Antifungal prophylaxis in haematology patients: The role of voriconazole

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

Volumn 18, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2012, Pages 1-15

  Hicheri, Y ^a   Cook, G ^b   Cordonnier, C ^a  

^a HENRI MONDOR HOSPITAL   (France)

^b LEEDS TEACHING HOSPITALS NHS TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Antifungal prophylaxis; Haematology; Leukaemia; Stem cell transplantation; Voriconazole

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; CASPOFUNGIN; FLUCONAZOLE; ITRACONAZOLE; MICAFUNGIN; PLACEBO; POSACONAZOLE; PREDNISONE; VORICONAZOLE;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANTIFUNGAL RESISTANCE; DIARRHEA; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; GAMMA GLUTAMYL TRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; GRAFT RECIPIENT; GRAFT VERSUS HOST REACTION; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; INFECTION PREVENTION; LIVER CELL DAMAGE; LIVER FUNCTION; LIVER FUNCTION TEST; LIVER TOXICITY; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; NAUSEA; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SIDE EFFECT; SURVIVAL RATE; SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS; TREATMENT INDICATION; VOMITING;

EID: 84858176195     PISSN: 1198743X     EISSN: 14690691     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03772.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Cornely OA, Bohme A, Reichert D et al. Risk factors for breakthrough invasive fungal infection during secondary prophylaxis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: 939-946.
2. Fukuda T, Boeckh M, Carter RA et al. Risks and outcomes of invasive fungal infections in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants after nonmyeloablative conditioning. Blood 2003; 102: 827-833.
3. Lass-Florl C. The changing face of epidemiology of invasive fungal disease in Europe. Mycoses 2009; 52: 197-205.
4. Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L. Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 909-917.
5. Ninin E, Milpied N, Moreau P et al. Longitudinal study of bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in adult recipients of bone marrow transplants. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 41-47.
6. Upton A, Kirby KA, Carpenter P, Boeckh M, Marr KA. Invasive aspergillosis following hematopoietic cell transplantation: outcomes and prognostic factors associated with mortality. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 531-540.
7. Bhatti Z, Shaukat A, Almyroudis NG, Segal BH. Review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of invasive mould infections in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Mycopathologia 2006; 162: 1-15.
8. Ben-Ami R, Lewis RE, Kontoyiannis DP. Invasive mould infections in the setting of hematopoietic cell transplantation: current trends and new challenges. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009; 22: 376-384.
9. Wald A, Leisenring W, van Burik JA, Bowden RA. Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 1459-1466.
10. Pagano L, Caira M, Nosari A et al. Fungal infections in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants: results of the SEIFEM B-2004 study - Sorveglianza Epidemiologica Infezioni Fungine Nelle Emopatie Maligne. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 1161-1170.
11. Marr KA. Fungal infections in oncology patients: update on epidemiology, prevention, and treatment. Curr Opin Oncol 2010; 22: 138-142.
12. Sipsas NV, Lewis RE, Tarrand J et al. Candidemia in patients with hematologic malignancies in the era of new antifungal agents (2001-2007): stable incidence but changing epidemiology of a still frequently lethal infection. Cancer 2009; 115: 4745-4752.
13. Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50: 1091-1100.
14. Neofytos D, Horn D, Anaissie E et al. Epidemiology and outcome of invasive fungal infection in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: analysis of Multicenter Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH) Alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 265-273.
15. Bow EJ. Long-term antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Med Mycol 2005; 43 (suppl 1): S277-S287.
16. Almirante B, Rodriguez D, Park BJ et al. Epidemiology and predictors of mortality in cases of Candida bloodstream infection: results from population-based surveillance, Barcelona, Spain, from 2002 to 2003. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1829-1835.
17. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Bresnik M et al. Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1289-1297.
18. Cornillet A, Camus C, Nimubona S et al. Comparison of epidemiological, clinical, and biological features of invasive aspergillosis in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients: a 6-year survey. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 43: 577-584.
19. Fourneret-Vivier A, Lebeau B, Mallaret MR et al. Hospital-wide prospective mandatory surveillance of invasive aspergillosis in a French teaching hospital (2000-2002). J Hosp Infect 2006; 62: 22-28.
20. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 408-415.
21. Lass-Florl C, Griff K, Mayr A et al. Epidemiology and outcome of infections due to Aspergillus terreus: 10-year single centre experience. Br J Haematol 2005; 131: 201-207.
22. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A et al. The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 2006; 91: 1068-1075.
23. Pagano L, Caira M, Candoni A et al. Invasive aspergillosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: a SEIFEM-2008 registry study. Haematologica 2010; 95: 644-650.
24. Tortorano AM, Kibbler C, Peman J, Bernhardt H, Klingspor L, Grillot R. Candidaemia in Europe: epidemiology and resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 27: 359-366.
25. Michallet M, Ito JI. Approaches to the management of invasive fungal infections in hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3398-3409.
26. Wirk B, Wingard JR. Current approaches in antifungal prophylaxis in high risk hematologic malignancy and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Mycopathologia 2009; 168: 299-311.
27. Chandrasekar P. Prophylaxis against Aspergillus is not perfect: problems and perils in stem cell transplantation. Med Mycol 2009; 47 (suppl 1): S349-S354.
28. Marr KA. Primary antifungal prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: clinical implications of recent studies. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21: 409-414.
29. Ruping MJ, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA. Patients at high risk of invasive fungal infections: when and how to treat. Drugs 2008; 68: 1941-1962.
30. Ruping MJ, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA. Primary antifungal prophylaxis in acute myeloblastic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome - still an open question? Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51: 20-26.
31. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 348-359.
32. Marks DI, Pagliuca A, Kibbler CC et al. Voriconazole versus itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis following allogeneic stem cell transplanation. Br J Haematol 2011; 155: 318-327.
33. van Burik JA, Ratanatharathorn V, Stepan DE et al. Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39: 1407-1416.
34. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2010; 116: 5111-5118.
35. Wolf J, Slavin MA. Risk-based antifungal prophylaxis in hematologic malignancy and stem cell transplantation. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2009; 11: 420-426.
36. Maschmeyer G. The changing face of febrile neutropenia-from monotherapy to moulds to mucositis. Prevention of mould infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009; 63 (suppl 1): i27-i30.
37. Tamura K, Drew R. Antifungal prophylaxis in adult hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Drugs Today (Barc) 2008; 44: 515-530.
38. Bochud PY, Calandra T. A new step toward individualized antifungal prevention in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 733-735.
39. De PB, Donnelly JP. Prophylaxis and aspergillosis - has the principle been proven? N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 409-411.
40. Marr KA, Leisenring W, Crippa F et al. Cyclophosphamide metabolism is affected by azole antifungals. Blood 2004; 103: 1557-1559.
41. Oren I, Rowe JM, Sprecher H et al. A prospective randomized trial of itraconazole vs fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with acute leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2006; 38: 127-134.
42. Rijnders BJ, Cornelissen JJ, Slobbe L et al. Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 1401-1408.
43. Sabatelli F, Patel R, Mann PA et al. In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and amphotericin B against a large collection of clinically important molds and yeasts. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 2009-2015.
44. Slavin MA, Osborne B, Adams R et al. Efficacy and safety of fluconazole prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation - a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1545-1552.
45. Sun QN, Fothergill AW, McCarthy DI, Rinaldi MG, Graybill JR. In vitro activities of posaconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B, and fluconazole against 37 clinical isolates of zygomycetes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 1581-1582.
46. Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 335-347.
47. Winston DJ, Maziarz RT, Chandrasekar PH et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous and oral fluconazole for long-term antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients. A multicenter randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 705-713.
48. Zonios DI, Bennett JE. Update on azole antifungals. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 29: 198-210.
49. Pfizer, Inc. Vfend [US prescribing information]. New York, NY: Pfizer, Inc., 2011.
50. European Medicines Agency. Vfend-product information. European Medicines Agency, Available at: (accessed on 7 September 2011).
51. Cecil JA, Wenzel RP. Voriconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. Expert Rev Hematol 2009; 2: 237-254.
52. Kullberg BJ, Sobel JD, Ruhnke M et al. Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1435-1442.
53. Perfect JR, Marr KA, Walsh TJ et al. Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1122-1131.
54. Troke P, Aguirrebengoa K, Arteaga C et al. Treatment of scedosporiosis with voriconazole: clinical experience with 107 patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52: 1743-1750.
55. Walsh TJ, Lutsar I, Driscoll T et al. Voriconazole in the treatment of aspergillosis, scedosporiosis and other invasive fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21: 240-248.
56. Maertens J, Marchetti O, Herbrecht R et al. European guidelines for antifungal management in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: summary of the ECIL 3 - 2009 update. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; 46: 709-718.
57. Guidelines on the management of invasive fungal infection during therapy for haematological malignancy. BCSH Guidelines Home Page. (accessed on 7 September 2011).
58. Thursky KA, Playford EG, Seymour JF et al. Recommendations for the treatment of established fungal infections. Intern Med J 2008; 38: 496-520.
59. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 327-360.
60. Bohme A, Ruhnke M, Buchheidt D et al. Treatment of invasive fungal infections in cancer patients - recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society of Hematology and Oncology (DGHO). Ann Hematol 2009; 88: 97-110.
61. Freemantle N, Tharmanathan P, Herbrecht R. Systematic review and mixed treatment comparison of randomized evidence for empirical, pre-emptive and directed treatment strategies for invasive mould disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 2011; 66 (suppl 1): i25-i35.
62. Capitano B, Potoski BA, Husain S et al. Intrapulmonary penetration of voriconazole in patients receiving an oral prophylactic regimen. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50: 1878-1880.
63. Queiroz-Telles F, Goldani LZ, Schlamm HT, Goodrich JM, Espinel-Ingroff A, Shikanai-Yasuda MA. An open-label comparative pilot study of oral voriconazole and itraconazole for long-term treatment of paracoccidioidomycosis. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45: 1462-1469.
64. Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, Miller DD et al. Chronic phototoxicity and aggressive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin in children and adults during treatment with voriconazole. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010; 62: 31-37.
65. Miller DD, Cowen EW, Nguyen JC, McCalmont TH, Fox LP. Melanoma associated with long-term voriconazole therapy: a new manifestation of chronic photosensitivity. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146: 300-304.
66. Whittle AM, Ali S. Primary prophylaxis with voriconazole in patients receiving induction chemotherapy on the MRC adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia trial (UK-ALL XII) to avoid itraconazole-enhanced vinca neurotoxicity. Int J Lab Hematol 2008; 30: 173-174.
67. Trifilio S, Pennick G, Pi J et al. Monitoring plasma voriconazole levels may be necessary to avoid subtherapeutic levels in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Cancer 2007; 109: 1532-1535.
68. Trifilio S, Singhal S, Williams S et al. Breakthrough fungal infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients on prophylactic voriconazole. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40: 451-456.
69. Trifilio SM, Yarnold PR, Scheetz MH, Pi J, Pennick G, Mehta J. Serial plasma voriconazole concentrations after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 1793-1796.
70. Pascual A, Calandra T, Bolay S, Buclin T, Bille J, Marchetti O. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 201-211.
71. Tan K, Brayshaw N, Tomaszewski K, Troke P, Wood N. Investigation of the potential relationships between plasma voriconazole concentrations and visual adverse events or liver function test abnormalities. J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 46: 235-243.
72. Hope WW, Billaud EM, Lestner J, Denning DW. Therapeutic drug monitoring for triazoles. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21: 580-586.
73. Lebeaux D, Lanternier F, Elie C et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole: a monocentric study with 54 adults. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53: 5224-5229.
74. Pongas GN, Lewis RE, Samonis G, Kontoyiannis DP. Voriconazole-associated zygomycosis: a significant consequence of evolving antifungal prophylaxis and immunosuppression practices? Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15 (suppl 5): 93-97.
75. Goodman JL, Winston DJ, Greenfield RA et al. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 845-851.
76. Penack O, Schwartz S, Martus P et al. Low-dose liposomal amphotericin B in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in patients with prolonged neutropenia: results from a randomized, single-center trial. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 1306-1312.
77. Glasmacher A, Cornely O, Ullmann AJ et al. An open-label randomized trial comparing itraconazole oral solution with fluconazole oral solution for primary prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancy and profound neutropenia. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57: 317-325.
78. Marr KA, Crippa F, Leisenring W et al. Itraconazole versus fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplants. Blood 2004; 103: 1527-1533.
79. Wingard JR, Baden LR, Kurtzberg J et al. Response to: voriconazole prophylaxis and the risk of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic HCT. [eLetter]. (accessed on 8 February 2012).
80. Girmenia C, Aversa F, Micozzi A et al. Voriconazole prophylaxis and the risk of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic HCT. [eLetter]. (accessed on 8 February 2012).
81. Marks D, Kibbler C, Cook G et al. Voriconazole or itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with grade II-IV acute or extensive chronic graft-versus-host disease. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45: S78-S327, Abstract 1253.
82. Garcia-Vidal C, Upton A, Kirby KA, Marr KA. Epidemiology of invasive mold infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: biological risk factors for infection according to time after transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47: 1041-1050.
83. Chabrol A, Cuzin L, Huguet F et al. Prophylaxis of invasive aspergillosis with voriconazole or caspofungin during building work in patients with acute leukemia. Haematologica 2010; 95: 996-1003.
84. Gergis U, Markey K, Greene J et al. Voriconazole provides effective prophylaxis for invasive fungal infection in patients receiving glucocorticoid therapy for GVHD. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45: 662-667.
85. Martin T, Sharma M, Damon L et al. Voriconazole is safe and effective as prophylaxis for early and late fungal infections following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12: 45-50.
86. Siwek GT, Pfaller MA, Polgreen PM et al. Incidence of invasive aspergillosis among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 55: 209-212.
87. Torres A, Serrano J, Rojas R et al. Voriconazole as primary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84: 271-273.
88. Vehreschild JJ, Bohme A, Buchheidt D et al. A double-blind trial on prophylactic voriconazole (VRC) or placebo during induction chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). J Infect 2007; 55: 445-449.
89. Collins CD, Ellis JJ, Kaul DR. Comparative cost-effectiveness of posaconazole versus fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with prolonged neutropenia. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2008; 65: 2237-2243.
90. de la Camara R, Jarque I, Sanz MA et al. Economic evaluation of posaconazole vs fluconazole in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in patients with GVHD following haematopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2010; 45: 925-932.
91. de Vries R, Daenen S, Tolley K et al. Cost effectiveness of itraconazole in the prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections. Pharmacoeconomics 2008; 26: 75-90.
92. Stam WB, O'Sullivan AK, Rijnders B et al. Economic evaluation of posaconazole vs. standard azole prophylaxis in high risk neutropenic patients in the Netherlands. Eur J Haematol 2008; 81: 467-474.
93. Cordonnier C, Rovira M, Maertens J et al. Voriconazole for secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: results of the VOSIFI study. Haematologica 2010; 95: 1762-1768.
94. Fukuda T, Boeckh M, Guthrie KA et al. Invasive aspergillosis before allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: 10-year experience at a single transplant center. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2004; 10: 494-503.
95. Martino R, Parody R, Fukuda T et al. Impact of the intensity of the pretransplantation conditioning regimen in patients with prior invasive aspergillosis undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective survey of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood 2006; 108: 2928-2936.
96. Offner F, Cordonnier C, Ljungman P et al. Impact of previous aspergillosis on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1098-1103.
97. Cowie F, Meller ST, Cushing P, Pinkerton R. Chemoprophylaxis for pulmonary aspergillosis during intensive chemotherapy. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 136-138.
98. Cordonnier C, Maury S, Pautas C et al. Secondary antifungal prophylaxis with voriconazole to adhere to scheduled treatment in leukemic patients and stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004; 33: 943-948.
99. Masamoto Y, Nannya Y, Kurokawa M. Voriconazole is effective as secondary antifungal prophylaxis in leukemia patients with prior pulmonary fungal disease: case series and review of literature. J Chemother 2011; 23: 17-23.
100. Zhang P, Song A, Wang Z, Feng S, Qiu L, Han M. Hematopoietic SCT in patients with a history of invasive fungal infection. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 43: 533-537.
101. Dignan F, Grigoriadou V, Maxwell F et al. Effective secondary antifungal prophylaxis with voriconazole. Presented at: European Hematology Association; June 12-15, 2008; Copenhagen, Denmark. Abstract 0183.
102. de Fabritiis P, Spagnoli A, Di BP et al. Efficacy of caspofungin as secondary prophylaxis in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation with prior pulmonary and/or systemic fungal infection. Bone Marrow Transplant 2007; 40: 245-249.
103. Kruger WH, Russmann B, de WM et al. Haemopoietic cell transplantation of patients with a history of deep or invasive fungal infection during prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B. Acta Haematol 2005; 113: 104-108.
104. Allinson K, Kolve H, Gumbinger HG, Vormoor HJ, Ehlert K, Groll AH. Secondary antifungal prophylaxis in paediatric allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: 734-742.
105. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 48: 503-535.
106. Marr KA, Bow E, Chiller T et al. Fungal infection prevention after hematopoietic cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 44: 483-487.
107. Tomblyn M, Chiller T, Einsele H et al. Guidelines for preventing infectious complications among hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients: a global perspective. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2009; 15: 1143-1238.
108. Cornely OA, Bohme A, Buchheidt D et al. Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Haematology and Oncology. Haematologica 2009; 94: 113-122.
109. Ruping MJ, Heinz WJ, Kindo AJ et al. Forty-one recent cases of invasive zygomycosis from a global clinical registry. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 296-302.