The epidemiology of sporadic human infections with unusual cryptosporidia detected during routine typing in England and Wales, 2000-2008

Epidemiology and Infection

Volumn 140, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 673-683

  Elwin, K ^a   Hadfield, S J ^a   Robinson, G ^a   Chalmers, R M ^a  

^a SINGLETON HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cryptosporidium; emerging infections; epidemiology

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AQUATIC SPORT; CARNIVORA; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM CANIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM CUNICULUS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM FELIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM HOMINIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM MELEAGRIDIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; FEMALE; GENE SEQUENCE; GENETIC VARIABILITY; GENOTYPE; HORSE; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; INFANT; MALE; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MOLECULAR TYPING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PARASITE TRANSMISSION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHOOL CHILD; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; TRAVEL; UNITED KINGDOM; WATER SUPPLY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; CATS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; ENGLAND; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; TRAVEL; WALES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84858061114     PISSN: 09502688     EISSN: 14694409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268811000860     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Hunter PR, et al. Sporadic cryptosporidiosis case-control study with genotyping. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 10: 1241-1249. (Pubitemid 38890935)
2. Xiao L, Ryan U. Molecular epidemiology. In: Fayer R, Xiao L, eds. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008, pp. 119-163.
3. Chalmers RM, et al. Long-term Cryptosporidium typing reveals the aetiology and species-specific epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2000 to 2003. Eurosurveillance 2009;14: 6-14. pii= 19086.
4. Chalmers RM, et al. Epidemiology of anthroponotic and zoonotic human cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2004 to 2006. Epidemiology and Infection 2010; 12: 1-13.
5. Goh S, et al. Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis, North Cumbria, England, 1996-2000. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 10: 1007-1015.
6. Robinson G, Elwin K, Chalmers RM. Unusual Cryptosporidium genotypes in human cases of diarrhoea. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008; 14: 1800-1802.
7. Pedraza-Diaz S, et al. Cryptosporidium meleagridis from humans: molecular analysis and description of affected patients. Journal of Infection 2001; 42: 243-250. (Pubitemid 32700820)
8. Pedraza-Diaz S, et al. Unusual Cryptosporidium species recovered from human faeces: first description of Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium dog type' from patients in England 2001. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2001; 50: 293-296. (Pubitemid 32173940)
9. Xiao L, et al. Identification of 5 types of Cryptosporidium parasites in children in Lima, Peru. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2001; 183: 492-497. (Pubitemid 32105608)
10. Cama V, et al. Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in HIV-positive patients in Lima, Peru. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 2003; 50: 531-533. (Pubitemid 38043007)
11. Cama V, et al. Cryptosporidium species and subtypes and clinical manifestations in children, Peru. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2008; 14: 1567-1574.
12. Gatei W, et al. Multilocus sequence typing and genetic structure of Cryptosporidium hominis from children in Kolkata, India. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2007; 7: 197-205. (Pubitemid 46172948)
13. Molloy SF, et al. Identification of a high diversity of cryptosporidium species genotypes and subtypes in a pediatric population of Nigeria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2010; 82: 608-613.
14. Fayer R, Santin M, Macarisin D. Cryptosporidium ubiquitum n.sp. in animals and humans. Veterinary Parasitology 2010; 172: 23-32.
15. Ong C, et al. Novel Cryptosporidium genotypes in sporadic cryptosporidiosis cases: first report of human infections with a cervine genotype. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002; 8: 263-268. (Pubitemid 34266263)
16. Feltus D, et al. Evidence supporting zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in Wisconsin. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2006; 44: 4303-4308. (Pubitemid 44937056)
17. Davies AP, et al. Asymptomatic carriage of protozoan parasites in children in day care centers in the United Kingdom. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2009; 28: 838-840.
18. Spano F, et al. A. PCR-RFLP analysis of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) gene discriminates between C. wrairi and C. parvum, and between C. parvum isolates of human and animal origin. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1997; 150: 207-217.
19. Xiao L, et al. Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a smallsubunit rRNA-based diagnostic and genotyping tool. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2000; 66: 5492-5498. (Pubitemid 32217163)
20. Jiang J, Alderisio KA, Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium genotypes in storm event water samples from three watersheds in New York. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2005; 71: 4446-4454. (Pubitemid 41129498)
21. Morgan UM, et al. Molecular and phylogenetic characterisation of Cryptosporidium from birds. International Journal of Parasitology 2001; 31: 289-296. (Pubitemid 32168150)
22. Bouchier I. Cryptosporidium in water supplies ; Third report of the group of experts. London: Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, Department of Health), 1998. pp. 1-171(http://www.dwi.gov. uk/research/bouchier/ index.htm).
23. Chalmers RM et al. Sporadic human cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium cuniculus, United Kingdom, 2007-2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011; 17: 536-538.
24. Hajdusek O, Ditrich O, Slapeta J. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in animal and human hosts from the Czech Republic. Veterinary Parasitology 2004; 122: 183-192. (Pubitemid 38813376)
25. Office for National Statistics. Report on the International Passenger Survey 2000-2006 (www.statistics. gov.uk), 2002. Accessed 3 March 2010.
26. Gatei W, et al. Zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium are as prevalent as the anthroponotic in HIV-infected patients in Thailand. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 2002; 96: 797-802. (Pubitemid 36152848)
27. Chappell CL, et al. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existing anti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1999; 60: 157-164. (Pubitemid 29066022)
28. Lake IR, et al. Cryptosporidiosis decline after regulation, England and Wales, 1989-2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2007; 13: 623-625. (Pubitemid 46525114)
29. Elwin K, Chalmers RM. Contemporary identification of previously reported novel Cryptosporidium isolates reveals Cryptosporidium bovis and the cervine genotype in sheep (Ovis aries). Parasitology Research 2008; 102: 1103-1105.
30. Mueller-Doblies et al. Distribution of Cryptosporidium species in sheep in the UK. Veterinary Parasitology 2008; 154: 214-219.
31. Chalmers RM, et al. Detection of Cryptosporidium species and sources of contamination with Cryptosporidium hominis during a waterborne outbreak in north west Wales. Journal of Water and Health 2010; 8: 311-325.
32. Robertson L. Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in sheep and goats: A review of the potential for transmission to humans via environmental contamination. Epidemiology and Infection 2009; 137: 913-921.
33. Santin M, Trout JM. Companion animals. In: Fayer R, Xiao L, eds. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2008, pp. 437-449.
34. Smith RP, et al. Investigation of the role of companion animals in the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis. Zoonosis and Public Health 2009; 56: 24-33.
35. Duke LA et al. A mixed outbreak of cryptosporidium and campylobacter infection associated with a private water supply. Epidemiology and Infection 1996; 116: 303-308. (Pubitemid 26191043)
36. Cama RI, et al. Enteropathogens and other factors associated with severe disease in children with acute watery diarrhoea in Lima, Peru. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1999; 179: 1139-1144. (Pubitemid 29196493)
37. Health Protection Agency. (http://www.hpa.org.uk/ Topics/ InfectiousDiseases/InfectionsAZ/Campylobacter/). Accessed 27 April 2010.
38. Health Protection Agency. (http://www.hpa-standard methods.org.uk/ documents/bsop/pdf/bsop30rg.pdf). Accessed 5 May 2010.
39. Ryan U, Xiao L. Birds. In: Fayer R, Xiao L, eds. Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008, pp. 395-418.
40. Arsenault J, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. caecal colonization in broiler chicken and turkey flocks slaughtered in Quebec, Canada. Preventative Veterinary Medicine 2007;81: 250-264. (Pubitemid 47048408)
41. Chalmers RM, et al. Cryptosporidium sp. rabbit genotype, a newly identified human pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2009; 15: 829-830