The role of serum uric acid in cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects: A narrative review

Journal of Endocrinological Investigation

Volumn 34, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 881-886

  Zoppini, G ^a   Targher, G ^a   Bonora, E ^a  

^a Genova Ospedale San Martino   (Italy)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease; Diabetes; Hyperuricemia

Indexed keywords

URIC ACID;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; EMBASE; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; KIDNEY BLOOD FLOW; LIPID DIET; MEDLINE; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PROGNOSIS; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SMOOTH MUSCLE FIBER; SODIUM INTAKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; URIC ACID BLOOD LEVEL;

EID: 84858011616     PISSN: 03914097     EISSN: 17208386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF03346733     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. rd ed. Boston: Butterworths. 1990, 770-2.
2. Yamanaka H. Gout and hyperuricemia in young people. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2011; 23: 156-60.
3. Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2008, 359: 1811-21.
4. Bhole V, Choi JW, Kim SW, de Vera M, Choi H. Serum uric acid levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study. Am J Med 2010, 123: 957-61.
5. Hwu CM, Lin KH. Uric acid and the development of hypertension. Med Sci Monit 2010, 16: RA224-30.
6. Lippi G, Montagnana M, Franchini M, Favaloro EJ, Targher G. The paradoxical relationship between serum uric acid and cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2008, 392: 1-7.
7. Dobesh PP. Managing hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2006, 63: 1140-9. (Pubitemid 44146110)
8. Zoppini G, Targher G, Negri C, et al. Elevated serum uric acid concentrations independently predict cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2009, 32: 1716-20.
9. Bo S, Cavallo-Perin P, Gentile L, Repetti E, Pagano G. Hypouricemia and hyperuricemia in type 2 diabetes: two different phenotypes. Eur J Clin Invest 2001, 31: 318-21. (Pubitemid 32328532)
10. Messerli FH, Frohlich ED, Dreslinskí GR, Suarez DH, Aristimuno GG. Serum uric acid in essential hypertension: an indicator of renal vascular involvement. Ann Intern Med 1980, 93: 817-21. (Pubitemid 11197783)
11. Rafey MA, Lipkowitz MS, Leal-Pinto E, Abramson RG. Uric acid transport. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2003, 12: 511-6. (Pubitemid 37083111)
12. Kanbay M, Solak Y, Dogan E, Lanaspa MA, Covic A. Uric acid in hypertension and renal disease: the chicken or the egg? Blood Purif 2010, 30: 288-95.
13. Messerli FH, Frohlich ED, Dreslinski GR, Suarez DH, Aristimuno GG. Asymptomatic mild hyperuricaemia: an indicator of nephrosclerosis in essential hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 1980; 59 (Suppl 6): 409s-10s.
14. Seki S, Tsutsui K, Fujii T, Yamazaki K, Anzawa R, Yoshimura M. Association of uric acid with risk factors for chronic kidney disease and metabolic syndrome in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2010, 32: 270-7.
15. Johnson RJ, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Kang DH, Feig DI, Herrera-Acosta J. A unifying pathway for essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2005, 18: 431-40. (Pubitemid 40409928)
16. Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, et al. Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol 2002, 282: F991-7. (Pubitemid 34654464)
17. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Avila-Casado C, et al. Mild hyperuricemia induces glomerular hypertension in normal rats. Am J Physiol 2002, 283: F1105-10. (Pubitemid 35192478)
18. Khosla UM, Zhankov S, Finch JL, et al. Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Im 2005, 67: 1739-42. (Pubitemid 40577708)
19. Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, et al. A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13: 2888-97. (Pubitemid 35386908)
20. Kang DH, Han L, Ouyang X, et al. Uric acid causes vascular smooth ? muscle cell proliferation by entering cells via a functional urate transporter. Am J Nephrol 2005, 25: 425-33. (Pubitemid 41433885)
21. Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, Nyby MD, Makino H, Tuck ML. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2008, 26: 269-75.
22. Zharikov S, Krotova K, Hu H, et al. Uric acid decreases NO production and increases arginase activity in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008, 295: C1183-90. (Pubitemid 352790338)
23. Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ. Effect of allopurinol on the blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension. JAMA 2008, 300: 922-30.
24. Kanbay M, Ozkara A, Selcoki Y, et al. Effect of treatment of hyperuricemia with allopurinol on blood pressure, creatinine clearance, and proteinuria in patients with normal renal functions. Int Urol Nephrol 2007, 39: 1227-33. (Pubitemid 350193621)
25. Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH. Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis 2006, 47: 51-9. (Pubitemid 41828266)
26. Talaat KM, El-Sheikh AR. The effect of mild hyperuricemia on urinary transforming growth factor beta and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2007, 27: 435-40. (Pubitemid 47481999)
27. Ward HJ. Uric acid as an independent risk factor in the treatment of hypertension. Lancet 1998, 352: 670-1. (Pubitemid 28398697)
28. Brand FN, McGee DL, Kannel WB, Stokes J 3rd, Castelli WP. Hyperuricaemia as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: the Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121: 11-8. (Pubitemid 15150683)
29. Holme I, Aastveit AH, Hammar N, Jungner I, Walldius G. Uric acid and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and congestive heart failure in 417,734 men and women in the Apolipoprotein Mortality RISk study (AMORIS). J Intern Med 2009, 266: 558-70.
30. Rathmann W, Hauner H, Dannehl K, Gries FA. Association of elevated serum uric acid with coronary heart disease in diabetes mellitus. Diabete Metab 1993, 19: 159-66. (Pubitemid 23151068)
31. Feig DI, Mazzali M, Kang DH, et al. Serum uric acid: a risk factor and a target for treatment? J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17: S69-73.
32. Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension 2003, 41: 1183-90. (Pubitemid 36706063)
33. Patetsios P, Song M, Shutze WP, et al. Identification of uric acid and xanthine oxidase in atherosclerotic plaque. Am J Cardiol 2001, 88: 188-91. (Pubitemid 32607712)
34. Ghaemi-Oskouie F, Shi Y. The role of uric acid as an endogenous danger signal in immunity and inflammation. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2011, 13: 160-6.
35. Martinon F. Mechanisms of uric acid crystal-mediated autoinflammation. Immunol Rev 2010, 233: 218-32.
36. Bourgain RH, Deby C, Deby-Dupont G, Andries R. Enhancement of arterial thrombus formation by uric acid, a free radical scavenger. Biochem Pharmacol 1982, 31: 3011-3. (Pubitemid 12028598)
37. Wheeler JG, Juzwishin KD, Eiriksdottir G, Gudnason V, Danesh J. Serum uric acid and coronary heart disease in 9,458 incident cases and 155,084 controls: prospective study and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2005, 2: e76.
38. De Luca G, Secco GG, Santagostino M, et al; on behalf of the Novara Atherosclerosis Study Group (NAS). Uric acid does not affect the prevalence and extent of coronary artery disease. Results from a prospective study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2010, Dec 24 [Epub ahead of print]; doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.08. 005
39. Kaya EB, Yorgun H, Canpolat U, et al. Serum uric acid levels predict the severity and morphology of coronary atherosclerosis detected by multidetector computed tomography. Atherosclerosis 2010, 213: 178-83.
40. Kim SY, Guevara JP, Kim KM, Choi HK, Heitjan DF, Albert DA. Hyperuricemia and coronary heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2010, 62: 170-80.
41. Bos MJ, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Breteler MM. Uric acid is a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke: the Rotterdam study. Stroke 2006, 37: 1503-7. (Pubitemid 44305733)
42. Lehto S, Niskanen L, Rönnemaa T, Laakso M. Serum uric acid is a strong predictor of stroke in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Stroke 1998, 29: 635-9. (Pubitemid 28145791)
43. Newman EJ, Rahman FS, Lees KR, Weir CJ, Walters MR. Elevated serum urate concentration independently predicts poor outcome following stroke in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006, 22: 79-82. (Pubitemid 43154466)
44. Wong KY, MacWalter RS, Fraser HW, Crombie I, Ogston SA, Struthers AD. Urate predicts subsequent cardiac death in stroke survivors. Eur Heart J 2002, 23: 788-93. (Pubitemid 35238492)
45. Amaro S, Urra X, Gómez-Choco M, et al. Uric acid levels are relevant in patients with stroke treated with thrombolysis. Stroke 2011, 42: S28-32.
46. Romanos E, Planas AM, Amaro S, Chamorro A. Uric acid reduces brain damage and improves the benefits of rt-PA in a rat model of thromboembolic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2007, 27: 14-20. (Pubitemid 46006580)
47. Kuwano K, Ikeda H, Oda T, et al. Xanthine oxidase mediates cyclic flow variations in a canine model of coronary arterial thrombosis. Am J Physiol 1996, 270: 1993-9.
48. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Santamaria J, et al. Mild hyperuricemia induces vasoconstriction and maintains glomerular hypertension in normal and remnant kidney rats. Kidney Int 2005, 67: 237-47. (Pubitemid 40019245)
49. Chonchol M, Shlipak MG, Katz R, et al. Relationship of uric acid with progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007, 50: 239-47. (Pubitemid 47095076)
50. Ben-Dov IZ, Kark JD. Serum uric acid is a GFR-independent long-term predictor of acute and chronic renal insufficiency: the Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011, 26: 2558-66.
51. Iseki K, Oshiro S, Tozawa M, Iseki C, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S. Significance of hyperuricemia on the early detection of renal failure in a cohort of screened subjects. Hypertens Res 2001, 24: 691-7. (Pubitemid 33133783)
52. Hovind P, Rossing P, Johnson RJ, Parving HH. Serum uric acid as a new player in the development of diabetic nephropathy. J Ren Nutr 2011, 21: 124-7.
53. Obermayr RP, Temml C, Gutjahr G, Knechtelsdorfer M, Oberbauer R, Klauser-Braun R. Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008, 19: 2407-13.
54. Tseng CH. Correlation of uric acid and urinary albumin excretion rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. Kidney Int 2005, 68: 796-801. (Pubitemid 43323136)
55. Fukui M, Tanaka M, Shiraishi E, et al. Serum uric acid is associated with microalbuminuria and subclinical atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2008, 57: 625-9. (Pubitemid 351608223)
56. Bonakdaran S, Hami M, Shaken MT. Hyperuricemia and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iran J Kidney Dis 2011, 5: 21-4.
57. Sánchez-Lozada LG, Soto V, Tapia E, et al. Role of oxidative stress in the renal abnormalities induced by experimental hyperuricemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008, 295: F1134-41.
58. Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, et al. Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism' Hypertension 2001, 38: 1101-6. (Pubitemid 34252813)
59. Kang DH, Nakagawa T. Uric acid and chronic renal disease: possible implication of hyperuricemia on progression of renal disease. Semin Nephrol 2005, 25: 43-9. (Pubitemid 40128148)
60. Kanbay M, Solak Y, Dogan E, Lanaspa MA, Covic A. Uric acid in hypertension and renal disease: the chicken or the egg? Blood Purif 2010, 30: 288-95.
61. Kuo CF, Luo SF, See LC, et al. Hyperuricaemia and accelerated reduction in renal function. Scand J Rheumatol 2011, 40: 116-21.
62. Kosugi T, Nakayama T, Heinig M, et al. Effect of lowering uric acid on renal disease in the type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009, 297: F481-8.
63. Waring WS, McKnight JA, Webb DJ, Maxwell SR. Lowering serum urate does not improve endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologie 2007, 50: 2572-9. (Pubitemid 350060638)
64. Hovind P, Rossing P, Tamow L, Johnson RJ, Parving HH. Serum uric acid as a predictor for development of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes: an inception cohort study Diabetes 2009, 58: 1668-71.
65. Wu YQ, Li J, Xu YX, et al. Predictive value of serum uric acid on cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in urban Chinese patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2010, 123: 1387-91.
66. Kramer CK, von Mühlen D, Jassal SK, Barrett-Connor E. A prospective study of uric acid by glucose tolerance status and survival: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Intern Med 2010, 267: 561-6.
67. Chen JH, Chuang SY, Chen HJ, Yeh WT, Pan WH. Serum uric acid level as an independent risk factor for all-cause, cardiovascular, and ischemic stroke mortality: a Chinese cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2009, 61: 225-32.
68. Meisinger C, Koenig W, Baumert J, Döring A. Uric acid levels are associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality independent of systemic inflammation in men from the general population: the MONICA/KORA cohort study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008, 28: 1186-92.
69. Strasak AM, Kelleher CC, Brant LJ, et al; VHM&PP Study Group. Serum uric acid is an independent predictor for all major forms of cardiovascular death in 28,613 elderly women: a prospective 21-year follow-up study. Int J Cardiol 2008, 125: 232-9.
70. Tomita M, Mizuno S, Yamanaka H, et al. Does hyperuricemia affect mortality? A prospective cohort study of Japanese male workers. J Epidemiol 2000, 10: 403-9.
71. Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 1999, 131: 7-13. (Pubitemid 29310011)
72. Wen CP, David Cheng TY, Chan HT, et al. Is high serum uric acid a risk marker or a target for treatment? Examination of its independent effect in a large cohort with low cardiovascular risk. Am J Kidney Dis 2010, 56: 273-88
73. Ong G, Davis WA, Davis TM. Serum uric acid does not predict cardiovascular or all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2010, 53: 1288-94.
74. Ioachimescu AG, Brennan DM, Hoar BM, Kashyap SR, Hoogwerf BJ. Serum uric acid, mortality and glucose control in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a PreCIS database study. Diabet Med 2007, 24: 1369-74. (Pubitemid 350179450)
75. Mazza A, Zamboni S, Rizzato E, et al. Serum uric acid shows a J-shaped trend with coronary mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetic elderly people. The CArdiovascular STudy in the ELderly (CASTEL). Acta Diabetol 2007, 44: 99-105. (Pubitemid 47313091)