Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 439-452

  Kodish, Ian ^a   Rockhill, Carol ^a   Varley, Chris ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorder; Child; Pharmacotherapy; Plasticity; Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE; BUSPIRONE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; CLONAZEPAM; CLONIDINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; GUANFACINE; IMIPRAMINE; LORAZEPAM; MIRTAZAPINE; NORADRENALIN; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN; SERTRALINE; VENLAFAXINE; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR;

ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT; ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGITATION; ANOREXIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; ASTHENIA; BODY WEIGHT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONFUSION; CONSTIPATION; DECREASED APPETITE; DIAPHORESIS; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; FATIGUE; FOLLOW UP; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; GROWTH RATE; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HUNGER; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; INSOMNIA; LABORATORY TEST; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MENTAL STRESS; NAUSEA; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NEUROSCIENCE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PHARMACEUTICAL CARE; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; RESTLESSNESS; SEDATION; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SIDE EFFECT; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOMNOLENCE; STOMACH PAIN; SUICIDAL IDEATION; TACHYCARDIA; TREATMENT RESPONSE; VOMITING; XEROSTOMIA; ADOLESCENT; CHILD; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; CHILD; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; NEURONAL PLASTICITY; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS;

EID: 84857675005     PISSN: 12948322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Pine DS, Guyer AE, Leibenluft E. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and pediatric anxiety. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47:1217-1221.
2. Krystal JH, Tolin DF, Sanacora G, et al. Neuroplasticity as a target for the pharmacotherapy of anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Drug Discov Today. 2009;14:690-697.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, NCHS Health eStat. U.S. children 4-17 years of age who received treatment for emotional or behavioral difficulties: Preliminary data from the. 2005 National Health Interview Survey. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/children2005/children2005.htm. Accessed August 28, 2010.
4. Irwin C. The adolescent visit. In: Rudolph C, Rudolph A, Hostetter M, Lister G, Siegel N, eds. Rudolph's Pediatrics. 21st ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2002:234-238.
5. Rockhill CM, Kodish I, DiBattisto C, et al. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2010;40:67-99.
6. Jellinek M, Murphy J, Robinson J, et al. Pediatric symptom checklist (PSC): screening school-age children for psychosocial dysfunction. J Pediatr. 1988;112:201-209.
7. Chiang O. Anxiety disorders. In: Garfunkel L, Kaczorowski J, Christy C, eds. Mosby's Pediatric Clinical Advisor: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc; 2007.
8. Varley C, Varley J, Smith C. Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. In: Greydanus D, Patel D, Pratt H, eds. Behavioral Pediatrics. 2nd ed. New York, NY: iUniverse, Inc;. 2006:618-650.
9. McClellan JM, Werry JS. Evidence-based treatments in child and adolescent psychiatry: an inventory. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:1388-1400.
10. Barrett PM. Evaluation of cognitive-behavioral group treatments for childhood anxiety disorders. J Clin Child Psychol. 1998;27:459-68.
11. Kendall PC. Treating anxiety disorders in children: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994;62:100-110.
12. Kendall PC, Flannery-Schroeder E, et al. Therapy for youths with anxiety disorders: a second randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997;65:366-380.
13. Manassis K, Mendlowitz SL, Scapillato D, et al. Group and individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a randomized trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:1423-1430.
14. Wood JJ, Piacentini JC, Southam-Gerow M, Chu BC, Sigman M. Family cognitive behavioral therapy for child anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45:314-321.
15. The Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) Team. Cognitive-behavior therapy, sertraline, and their combination for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Pediatric OCD Treatment Study (POTS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:1969-1976.
16. Barrett P, Healy-Farrell L, March JS. Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:46-62.
17. Storch EA, Geffken GR, Merlo LJ, et al. Family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: comparison of intensive and weekly approaches. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:469-478.
18. King NJ, Tonge BJ, Mullen P, et al. Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:1347-1355.
19. Nevo GA, Manassis K. Outcomes for treated anxious children: a critical review of long-term-follow-up studies. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:650-660.
20. Connolly SD, Bernstein GA. Work group on quality issues. practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:267-283.
21. Southam-Gerow M, Kendall P, et al. Examining outcome variability: Correlates of treatment response in a child and adolescent anxiety clinic. J Clin Child Psychol. 2001;30:422-436.
22. Pine DS. Treating children and adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: how long is appropriate? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;12:189-203.
23. Ipser JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009:CD005170.
24. March JS, Biederman J, Wolkow R, et al. Sertraline in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1998;280:1752-1756.
25. Liebowitz MR, Turner SM, Piacentini J, et al. Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with OCD: a placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41:1431-1438.
26. Riddle MA, Scahill L, King RA, et al. Double-blind, crossover trial of fluoxetine and placebo in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31:1062-1069.
27. Riddle MA, Reeve EA, Yaryura-Tobias JA, et al. Fluvoxamine for children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, controlled, multicenter trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40:222-229.
28. Geller DA, Wagner KD, Emslie G, et al. Paroxetine treatment in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:1387-1396.
29. Geller DA, Biederman J, Stewart SE, et al. Impact of comorbidity on treatment response to paroxetine in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: is the use of exclusion criteria empirically supported in randomized clinical trials? J Child Adolesc Psychopharm. 2003;13(suppl 1):s19-s29.
30. Mukaddes NM, Abali O, Kaynak N. Citalopram treatment of children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;57:405-408.
31. Thomsen PH. Child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder treated with citalopram: findings from an open trial of 23 cases. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1997;7:157-166.
32. Schirman S, Kronenberg S, Apter A, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of citalopram for the treatment of depression and1 anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: an open-label study. J Neural Transm. 2010;117:139-145.
33. Alaghband-Rad J, Hakimshooshtary M. A randomized controlled clinical trial of citalopram versus fluoxetine in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;18:131-135.
34. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration: Drugs. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/UCM085729. Accessed August 20, 2010.
35. Wagner KD, Berard R, Stein MB, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of paroxetine in children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61:1153-1162.
36. Walkup JT AA, Piacentini J, Birmaher B, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2753-66.
37. Kendall P, Hedtke K. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Anxious Children: Therapist Manual. 3rd ed. Ardmore, PA: Workbook Publishing; 2006.
38. March J, Silva S, Petrycki S, et al. Fluoxetine, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and their combination for adolescents with depression: Treatment for Adolescents With Depression Study (TADS) randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;292:807-820.
39. The MTA Cooperative Group. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56:1073-1086.
40. Cohen JA, Mannarino AP, Perel JM, Staron V. A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood ptsd symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:811-819.
41. Robb AS, Cueva JE, Sporn J, Yang R, Vanderburg DG. Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:463-471.
42. The Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology Anxiety Study Group (RUPP). Fluvoxamine for the treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1279-1285.
43. Walkup J, Labellarte M, Riddle MA, et al. Treatment of pediatric anxiety disorders: an open-label extension of the research units on pediatric psychopharmacology anxiety study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2002;12:175-188.
44. Birmaher B, Axelson DA, Monk K, et al. Fluoxetine for the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:415-423.
45. Rynn MA, Siqueland L, Rickels K. Placebo-controlled trial of sertraline in the treatment of children with generalized anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:2008-2014.
46. Stein DJ, Ipser JC, McAnda N. Pharmacotherapy of posttraumatic stress disorder: a review of meta-analyses and treatment guidelines. CNS Spectr. 2009;14(suppl 1):25-31.
47. Cohen JA, Bukstein O, Walter H, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;49:414-430.
48. Rynn MA, Riddle MA, Yeung PP, Kunz NR. Efficacy and safety of extended-release venlafaxine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents: two placebo-controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:290-300.
49. March JS, Entusah AR, Rynn M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of venlafaxine ER versus placebo in pediatric social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;62:1149-1154.
50. Safer DA. Should selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors be prescribed for children with major depressive and anxiety disorders? Pediatrics. 2006;118:1248-1251.
51. Fanton J, Gleason M. Psychopharmacology and preschoolers: a critical review of current conditions. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;18:753-771.
52. Singh T, Prakash A, Rais T, et al. Decreased use of antidepressants in youth after us food and drug administration black box warning. Psychiatry (Edgemont). 2009;6:30-34.
53. Food and Drug Administration. New warnings proposed for antidepressants. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ ConsumerUpdates/ucm048950.htm. Accessed December 12, 2010.
54. Reinblatt SP, DosReis S, Walkup JT, et al. Activation adverse events induced by the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluvoxamine in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009;19:119-126.
55. Gittelman-Klein R, Klein DF. School phobia: controlled imipramine treatment. Calif Med. 1971;115:42.
56. Klein RG, Koplewicz HS, Kanner A. Imipramine treatment of children with separation anxiety disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31:21-28.
57. Bernstein GA, Borchardt CM, Perwien AR, et al. Imipramine plus cognitive-behavioral therapy in the treatment of school refusal. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:276-283.
58. Berney T, Kolvin I, Bhate SR, et al. School phobia: a therapeutic trial with clomipramine and short-term outcome. Br J Psychiatry. 1981;138:110-118.
59. Flament MF, Rapoport JL, Kilts C. A controlled trial of clomipramine in childhood obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1985;21:150-152.
60. Figueroa Y, Rosenberg DR, Birmaher B, et al. Combination treatment with clomipramine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1998;8:61-67.
61. Bernstein GA, Garfinkel BD, Borchardt CM. Comparative studies of pharmacotherapy for school refusal. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990;29:773-781.
62. Graae F, Milner J, Rizzotto L, et al. Clonazepam in childhood anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:372-376.
63. Simeon JG, Ferguson HB, Knott V, et al. Clinical, cognitive, and neurophysiological effects of alprazolam in children and adolescents with overanxious and avoidant disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1992;31:29-33.
64. Longo L, Johnson B. Addiction: Part I. Benzodiazepines--side effects, abuse risk and alternatives. Am Fam Physician. 2000;61:2121-2128.
65. Simeon JG, Knott VJ, DuBois C, et al. Buspirone therapy of mixed anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescents: a pilot study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1990;1:57-83.
66. Perry B, Szalavitz M. The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog and Other Stories from a Child Psychiarist's Notebook - What Traumatized Children Can Teach Us About Loss, Love, and Healing. New York, NY: Basic Books; 2008.
67. Harmon R, Riggs P. Clonidine for posttraumatic stress disorder in preschool children. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:475-457.
68. Fawcett J, Barkin RL. A meta-analysis of eight randomized, doubleblind, controlled clinical trials of mirtazapine for the treatment of patients with major depression and symptoms of anxiety. J Clin Psychiatry, 1998;59:123-127.
69. Mrakotsky C, Masek B, Biederman J, et al. Prospective open-label pilot trial of mirtazapine in children and adolescents with social phobia. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22:88-97.
70. Famularo R, Kinscherff R, Fenton T. Propranolol treatment for childhood posttraumatic stress disorder, acute type. A pilot study. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:1244-1247.
71. Pande AC, Pollack MH, Crockatt J, et al. Placebo-controlled study of gabapentin treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2000;20:467-471.
72. Urbano MR, Spiegel DB, Laguerta N, Shrader CJ, Rowe, DF, Hategan LF. Gabapentin and tiagabine for social anxiety: a randomized, doubleblind, crossover study of 8 adults. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;11:123.
73. Storch EA, Murphy TK, Goodman WK, et al. A preliminary study of Dcycloserine augmentation of cognitive-behavioral therapy in pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 2010;68:1073-1076.
74. Guastella AJ, Richardson, R, Lovibond PF, et al. A randomized controlled trial of D-cycloserine enhancement of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder. Biol Pyschiatry. 2008;63:544-559.
75. Norberg MM, Krystal JH, Tolin DF. A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63:1118-1126.
76. ADAA. Anxiety Disorder Association of America, Complimentary and Alternative Therapies. Available at: http://www.adaa.org/finding-help/treatment/ complementary-alternative-treatment Accessed May 29, 2010.
77. National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complimentary and Alternative Medicine, Complimentary and Alternative Medicine and Children. Available at: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/children/. Accessed August 28, 2010.
78. Ernst E. The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginko, St. John's Wort, ginseng, Echinacea, saw palmetto, and kava. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136:42-53.
79. Faustino TT, de Almeida RB, Andreatini R. Medicinal plants for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a review of controlled studies. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2010;32:429-436.
80. Kovacs M, Devlin B. Internalizing Disorders in Childhood. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39:47-63.
81. Anderson J. Epidemiological Issues. In: Ollendick T, King N, Yule W, eds. International Handbook of Phobia and Anxiety disorders in Children and Adolescents. New York: Plenum Press; 1994.
82. Abikoff H, McGough J, Vitiello B, et al. Sequential pharmacotherapy for children with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity and anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44:418-427.
83. Kendall P, Hedtke K, Aschenbrand S. Behavioral and emotional disorders in adolescents. Nature, assessment and treatment. In: Wolfe DA, Mash EJ, eds. Anxiety Disorders. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2006:259-299.
84. Jaffe S, ed. Adolescent substance abuse and dual disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatric Clin N Am. 1996;5:1-261.
85. Clark DB, Bukstein OG. Psychopathology in adolescent alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Health Res World. 1998;22:117-121.
86. Salbach-Andrae H, Lenz K, Simmendinger N, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities among female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2008;39:261-272.
87. Czaja J, Rief W, Hilbert A. Emotion regulation and binge eating in children. Int J Eat Disord. 2009;42:356-362.
88. Powers PS, Bruty H. Pharmacotherapy for eating disorders and obesity. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2009;18:175-187.
89. Bartak L, Rutter M. Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic children. J Autism Dev Disord. 1976;6:109-120.
90. Simonoff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas TM, Baird G. Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: prevalence, comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47:921-929.
91. Kolevzon A, Mathewson K, Hollander E, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in autism: a review of efficacy and tolerability. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:407-414.
92. King BH, Hollander E, Sikich L, et al. Lack of efficacy of citalopram in children with autism spectrum disorders and high levels of repetitive behavior: citalopram ineffective in children with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66:583-590.
93. Field B. Two drugs test ineffective in treating autism. Autism Examiner. 2009.
94. Volkmar F, Cook EH, Palmeroy R, Realmuto G, Tanguay P. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, adolescents, and adults with autism and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999;38(12 suppl):325-345.
95. Duke D, Bodzin D, Tavares P, et al. The phenomenology of hairpulling in a community sample. J Anxiety Disord. 2009;23:1118-1125.
96. Lewin A, Piacentini J, Flessner C, et al. Depression, anxiety, and functional impairment in children with trichotillomania. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26:521-527.
97. Stein D, Bouwer C, Maud C. Use of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram in treatment of trichotillomania. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997;247:234-236.
98. Christenson G, MacKenzie T, Mitchell J, et al. A placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study of fluoxetine in trichotillomania. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:1566-1571.
99. Tolin D, Franklin M, Diefenbach G, et al. Pediatric trichotillomania: descriptive psychopathology and an open trial of cognitive behavioral therapy. Cogn Behav Ther. 2007;36:129-144.
100. Pauls D, Alsobrook, JP, Goodman W, Rasmuussen S, Leckman J. A family study of obsessive compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152: 76-84.
101. Roozendaal B, McEwen BS, Chattarji S. Stress, memory and the amygdala. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:423-433.
102. Shin LM, Liberzon I. The neurocircuitry of fear, stress, and anxiety disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010;35:169-191.
103. Schlund MW, Siegle GJ, Ladouceur CD, et al. Nothing to fear? Neural systems supporting avoidance behavior in healthy youths. Neuroimage. 2010;52:710-719.
104. Bentz D, Michael T, de Quervain DJ, Wilhelm FH. Enhancing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders with glucocorticoids: from basic mechanisms of emotional learning to clinical applications. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24:223-230.
105. Black JE, Isaacs KR, Anderson BJ, Alcantara AA, Greenough WT. Learning causes synaptogenesis, whereas motor activity causes angiogenesis, in cerebellar cortex of adult rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87:5568-5572.
106. Woon FL, Hedges DW. Hippocampal and amygdala volumes in children and adults with childhood maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis. Hippocampus. 2008;18:729-736.
107. Goldwater DS, Pavlides C, Hunter RG, et al. Structural and functional alterations to rat medial prefrontal cortex following chronic restraint stress and recovery. Neuroscience. 2009;164:798-808.
108. Gorman JM, Docherty JP. A hypothesized role for dendritic remodeling in the etiology of mood and anxiety disorders. J NeuroPsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2010;22:256-264.
109. Eiland L, McEwen BS. Early life stress followed by subsequent adult chronic stress potentiates anxiety and blunts hippocampal structural remodeling. Hippocampus. In press.
110. McEwen BS. Plasticity of the hippocampus: adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;933:265-277.
111. Aisa B, Elizalde N, Tordera R, Lasheras B, Del Río J, Ramírez MJ. Effects of neonatal stress on markers of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus: implications for spatial memory. Hippocampus. 2009;19:1222-31.
112. Oomen CA, Soeters H, Audureau N, et al. Severe early life stress hampers spatial learning and neurogenesis, but improves hippocampal synaptic plasticity and emotional learning under high-stress conditions in adulthood. J Neurosci. 2010;30:6635-6645.
113. Champagne DL, Bagot RC, van Hasselt F, et al. Maternal care and hippocampal plasticity: evidence for experience-dependent structural plasticity, altered synaptic functioning, and differential responsiveness to glucocorticoids and stress. J Neurosci. 2008;28:6037-6045.
114. Ming GL, Song H. Adult neurogenesis in the mammalian central nervous system. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2005;28:223-250.
115. Calabrese F, Molteni R, Racagni G, Riva MA. Neuronal plasticity: a link between stress and mood disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(suppl 1):S208-S216.
116. Santarelli L, Saxe M, Gross C, et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science. 2003;301:805-809.
117. Castrén E, Võikar V, Rantamäki T. Role of neurotrophic factors in depression. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2007;7:18-21.
118. Malberg JE. Implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in antidepressant action. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2004;29:196-205.
119. Kobayashi K, Ikeda Y, Sakai A, et al. Reversal of hippocampal neuronal maturation by serotonergic antidepressants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:8434-8439.
120. Xu H, Luo C, Richardson JS, Li XM. Recovery of hippocampal cell proliferation and BDNF levels, both of which are reduced by repeated restraint stress, is accelerated by chronic venlafaxine. Pharmacogenomics J. 2004;4:322-331.
121. Molteni R, Calabrese F, Cattaneo A, et al. Acute stress responsiveness of the neurotrophin BDNF in the rat hippocampus is modulated by chronic treatment with the antidepressant duloxetine. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34:1523-1532.
122. Krishnan V, Nestler EJ. The molecular neurobiology of depression. Nature. 2008;455:894-902.
123. Grayson DR, Kundakovic M, Sharma RP. Is there a future for histone deacetylase inhibitors in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders? Mol Pharmacol. 2010;77:126-135.
124. Sousa N, Lukoyanov NV, Madeira MD, Almeida OF, Paula-Barbosa MM. Reorganization of the morphology of hippocampal neurites and synapses after stress-induced damage correlates with behavioral improvement. Neuroscience. 2000;97:253-266.
125. Nithianantharajah J, Hannan AJ. Enriched environments, experiencedependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:697-709.
126. Fischer A, Sananbenesi F, Wang X, Dobbin M, Tsai LH. Recovery of learning and memory is associated with chromatin remodelling. Nature. 2007;447:178-182.
127. Bessa JM, Ferreira D, Melo I, et al. The mood-improving actions of antidepressants do not depend on neurogenesis but are associated with neuronal remodeling. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14:764-773, 739.
128. Tanti A, Belzung C. Open questions in current models of antidepressant action. Br J Pharmacol. 2010;159:1187-1200.
129. Branchi I. The double edged sword of neural plasticity: increasing serotonin levels leads to both greater vulnerability to depression and improved capacity to recover. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011;36:339-351.
130. Vyas A, Mitra R, Shankaranarayana Rao BS, Chattarji S. Chronic stress induces contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in hippocampal and amygdaloid neurons. J Neurosci. 2002;22:6810-6818.
131. Liston C, Miller MM, Goldwater DS, et al. Stress-induced alterations in prefrontal cortical dendritic morphology predict selective impairments in perceptual attentional set-shifting. J Neurosci. 200;26:7870-7874.
132. Black B, Uhde TW. Treatment of elective mutism with fluoxetine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994;33:1000-1006.