Thermodynamic imbalance, surface energy, and segregation reveal the true origin of nanotube synthesis

Advanced Materials

Volumn 24, Issue 9, 2012, Pages 1262-1275

  Mohammad, S Noor ^a  

^a Sciencotech   (United States)

Author keywords

nanotube synthesis; segregation; shell model; surface energy; thermodynamic imbalance

Indexed keywords

NANOPARTICLE SURFACE; NANOTUBE GROWTH; SHELL MODELS; SOLID-PHASE MECHANISM; SURFACE ENERGIES; VAPOR PHASE;

DROPS; ECOLOGY; INTERFACIAL ENERGY; SEGREGATION (METALLOGRAPHY); SURFACE CHEMISTRY; THERMODYNAMICS;

NANOTUBES;

NANOPARTICLE; NANOTUBE;

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; PHASE TRANSITION; SURFACE PROPERTY; THERMODYNAMICS;

MODELS, CHEMICAL; NANOPARTICLES; NANOTUBES; PHASE TRANSITION; SURFACE PROPERTIES; THERMODYNAMICS;

EID: 84857557638     PISSN: 09359648     EISSN: 15214095     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103576     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. M. Meyyappan, L. Delzeit, A. Cassell, D. Hash, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 2003, 12, 205.
2. John E. Fischer, Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure and Properties, in Nanomaterials Handbook, (Ed:, Y. Gogotsi,), Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, Florida 2006, pp. 69-105.
3. K. B. K. Teo, C. Singh, M. Chhowalla, William I. Milne, in Encycopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, (Ed:, H. S. Nalwa,), American Scientific Publishers, Valencia, California 2003, Vol. 109, pp 1-22.
4. J. E. Fischer, A. Claye, R. S. Lee, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 2000, 340, 737.
5. M. Kumar, Yoshinori Ando, J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2010, 10, 3739.
6. For a comprehensive review of semiconductor nanotubes, see, Yangang Sun, J. Hu, Z. Chen, Y. Bando, D. Golberg, J. Mater. Chem. 2009, 19, 7592.
7. S. N. Mohammad, J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 108, 064323.
8. H. L. Chang, C. T. Kuo, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 2010, 49, 045101.
9. J. SenGupta, A. Jana, N. D. Pradeep Singh, C. Mitra, C. Jacob, Nanotechnology 2010, 21, 415605.
10. X. P. Gao, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, G. L. Pan, J. Yan, F. Wu, H. T. Yuan, D. Y. Song, Carbon 2004, 42, 47.
11. Y. Homma, H. Liu, D. Takagi, Y. Kobayashi, Nano Res. 2009, 2, 793.
12. D. Takagi, H. Hibino, S. Suzuki, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Homma, Nano Lett. 2007, 7, 2272.
13. D. Takagi, Y. Homma, H. Hibino, S. Suzuki, Y. Kobayashi, Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 2642.
14. Z. W. Pan, S. S. Xie, B. H. Chang, L. F. Sun, W. Y. Zhou, G. Wang, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1999, 299, 97.
15. R. Ma, Y. Bando, T. Sato, K. Kurashima, Chem. Mater. 2001, 13, 2965.
16. M. H. Rummeli, F. Schaffel, C. Kramberger, T. Gemming, A. Bachmatiuk, R. J. Kalenczuk, B. Rellinghaus, B. Buchner, T. Pichler, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15772.
17. F. A. Lindemann, Z. Phys. 1910, 11, 609.
18. S. N. Mohammad, J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 110, 054311.
19. C. J. Coombes, J. Phys. F: Metal Phys. 1972, 2, 441.
20. K. K. Nanda, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 021909.
21. K. K. Nanda, S. N. Sahu, S. N. Behera, Phys. Rev. A 2002, 66, 013208.
22. M. Schmidt, R. Kusche, V. B. Issendorff, H. Heberland, Nature 1998, 393, 238.
23. G. Bertsch, Science 1997, 277, 1619
24. Q. Jiang, Z. Zhang, J. C. Li, Acta Mater. 2000, 48, 4791.
25. S. Xiong, W. Qi, Y. Cheng, B. Huang, M. Wang, Y. Li, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2011, 13, 10648.
26. H. M. Lu, F. Q. Han, X. K. Meng, J. Phys. Chem. B 2008, 112, 9444
27. H. M. Lu, Q. Jiang, J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 5617.
28. R. Lamber, S. Wetjen, N. I. Jaeger, Phys. Rev. B 1995, 51, 10968.
29. A. N. Goldstein, C. M. Echer, A. P. Alivisatos, Science 1992, 256, 1425.
30. B. Janczuk, W. W. Jcik, M. C. Guindo, E. Chibowski, F. Gonzalez, C Ballero, Mater. Chem. Phys. 1993, 37, 64.
31. K. K. Nanda, A. Maisels, F. E. Kruis, H. Fissan, S. Stappert, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 106102.
32. C. R. Berry, Phys. Rev. 1952, 88, 596.
33. H. J. Wasserman, J. S. Vermaak, Surf. Sci. 1970, 22, 164.
34. H. H. J. Wasserman, J. S. Vermaak, S. Thiel, M. Dubiel, E. Schurig, Appl. Phys. Lett. 1997, 70, 1694.
35. P. Piedigrosso, Z. Konya, J. F. Colomer, G. Van Tendeloo, J. B. Nagy, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2000, 2, 163.
36. G. W. Lee, J. Jurng, J. Hwang, Combustion and Flame 2004, 139, 167.
37. K. M. Fazle Kibria, Y. H. Mo, K. S. Nahm, M. J. Kim, Carbon 2002, 40, 1241.
38. R. Vajtai, B. Q. Wei, Z. J. Zhang, Y. Jung, G. Ramanath, P. M. Ajayan, Smart Mater. Struct. 2002, 11, 691.
39. A. K. Schaper, H. Hou, F. Phillipp, W. Treutmann, (unpublished);, A. K. Schaper, H. Hou, A. Greiner, F. Phillipp, J. Catalyst 2004, 222, 250.
40. R. Arenal, O. Stephen, J.-L. Cochon, A. Loiseau, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 16183.
41. W.-H. Chiang, R. M. Sankaran, Diamond & Related Materials 2009, 18, 946.
42. A. Oberlin, M. Endo, T. Koyama, Carbon 1976, 14, 133.
43. G. G. Tibbetts, J. Cryst. Growth 1984, 66, 632.
44. A. Gohier, T. M. Minea, S. Point, J.-Y. Mevellec, J. Jimenez, M. A. Djouadi, A. Granier, Diamond & Related Materials 2009, 18, 61.
45. J. Gavillet, A. Loiseau, F. Ducastelle, S. Thair, P. Bernier, O. Stephan, J. Thibault, J.-C. Charlier, Carbon 2002, 40, 1649.
46. S. Esconjauregui, C. M. Whelan, K. Maex, Carbon 2009, 47, 659.
47. J. G Chen, B. Fruhberger, J. Eng Jr., B. E. Bent, J Mol Catal A: Chem. 1998, 131, 285.
48. a) T. B. Massalski, Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA 1996
49. b) R. B. Little, J. Cluster Sci. 2003, 14, 135.
50. J.-H. Lin, C.-S. Chen, H.-L. Ma, C.-W. Chang, C.-Y. Hsu, H.-W. Chen, Carbon 2008, 46, 1619.
51. B. Liu, W. Ren, L. Gao, S. Li, S. Pei, C. Liu, C. Jiang, H.-M. Cheng, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 2082.
52. A. Bachmatiuk, F. Börrnert, F. Schäffel, M. Zaka, G. Simha-Martynkowa, D. Placha, R. Schönfelder, P. M. F. J Costa, N. Ioannides, J. H. Warner, R. Klingeler, B. Büchner, M. H. Rümmeli, Carbon 2010, 48, 3175.
53. R. Ma, Y. Bando, T. Sato, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 337, 61.
54. S. N. Mohammad, J. Chem. Phys. 2009, 131, 224702.
55. M. Hasebe, H. Ohtani, T. Nishizawa, Metall. Mater. Trans. 1985, 16, 913.
56. S. Hofmann, B. Kleinsorge, C. Ducati, A. C. Ferrari, J. Robertson, Diamond and Related Mater. 2004, 13, 1171.
57. W. Moffatt, The Handbook of Binary Phase Diagrams, Genium Publishing Corporation, New York 1976
58. J. Lander, H. Kern, A. Beach, J. Appl. Phys. 1952, 23, 1305.
59. A. R. Harutyunyana, T. Tokune, Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 153113.
60. Y. Wang, M. J. Kim, H. Shan, C. Kittrell H. Fan, L. M. Ericson, W.-F. Hwang, S. Arepalli, R. H. Hauge, R. E. Smalley, Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 997.
61. L.-C. Qin, S. Iijima, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1997, 269, 65.
62. See also, Y. H. Lee, S. G. Kim, D. Tomanek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 1997, 78, 2393
63. H. Dai, A. G. Rinzler, P. Nikolaev, A. Thess, D. T. Colbert, R. E. Smalley, Chem. Phys. Lett. 1996, 260, 471.
64. E. Bengu, L. D. Marks, Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 86, 2385.
65. E. F. Kukovitsky, S. G. L'vov, N. A. Sainov, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 317, 65.
66. J. A. Rodríguez-Manzo, I. Janowska, C. Pham-Huu, A. Tolvanen, A. V. Krasheninnikov, K. Nordlund, F. Banhart, Small 2009, 23, 2710.
67. S. N. Mohammad, J. Appl. Phys. 2011, 110, 054312.
68. F. Banhart, J. X. Li, A. V. Krasheninnikov, Phys. Rev. B 2005, 71, 241408.
69. Ph. Buffat, J. P. Borel, Phys. Rev. A 1976, 13, 2287
70. P. Baffat, Thin Solid Films 1976, 32, 283.
71. J. A. Rodriguez-Manzo, M. Terrones, H. Terrones, H. W. Kroto, L. Sun, F. Banhart, Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 307.
72. S. M. Huang, M. Woodson, R. Smalley, J. Liu, J. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1025.
73. M. J. Mehl, D. A. Papaconstantopoulos, Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 4519.
74. Q. Jiang, H. M. Lu, M. Zhao, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2004, 16, 521.