. Rusjan, and A.A. Wilson A positron emission tomography study of 5-hydroxytryptamine-1A receptors in Alzheimer disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15 2007 888 898
33. L.C. Lam, N.L. Tang, S.L. Ma, W. Zhang, and H.F. Chiu 5-HT2A T102C receptor polymorphism and neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19 2004 523 526 (Pubitemid 38877999)
34. F. Assal, M. Alarcon, E.C. Solomon, D. Masterman, D.H. Geschwind, and J.L. Cummings Association of the serotonin transporter and receptor gene polymorphisms in neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer disease Arch Neurol 61 2004 1249 1253 (Pubitemid 39062679)
35. A. Ueki, H. Ueno, N. Sato, H. Shinjo, and Y. Morita Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and BPSD in mild Alzheimer's disease J Alzheimers Dis 12 2007 245 253 (Pubitemid 350179257)
36. A.L. Nyth, and C.G. Gottfries The clinical efficacy of citalopram in treatment of emotional disturbances in dementia disorders. A Nordic multicentre study Br J Psychiatry 157 1990 894 901
37. A.L. Nyth, C.G. Gottfries, K. Lyby, L. Smedegaard-Andersen, J. Gylding-Sabroe, and M. Kristensen A controlled multicenter clinical study of citalopram and placebo in elderly depressed patients with and without concomitant dementia Acta Psychiatr Scand 86 1992 138 145
38. H. Ragneskog, S. Eriksson, I. Karlsson, and C.G. Gottfries Long-term treatment of elderly individuals with emotional disturbances: an open study with citalopram Int Psychogeriatr 8 1996 659 668 (Pubitemid 27230426)
39. B.G. Pollock, B.H. Mulsant, J. Rosen, S. Mazumdar, R.E. Blakesley, P.R. Houck, and K.A. Huber A double-blind comparison of citalopram and risperidone for the treatment of behavioral and psychotic symptoms associated with dementia Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 15 2007 942 952
40. B.G. Pollock, B.H. Mulsant, J. Rosen, R.A. Sweet, S. Mazumdar, and A. Bharucha Comparison of citalopram, perphenazine, and placebo for the acute treatment of psychosis and behavioral disturbances in hospitalized, demented patients Am J Psychiatry 159 2002 460 465 (Pubitemid 34184743)
41. G. McKhann, D. Drachman, M. Folstein, R. Katzman, D. Price, and E.M. Stadlan Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease Neurology 34 1984 939 944 (Pubitemid 14076461)
42. M.F. Folstein, S.E. Folstein, and P.R. McHugh "Mini-Mental State": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician J Psychiatr Res 12 1975 196 198
43. J.L. Cummings, M. Mega, K. Gray, S. Rosenberg-Thompson, D.A. Carusi, and J. Gornbein The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia Neurology 44 1994 2308 2314 (Pubitemid 24382728)
44. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
45. Mace NL, Rabins PV. The 36-hour day: a family guide to caring for persons with Alzheimer's disease, related dementing illnesses, and memory loss in later life, 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hokins University Press.
46. H.S. Levin, W.M. High, K.E. Goethe, R.A. Sisson, J.E. Overall, H.M. Rhoades, H.M. Eisenberg, Z. Kalisky, and H.E. Gary The neurobehavioural rating scale: assessment of the behavioural sequelae of head injury by the clinician J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50 1987 183 193 (Pubitemid 17016559)
47. L.S. Schneider, J.T. Olin, R.S. Doody, C.M. Clark, J.C. Morris, and B. Reisberg Validity and reliability of the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change. The Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 11 Suppl 2 1997 S22 S32
48. B.K. Martin, C.E. Frangakis, P.B. Rosenberg, J.E. Mintzer, I.R. Katz, and A.P. Porsteinsson Design of depression in Alzheimer's disease study-2 Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14 2006 920 930 (Pubitemid 44706410)
49. J. Cohen-Mansfield Conceptualization of agitation: results based on the Cohen-Mansfield agitation inventory and the agitation behavior mapping instrument Int Psychogeriatr 8 Suppl 3 1996 309 315 (Pubitemid 27229523)
50. D. Galasko, D. Bennett, M. Sano, C. Ernesto, R. Thomas, M. Grundman, and S. Ferris An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer's disease Cooperative Study Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 11 Suppl 2 1997 S33 S39
51. M.V. Hurley, D.L. Scott, J. Rees, and D.J. Newham Sensorimotor changes and functional performance in patients with knee osteoarthritis Ann Rheum Dis 56 1997 641 648 (Pubitemid 28007920)
52. G.S. McHugh, I. Butcher, E.W. Steyerberg, A. Marmarou, J. Lu, H.F. Lingsma, J. Weir, A.I. Maas, and G.D. Murray A simulation study evaluating approaches to the analysis of ordinal outcome data in randomized controlled trials in traumatic brain injury: results from the IMPACT Project Clin Trials 7 2010 44 57
53. N.M. Laird, and J.H. Ware Random-effects models for longitudinal data Biometrics 38 1982 963 974
54. B.H. Mulsant, S. Mazumdar, B.G. Pollock, R.A. Sweet, J. Rosen, and K. Lo Methodological issues in characterizing treatment response in demented patients with behavioral disturbances Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 12 1997 537 547 (Pubitemid 27239056)
55. K.B. Kastango, Y. Kim, M.A. Dew, S. Mazumdar, B.H. Mulsant, J. Rosen, C.F. Reynolds III, P.A. Pilkonis, and B.G. Pollock Verification of scale sub-domains in elderly patients with dementia: a confirmatory factor-analytic approach Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 10 2002 706 714 (Pubitemid 35315706)
56. P.B. Rosenberg, L.T. Drye, B.K. Martin, C. Frangakis, J.E. Mintzer, and D. Weintraub Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer disease Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18 2010 136 145
57. D. Weintraub, P.B. Rosenberg, L.T. Drye, B.K. Martin, C. Frangakis, and J.E. Mintzer Sertraline for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer disease: week-24 outcomes Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 18 2010 332 340
58. C. Ballard, M. Margallo-Lana, E. Juszczak, S. Douglas, A. Swann, and A. Thomas Quetiapine and rivastigmine and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial BMJ 330 2005 874
59. P.N. Tariot, J.L. Cummings, I.R. Katz, J. Mintzer, C.A. Perdomo, E.M. Schwam, and E. Whalen A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease in the nursing home setting J Am Geriatr Soc 49 2001 1590 1599 (Pubitemid 34007984)