Shyness trajectories in slow-to-warm-up infants: Relations with child sex and maternal parenting

Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 91-101

  Grady, Jessica Stoltzfus ^a   Karraker, Katherine ^a   Metzger, Aaron ^a  

^a WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Infancy; Inhibition; Maternal parenting; Shyness; Slow to warm up temperament

Indexed keywords

EID: 84858079287     PISSN: 01933973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2011.11.002     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Achenbach T.M. Manual for the child behavior checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile 1991, University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT.
2. Achenbach T.M. Manual for the child behavior checklist/2-3 and 1992 profile 1992, University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT.
3. Arbuckle J.L. Amos 16.0 user's guide 2007, Amos Development Corporation, Chicago, IL.
4. Bakermans-Kranenburg M.J., Breddels-van Baardewijk P., Juffer F., Klein Velderman M., van Ijzendoorn M.H. Insecure mothers with temperamentally reactive infants: A chance for intervention. Promoting positive parenting: An attachment-based intervention 2008, 75-90. Lawrence Erlbaum, New York, NY. F. Juffer, M.J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.H. van Ijzendoorn (Eds.).
5. Bates J.E., Maslin C.A., Frankel K.A. Attachment security, mother-child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age three years [Monograph]. Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development 1985, 50:167-193. 10.2307/3333832.
6. Bayer J.K., Sanson A.V., Hemphill S.A. Parent influences on early childhood internalizing difficulties. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 2006, 27:542-559. 10.1016/j.appdev.2006.08.002.
7. Bernstein D.A., Penner L.A., Clarke-Stewart A., Roy E.J. Psychology 2003, Houghton Miffline, Boston, MA. 6th ed.
8. Booth-LaForce C., Oxford M.L. Trajectories of social withdrawal from grades 1 to 6: Prediction from early parenting, attachment, and temperament. Developmental Psychology 2008, 44:1298-1313. 10.1037/a0012954.
9. Braungart-Rieker J.M., Hill-Soderlund A.L., Karrass J. Fear and anger reactivity trajectories from 4 to 16months: The roles of temperament, regulation, and maternal sensitivity. Developmental Psychology 2010, 46:791-804. 10.1037/a0019673.
10. Caldwell B.M., Bradley R.H. Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Little Rock, AR; University of Arkansas at Little Rock 1984.
11. Carey W.B. A simplified method for measuring infant temperament. The Journal of Pediatrics 1970, 77:188-194.
12. Carey W.B., McDevitt S.C. Revision of the infant temperament questionnaire. Pediatrics 1978, 61:735-739.
13. Carey W.B., McDevitt S.C. Coping with children's temperament: A guide for professionals 1995, BasicBooks, New York, NY.
14. Chess S., Thomas A. The New York Longitudinal Study (NYLS): The young adult period. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1990, 35:557-561.
15. Chess S., Thomas A. Goodness of fit: Clinical applications from infancy through adult life 1999, Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, MI.
16. Chess S., Thomas A., Birch H.G. Your child is a person: A psychological approach to parenthood without guilt 1965, Viking, Oxford, England.
17. Coplan R.J., Prakash K., O'Neil K., Armer M. Do you 'want' to play? Distinguishing between conflicted shyness and social disinterest in early childhood. Developmental Psychology 2004, 40:244-258. 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.244.
18. Coplan R.J., Rubin K.H. Social withdrawal and shyness in childhood: History, theories, definitions, and assessments. The development of shyness and social withdrawal 2010, 3-20. Guildford, New York, NY. K.H. Rubin, R.J. Coplan (Eds.).
19. Crockenberg S.C., Leerkes E.M. Infant and maternal behavior moderate reactivity to novelty to predict anxious behavior at 2.5years. Development and Psychopathology 2006, 18:17-34. 10.1017/S0954579406060020.
20. Crosnoe R., Leventhal T., Wirth R.J., Pierce K.M., Pianta R.C. Family socioeconomic status and consistent environmental stimulation in early childhood. Child Development 2010, 81:972-987. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01446.x.
21. Eggum N.D., Eisenberg N., Spinrad T.L., Reiser M., Gaertner B.M., Sallquist J., Smith C.L. Development of shyness: Relations with children's fearfulness, sex, and maternal behavior. Infancy 2009, 14:325-345. 10.1080/1520000902839971.
22. Fox N.A., Field T.M. Individual differences in preschool entry behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 1989, 10:527-540. 10.1016/0193-3973(89)900025-7.
23. Fox N.A., Henderson H.A., Rubin K.H., Calkins S.D., Schmidt L.A. Continuity and discontinuity in behavioral inhibition and exuberance: Psychophysiological and behavioral influences across the first four years of life. Child Development 2001, 72:1-21. 10.1111/1467-8624.00262.
24. Fox N.A., Nichols K.E., Henderson H.A., Rubin K.A., Schmidt L., Hammer D., Pine D.S. Evidence for a gene-environment interaction in predicting behavioral inhibition in middle childhood. Psychological Science 2005, 16:921-926. 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01637.x.
25. Gallagher K.C. Does child temperament moderate the influence of parenting on adjustment?. Developmental Review 2002, 22:623-643. 10.1016/S0273-2297(02)00503-8.
26. Garcia Coll C., Kagan J., Reznick J.S. Behavioral inhibition in young children. Child Development 1984, 55:1005-1019. 10.2307/1130152.
27. Grusec J.E., Davidov M. Integrating different perspectives on socialization theory and research: A domain-specific approach. Child Development 2010, 81:687-709. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01426.x.
28. Gunnar M.R., Kryzer E., Van Ryzin M.J., Phillips D.A. The rise in cortisol in family day care: Associations with aspects of care quality, child behavior, and child sex. Child Development 2010, 81:851-869. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01438.x.
29. Hane A.A., Cheah C., Rubin K.H., Fox N.A. The role of maternal behavior in the relation between shyness and social reticence in early childhood and social withdrawal in middle childhood. Social Development 2008, 17:795-811.
30. Hane A.A., Fox N.A., Henderson H.A., Marshall P.J. Behavioral reactivity and approach-withdrawal bias in infancy. Developmental Psychology 2008, 44:1491-1496. 10.1037/a0012855.
31. Hastings P.D., Nuselovici J.N., Rubin K.H., Cheah C.S.L. Shyness, parenting, and parent-child relationships. The development of shyness and social withdrawal 2010, 107-130. Guilford, New York, NY. K.H. Rubin, R.J. Coplan (Eds.).
32. Henderson H.A., Fox N.A., Rubin K.H. Temperamental contributions to social behavior: The moderating roles of frontal EEG asymmetry and gender. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2001, 40:68-74. 10.1097/00004583-200101000-00018.
33. Houck G.M. The measurement of child characteristics from infancy to toddlerhood: Temperament, developmental competence, self-concept, and social competence. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 1999, 22:101-127. 10.1080/014608699265329.
34. Houck G.M., LeCuyer-Maus E.A. Maternal limit-setting patterns and toddler development of self-concept and social competence. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing 2002, 25:21-41. 10.1080/014660802753504838.
35. Kagan J. Galen's prophecy: Temperament in human nature 1994, Basic Books, New York, NY.
36. Kagan, J., & Fox, N. A. (2006). Biology, culture, and temperamental biases. In R. M. Lerner, W. Damon, & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Socialization, personality, and social development (6th ed., pp. 167-225). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons.
37. Kagan J., Snidman N., Arcus D. Childhood derivatives of high and low reactivity in infancy. Child Development 1998, 69:1483-1493. 10.2307/1132126.
38. Kagan J., Snidman N., Kahn V., Towsley S. The preservation of two infant temperaments into adolescence. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 2007, 72(2, Serial No. 287):1-75. [Monograph]. 10.1111/j.1540-5834.2007.00437.x.
39. Kalat J.W. Introduction to psychology 2002, Wadsworth-Thomson Learning, Pacific Grove, CA. 6th ed.
40. Kertes D.A., Donzella B., Talge N.M., Garvin M.C., Van Ryzin M.J., Gunnar M.R. Inhibited temperament and parent emotional availability differentially predict young children's cortisol responses to novel social and nonsocial events. Developmental Psychobiology 2009, 51:521-532. 10.1002/dev.20390.
41. Kristal J. Working with sensitive, withdrawing children. Behavioral-developmental initiatives 2007, 9(8). Retrieved from. http://www.temperament.com/newsletter.html.
42. Lee C.L., Bates J.E. Mother-child interaction at age two years and perceived difficult temperament. Child Development 1985, 56:1314-1325. 10.2307/1130246.
43. Mangelsdorf S.C., Schoppe S.J., Buur H. The meaning of parental reports: A contextual approach to the study of temperament and behavior problems in childhood. Temperament and personality development across the life span 2000, 121-140. Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ. V.J. Molfese, D.L. Molfese (Eds.).
44. McDonald R.P., Ho M.R. Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods 2002, 7:64-82. 10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64.
45. Mills-Koonce W.R., Gariépy J., Propper C., Sutton K., Calkins S., Moore G., Cox M. Infant and parent factors associated with early maternal sensitivity: A caregiver-attachment systems approach. Infant Behavior and Development 2007, 30:114-126. 10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.11.010.
46. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network Child care and mother-child interaction in the first three years of life. Developmental Psychology 1999, 35:1399-1413. 10.1037/0012-1649.35.6.1399.
47. Phase I instrument document NICHD Early Child Care Research Network, Retrieved from. https://secc.rti.org/.
48. NICHD Study of Early Child Care (1992a). Appendix A: Coding Manual. In Procedures for videotaping mother-child interaction at 15-months. Unpublished manual.
49. NICHD Study of Early Child Care (1992b). Manual for the 15-month home inventory. Unpublished manual.
50. Park S., Belsky J., Putnam S., Crnic K. Infant emotionality, parenting, and 3-year-inhibition: Exploring stability and lawful discontinuity in a male sample. Developmental Psychology 1997, 33:218-227. 10.1037/0012-1649.33.2.218.
51. Pluess M., Belsky J. Differential susceptibility to parenting and quality child care. Developmental Psychology 2010, 46:379-390. 10.1037/a0015203.
52. Putnam S.P., Stifter C.A. Behavioral approach-inhibition in toddlers: Prediction from infancy, positive and negative affective components, and relations with behavior problems. Child Development 2005, 76:212-226. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00840.x.
53. Putnam S.P., Stifter C.A. Reactivity and regulation: The impact of Mary Rothbart on the study of temperament. Infant and Child Development 2008, 17:311-320. 10.1002/icd.583.
54. Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S. Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods 2002, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. 2nd ed.
55. Rothbart M.K. Temperament, development, and personality. Current Directions in Psychological Science 2007, 16:207-212. 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00505.x.
56. Rubin K.H., Coplan R.J., Bowker J.C. Social withdrawal in childhood. Annual Review of Psychology 2009, 60:141-171. 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163642.
57. Sanson A., Oberklaid F., Pedlow R., Prior M. Risk indicators: Assessment of infancy predictors of pre-school behavioral maladjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1991, 32:609-626. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00338.x.
58. Schmidt L.A., Buss A.H. Understanding shyness: Four questions and four decades of research. The development of shyness and social withdrawal 2010, 23-41. Guilford, New York, NY. K.H. Rubin, R.J. Coplan (Eds.).
59. Schmidt L.A., Fox N.A., Schulkin J., Gold P.W. Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of self-presentation in temperamentally shy children. Developmental Psychobiology 1999, 35:119-135. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2302(199909)35:2<119::AID-DEV5>3.0.CO;2-G.
60. Seifer R. Who should collect our data: Parents or trained observers?. Handbook of research methods in developmental psychology 2005, 123-137. Blackwell, Malden, MA. D.M. Teti (Ed.).
61. Simpson A.E., Stevenson-Hinde J. Temperamental characteristics of three- to four-year-old boys and girls and child-family interactions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1985, 26:43-53.
62. Stevenson-Hinde J., Glover A. Shy girls and boys: A new look. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1996, 37:181-187. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01389.x.
63. Stright A.D., Gallagher K.C., Kelley K. Infant temperament moderates relations between maternal parenting in early childhood and children's adjustment in first grade. Child Development 2008, 79:186-200. 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01119.x.
64. Sturge-Apple M.L., Davies P.T., Cummings E.M. Hostility and withdrawal in martial conflict: Effects on parental emotional unavailability and inconsistent discipline. Journal of Family Psychology 2006, 20:227-238. 10.1037/0893-3200.20.2.227.
65. Thomas A., Chess S., Birch H.G. The origin of personality. Scientific American 1970, 223:102-107.
66. Thomas A., Chess S., Birch H.G., Hertzig M.E., Korn S. Behavioral individuality in early childhood 1963, New York University, New York, NY.
67. van den Boom D.C. The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants. Child Development 1994, 65:1457-1477. 10.2307/1131511.
68. Warren S.L., Simmens S.J. Predicting toddler anxiety/depressive symptoms: Effects of caregiver sensitivity on temperamentally vulnerable children. Infant Mental Health Journal 2005, 26:40-55. 10.1002/imhj.20034.
69. Widaman K.F., Thompson J.S. On specifying the null model for incremental fit indices in structural equation modeling. Psychological Methods 2003, 8:16-37. 10.1037/1082-989X.8.1.16.