Uric acid in hypertension and renal disease: The chicken or the egg?

Blood Purification

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 288-295

  Kanbay, Mehmet ^a,f   Solak, Yalcin ^b   Dogan, Ekrem ^c   Lanaspa, Miguel A ^d   Covic, Adrian ^e  

^a GULHANE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Turkey)

^b SELCUK UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^c KAHRAMANMARAS SUTCU IMAM UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e C I PARHON NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY   (Romania)

^f Alparslan Mahallesi   (Turkey)

Author keywords

Hypertension; Renal disease; Uric acid

Indexed keywords

ALLOPURINOL; FRUCTOSE; URIC ACID; URICOSURIC AGENT;

ALOPECIA; BLOOD TOXICITY; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL STUDY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; DIETARY INTAKE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRESS SYNDROME; EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS; FRUCTOSE DIET; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIVER TOXICITY; MACULOPAPULAR RASH; METABOLISM; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; PURPURA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; URTICARIA;

ALLOPURINOL; ANIMALS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DIET; DISEASE PROGRESSION; FRUCTOSE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERURICEMIA; KIDNEY DISEASES; MICE; RATS; RISK FACTORS; URIC ACID;

EID: 78349233955     PISSN: 02535068     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000321074     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Nakagawa T, Kang DH, Feig D, et al: Unearthing uric acid: an ancient factor with recently found significance in renal and cardiovascular disease. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 1722-1725.
2. Kutzing MK, Firestein BL: Altered uric acid levels and disease states. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 324: 1-7.
3. Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ: Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1811-1821.
4. Sautin YY, Johnson RJ: Uric acid: the oxidant- antioxidant paradox. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008; 27: 608-619.
5. Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, et al: Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension 2003; 41: 1183-1190.
6. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Nakagawa T, Kang DH, et al: Hormonal and cytokine effects of uric acid. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2006; 15: 30-33.
7. Ames BN, Cathcart R, Schwiers E, Hochstein P: Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant- and radicalcaused aging and cancer: a hypothesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 6858-6862.
8. Kuzkaya N, Weissmann N, Harrison DG, Dikalov S: Interactions of peroxynitrite with uric acid in the presence of ascorbate and thiols: implications for uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70: 343-354.
9. Frei B, Stocker R, Ames BN: Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 9748-9752.
10. Whiteman M, Ketsawatsakul U, Halliwell B: A reassessment of the peroxynitrite scavenging activity of uric acid. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 962: 242-259.
11. Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, Nyby MD, Makino H, Tuck ML: Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin- angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 269-275.
12. Sautin YY, Nakagawa T, Zharikov S, Johnson RJ: Adverse effects of the classic antioxidant uric acid in adipocytes: NADPH oxidasemediated oxidative/nitrosative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007; 293:C584-C596.
13. Glantzounis GK, Tsimoyiannis EC, Kappas AM, Galaris DA: Uric acid and oxidative stress. Curr Pharm Des 2005; 11: 4145-4151.
14. Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, Feng L, Xia YY, Chen Q, et al: Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 282:F991-F997.
15. Khosla UM, Zharikov S, Finch JL, et al: Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 1739-1742.
16. Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L, et al: Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension 2002; 40: 355-360.
17. Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, et al: A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13: 2888-2897.
18. Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim YG, et al: Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1101-1106.
19. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Santamaria J, et al: Mild hyperuricemia induces vasoconstriction and maintains glomerular hypertension in normal and remnant kidney rats. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 237-247.
20. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Avila-Casado C, et al: Mild hyperuricemia induces glomerular hypertension in normal rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002; 283:F1105-F1110.
21. Mellen PB, Bleyer AJ, Erlinger TP, et al: Serum uric acid predicts incident hypertension in a biethnic cohort: the atherosclerosis risk in community studies. Hypertension 2006; 48: 1037-1042.
22. Nagahama K, Inoue T, Iseki K, et al: Hyperuricemia as a predictor of hypertension in a screened cohort in Okinawa, Japan. Hypertens Res 2004; 27: 835-841. (Pubitemid 40309449)
23. Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr: Precursors of essential hypertension: pulmonary function, heart rate, uric acid, serum cholesterol, and other serum chemistries. Am J Epidemiol 1990; 131: 1017-1027.
24. Taniguchi Y, Hayashi T, Tsumura K, Endo G, Fujii S, Okada K: Serum uric acid and the risk for hypertension and type 2 diabetes in Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1209-1215.
25. Feig DI, Johnson RJ: Hyperuricemia in childhood primary hypertension. Hypertension 2003; 42: 247-252.
26. Feig DI, Soletsky B, Johnson RJ: Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008; 300: 924-932.
27. Kanbay M, Ozkara A, Selcoki Y, et al: Effect of treatment of hyperuricemia with allopurinol on blood pressure, creatinine clearence, and proteinuria in patients with normal renal functions. Int Urol Nephrol 2007; 39: 1227-1233.
28. Hu QH, Wang C, Li JM, Zhang DM, Kong LD: Allopurinol, rutin, and quercetin attenuate hyperuricemia and renal dysfunction in rats induced by fructose intake: renal organic ion transporter involvement. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1080-F1091.
29. Tran LT, Yuen VG, McNeill JH: The fructose- fed rat: a review on the mechanisms of fructose-induced insulin resistance and hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332: 145-159.
30. Brown CM, Dulloo AG, Yepuri G, Montani JP: Fructose ingestion acutely elevates blood pressure in healthy young humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R730-R737.
31. Jalal DI, Smits G, Johnson RJ, Chonchol M: Increased fructose associates with elevated blood pressure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 21: 1543-1549.
32. Nguyen S, Choi HK, Lustig RH, Hsu CY: Sugar-sweetened beverages, serum uric acid, and blood pressure in adolescents. J Pediatr 2009; 154: 807-813.
33. Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC: Fructose and vitamin C intake do not influence risk for developing hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20: 863-871.
34. Dhingra R, Sullivan L, Jacques PF, et al: Soft drink consumption and risk of developing cardiometabolic risk factors and the metabolic syndrome in middle-aged adults in the community. Circulation 2007; 116: 480-488.
35. Perez-Pozo SE, Schold J, Nakagawa T, Sanchez- Lozada LG, Johnson RJ, Lillo JL: Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Int J Obes (Lond) 2010; 34: 454-461.
36. Feig DI: Uric acid: a novel mediator and marker of risk in chronic kidney disease? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009; 18: 526-530.
37. Wu X, Wakamiya M, Vaishnav S, et al: Hyperuricemia and urate nephropathy in urate oxidase-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 742-746.
38. Nakagawa T, Mazzali M, Kang DH, et al: Hyperuricemia causes glomerular hypertrophy in the rat. Am J Nephrol 2003; 23: 2-7.
39. Mazzali M, Kim YG, Suga S, et al: Hyperuricemia exacerbates chronic cyclosporine nephropathy. Transplantation 2001; 71: 900-905.
40. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Soto V, et al: Effect of febuxostat on the progression of renal disease in 5/6 nephrectomy rats with and without hyperuricemia. Nephron Physiol 2008; 108:p69-p78.
41. Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Soto V, et al: Treatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor febuxostat lowers uric acid and alleviates systemic and glomerular hypertension in experimental hyperuricaemia. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008; 23: 1179-1185.
42. Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH, et al: Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein- 1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1287-1293.
43. Cirillo P, Sato W, Reungjui S, et al: Uric acid, the metabolic syndrome, and renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 17(suppl 3):S165-S168.
44. Facchini F, Chen YD, Hollenbeck CB, Reaven GM: Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. JAMA 1991; 266: 3008-3011.
45. Calabro P, Yeh ET: Intra-abdominal adiposity, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk: new insight into global cardiometabolic risk. Curr Hypertens Rep 2008; 10: 32-38.
46. Kim JA, Montagnani M, Koh KK, Quon MJ: Reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction: molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms. Circulation 2006; 113: 1888-1904.
47. Nakayama T, Kosugi T, Gersch M, et al: Dietary fructose causes tubulointerstitial injury in the normal rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 298:F712-720.
48. Gersch MS, Mu W, Cirillo P, et al: Fructose, but not dextrose, accelerates the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293:F1256-F1261.
49. Glushakova O, Kosugi T, Roncal C, et al: Fructose induces the inflammatory molecule ICAM-1 in endothelial cells. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 1712-1720.
50. Hunsicker LG, Adler S, Caggiula A, et al: Predictors of the progression of renal disease in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1908-1919.
51. Iseki K, Oshiro S, Tozawa M, Iseki C, Ikemiya Y, Takishita S: Significance of hyperuricemia on the early detection of renal failure in a cohort of screened subjects. Hypertens Res 2001; 24: 691-697.
52. Domrongkitchaiporn S, Sritara P, Kitiyakara C, et al: Risk factors for development of decreased kidney function in a southeast Asian population: a 12-year cohort study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005; 16: 791-799.
53. See LC, Kuo CF, Chuang FH, et al: Hyperuricemia and metabolic syndrome: associations with chronic kidney disease. Clin Rheumatol 2010 Apr 22 [Epub ahead of print].
54. Chang HY, Tung CW, Lee PH, et al: Hyperuricemia as an independent risk factor of chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and elderly population. Am J Med Sci 2010; 339: 509-515.
55. Obermayr RP, Temml C, Gutjahr G, Knechtelsdorfer M, Oberbauer R, Klauser-Braun R: Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19: 2407-2413.
56. Tomita M, Mizuno S, Yamanaka H, et al: Does hyperuricemia affect mortality? A prospective cohort study of Japanese male workers. J Epidemiol 2000; 10: 403-409.
57. Sturm G, Kollerits B, Neyer U, Ritz E, Kronenberg F: Uric acid as a risk factor for progression of non-diabetic chronic kidney disease? The Mild to Moderate Kidney Disease (MMKD) Study. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43: 347-352.
58. Madero M, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, et al: Uric acid and long-term outcomes in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 53: 796-803.
59. Myllymaki J, Honkanen T, Syrjanen J, et al: Uric acid correlates with the severity of histopathological parameters in IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20: 89-95.
60. Syrjanen J, Mustonen J, Pasternack A: Hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperuricaemia are risk factors for progression of IgA nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15: 34-42.
61. Park JT, Kim DK, Chang TI, et al: Uric acid is associated with the rate of residual renal function decline in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24: 3520-3525.
62. Jalal DI, Rivard CJ, Johnson RJ, et al: Serum uric acid levels predict the development of albuminuria over 6 years in patients with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25: 1865-1869.
63. Meier-Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Vanrenterghem Y, Halloran PF, Ekberg H: Uric acid levels have no significant effect on renal function in adult renal transplant recipients: evidence from the symphony study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 4: 1655-1660.
64. Haririan A, Nogueira JM, Zandi-Nejad K, et al: The independent association between serum uric acid and graft outcomes after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2010; 89: 573-579.
65. Bandukwala F, Huang M, Zaltzman JS, Nash MM, Prasad GV: Association of uric acid with inflammation, progressive renal allograft dysfunction and post-transplant cardiovascular risk. Am J Cardiol 2009; 103: 867-871.
66. Akgul A, Bilgic A, Ibis A, Ozdemir FN, Arat Z, Haberal M: Is uric acid a predictive factor for graft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients? Transplant Proc 2007; 39: 1023-1026.
67. Siu YP, Leung KT, Tong MK, Kwan TH: Use of allopurinol in slowing the progression of renal disease through its ability to lower serum uric acid level. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 47: 51-59.
68. Talaat KM, el-Sheikh AR: The effect of mild hyperuricemia on urinary transforming growth factor beta and the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2007; 27: 435-440.
69. Chao J, Terkeltaub: A critical reappraisal of allopurinol dosing, safety, and efficacy for hyperuricemia in gout. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2009; 11: 135-140.
70. Halevy S, Ghislain PD, Mockenhaupt M, et al: Allopurinol is the most common cause of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Europe and Israel. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58: 25-32.