Hybrid Forms of Business: The Logic of Gift in the Commercial World

Journal of Business Ethics

Volumn 100, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2011, Pages 109-123

  Grassl, Wolfgang ^a  

^a ST NORBERT COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Benedict XVI; Caritas in Veritate; Catholic social teaching; Holy Trinity; Hybrid businesses; Logic of gift; Non profit enterprise; Reciprocity; Social enterprise

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857457794     PISSN: 01674544     EISSN: 15730697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10551-011-1182-5     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Agarwal, R., Grassl, W., & Pahl, J. (2012). Beyond SWOT: Introducing a new strategic planning tool (forthcoming).
2. Alter, S. K. (2006). Social enterprise models and their mission and money relationships. In A. Nicholls (Ed.), Social entrepreneurship: New models of sustainable social change (pp. 205-232). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Andrei, P., Balluchi, F., & Furlotti, K. (2010) Collaboration between for-profit and nonprofit organizations: Some insights into the encyclical Caritas in Veritate. In 16th international symposium on ethics, business and society, IESE Business School, Barcelona, May 13-15, 2010.
4. Aoki, M. (2001). Comparative institutional analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
5. Aquinas, T. (1920-1942). Summa Theologica (Sec. and rev. ed.). Translated by Fathers of the English Dominican Province. London: Burns, Oates & Washburne.
6. Arato, A., & Cohen, J. L. (1988). Civil society and social theory. Thesis Eleven, 21, 40-64.
7. Aspen Institute. (2005). Enterprising organizations: New asset-based and other innovative approaches to solving social and economic problems. Aspen, CO: Aspen Institute.
8. Austin, J. E. (2000). Strategic collaboration between nonprofits and business. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 29, 69-97.
9. Battilana, J., & Dorado, S. (2010). Building sustainable hybrid organizations: The case of commercial microfinance organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 53(6), 1419-1440.
10. Bauwens, M. (2008). Par Cum Pari. Notes on the horizontality of peer to peer relationships in the context of the verticality of a hierarchy of values. In M. S. Archer & P. Donati (Eds.), Pursuing the common good: How solidarity and subsidiarity can work together (pp. 247-263). Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences.
11. Becchetti, L. (2009). Oltre l'homo oeconomicus. In Felicità, responsabilità, economia delle relazioni. Rome: Città Nuova.
12. Becchetti, L., & Borzaga, C. (Eds.). (2010). The economics of social responsibility. The world of social enterprises. Abingdon: Routledge.
13. Becchetti, L., Bruni, L., & Zamagni, S. (2011). Microeconomia: Scelte, relazioni, economia civile. Bologna: Il Mulino.
14. Becchetti, L., Pelloni, A., & Rossetti, F. (2008). Relational goods, sociability, and happiness. Kyklos, 61, 343-363.
15. Ben-Ner, A. (2002). The shifting boundaries of the mixed economy and the future of the nonprofit sector. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 73, 5-40.
16. Billis, D. (Ed.). (2010). Hybrid organizations and the third sector. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
17. Bollecker, G., & Nobre, T. (2010). L'évolution des paradoxes organisationnels: le cas d'une organisation de service public évoluant vers le modèle marchand. In 19th conférence AIMS, Luxembourg.
18. Bonaccorsi, A., Giannangeli, S., & Rossi, C. (2006). Entry strategies under competing standards: Hybrid business models in the open source software industry. Management Science, 52(7), 1085-1098.
19. Botsman, R., & Rogers, R. (2010). What's mine is yours: The rise of collaborative consumption. San Francisco: Harper Business.
20. Boulding, K. E. (1973). Challenge to leadership: Managing in a changing world. New York: Free Press.
21. Boyd, B., Henning, N., Reyna, E., Wang, D. E., & Welch, M. D. (2009). Hybrid organizations: New business models for environmental leadership. Sheffield: Greenleaf.
22. Bozeman, B. (1987). All organizations are public: Bridging public and private organizational theories. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
23. Brandsen, T., & Karré, P. M. (2010). Hybride organisaties: een overzicht van het onderzoek in de Nederlandse Bestuurskunde. Bestuurswetenschappen, 64(2), 71-85.
24. Brandsen, T., van de Donk, W., & Putters, K. (2005). Griffins or Chameleons? Hybridity as a permanent and inevitable characteristic of the third sector. International Journal of Public Administration, 28(9-10), 749-765.
25. Britt, F. F. (2002). Multiplying business value: The fusion of business and technology. Somer, NY: IBM Institute for Business Value.
26. Brody, E. (2003). Are nonprofit organizations different? In H. K. Anheier & A. Ben-Ner (Eds.), The study of the nonprofit enterprise: Theories and approaches (pp. 239-244). New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
27. Brown, M. T. (2010). Civilizing the economy: A new economics of provision. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. Brozek, K. O. (2009). Exploring the continuum of social and financial returns: When does a nonprofit become a social enterprise? Community Development Investment Review, 5(2), 7-17.
29. Bruni, L. (2007a). La ferita dell'altro. Economia e relazioni umane. Trento: Il Margine.
30. Bruni, L. (2008). Reciprocity, altruism and the civil society. In praise of heterogeneity. Routledge: Abingdon. [original: Reciprocità. Dinamiche di cooperazione economia e società civile. Milan: Mondadori, 2006].
31. Bruni, L. (2009). L'impresa civile. Una via italiana all'economia di mercato. Milan: EGEA.
32. Bruni, L. (2010). Reciprocità e gratuità dentro il mercato. La proposta della Caritas in veritate. Aggiornamenti sociali, 61(1), 38-44.
33. Bruni, L. (2011). La leggerezza del ferro. Un'introduzione alla teoria economica delle Organizzazioni a Movente Ideale. Milan: Vita e Pensiero.
34. Bruni, L., & Smerilli, A. (2009). The value of vocation. The crucial role of intrinsically motivated people in values-based organizations. Review of Social Economy, 67(3), 271-288.
35. Bruni, L., & Uelmen, A. J. (2006). Religious values and corporate decision making: The economy of communion project. Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law, 11, 645-680.
36. Bruni, L., & Zamagni, S. (2007 [2004]). Civil economy. Efficiency, equity, public happiness. Berne: Peter Lang.
37. Bruni, L., & Zamagni, S. (Eds.). (2009). Dizionario di Economia Civile. Rome: Città Nuova.
38. Bunduchi, R., Smart, A. U., Williams, R., & Graham, I. (2008). Homogeneity and heterogeneity in IT private standard settings-the institutional account. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 20, 389-407.
39. Callon, M., & Çali{dotless}şkan, K. (2009). Economization. Part 1: Shifting attention from the economy towards processes of economization. Economy and Society, 38, 369-398.
40. Cambón, E. (1999). Trinità modello sociale. Rome: Città Nuova.
41. Cambón, E. (2010). Comunione trinitaria e sviluppo sociale. Gen's. Rivista di vita ecclesiale, 39(1/2), 7-14.
42. Casadesus-Masanell, R., & Ricart, J. E. (2011). How to design a winning business model. Harvard Business Review, 89(1), 2-9.
43. Clavero, B. (1991). Antidora. Antropología católica de la economía moderna. Milan: Giuffrè.
44. Cooney, K. (2006). The institutional and technical structuring of nonprofit ventures: Case study of a U. S. hybrid organization caught between two fields. Voluntas, 17, 143-161.
45. Dahan, N. M., Doh, J. P., Oetzel, J., & Yaziji, M. (2010). Corporate-NGO collaboration: Co-creating new business models for developing markets. Long Range Planning, 43, 326-342.
46. Dees, J. G. (1998). Enterprising nonprofits. Harvard Business Review, 76(1), 54-67.
47. Defourny, J., & Nyssens, M. (2010). Conceptions of social enterprise in Europe and the United States: Convergences and divergences. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 32-53.
48. Donati, P. (2009). Dono. In L. Bruni & S. Zamagni (Eds.) (pp. 279-291).
49. Emerson, J. (2003). The blended value proposition: Integrating social and financial returns. California Management Review, 45(4), 33-52.
50. Emmert, M., & Crow, M. M. (1987). Public-private cooperation and hybrid organizations. Journal of Management, 13(1), 55-67.
51. Evers, A., Rauch, U., & Stitz, U. (2002). Von öffentlichen Einrichtungen zu sozialen Unternehmen. Hybride Organisationsformen im Bereich sozialer Dienstleistungen. Berlin: Edition Sigma.
52. Fottler, M. D. (1981). Is management really generic? Academy of Management Review, 6(1), 1-12.
53. Frohlich, N., & Oppenheimer, J. (1984). Beyond economic man: Altruism, egalitarianism, and difference maximizing. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 28(1), 3-24.
54. Gansky, L. (2010). The mesh: Why the future of business is sharing. New York, NY: Portfolio.
55. Gassler, R. S. (1986). The economics of nonprofit enterprise. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
56. Giesler, M. (2006). Consumer gift systems. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(2), 283-290.
57. Gold, L. (2010). New financial horizons. The emergence of an economy of communion. Hyde Park, NY: New City Press.
58. Goldstein, J. A., Hazy, J. K., & Silberstang, J. (Eds.). (2009). Complexity science and social entrepreneurship. Litchfield Park, AZ: ISCE.
59. Gomarasca, P. (2009). Meticciato: convivenza o confusione?. Venice: Marcianum Press.
60. Grassl, W. (1998). Cooperative marketing: Efficiency conditions for alliances. In T. Brunton & T. Lituchy (Eds.), Canada/Caribbean business: Opportunities and challenges for management (pp. 87-101). Port-of-Spain: University of the West Indies Press.
61. Grassl, W. (2010). Aquinas on management and its development. Journal of Management Development, 29, 706-715.
62. Grassl, W. (2011a). 'Civil economy: The trinitarian key to papal economics.' Panel session on 'economic justice and the encyclical Caritas in Veritate'. In Allied Social Science Associations conference, January 8, 2011, Denver, CO.
63. Grassl, W. (2011b). Pluris Valere: Towards trinitarian rationality in social life (forthcoming).
64. Grassl, W. (2012). Business models of social enterprise: A design approach to hybridity. ACRN Journal of Social Entrepreneurship Perspectives, 1(1).
65. Grassl, W., & Habisch, A. (2011). Ethics and economics: Towards a new humanistic synthesis for business. Journal of Business Ethics, 99(1), 37-49.
66. Hemmerle, K. (1995). Leben aus der Einheit. Eine theologische Herausforderung. Freiburg: Herder.
67. Holm, J. (2000). An introduction to Pidgins and Creoles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
68. Jacobs, J. (1992). Systems of survival: A dialogue on the moral foundations of commerce and politics. New York: Vintage Books.
69. Karré, P. M. (2011). Heads and tails: Both sides of the coin. An analysis of hybrid organizations in the Dutch waste management sector. The Hague: Eleven International.
70. Keidel, R. W. (1995). Seeing organizational patterns. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
71. Keidel, R. W. (2010). The geometry of strategy. New York: Routledge.
72. Kenis, P. (2005). Hybriditeit vanuit een netwerktheoretisch perspectief. Bestuurskunde, 14(3), 27-33.
73. Kerlin, J. A. (Ed.). (2009). Social enterprise: A global comparison. Medford, MA: Tufts University Press.
74. Koppell, J. G. S. (2003). The politics of quasi-government: Hybrid organizations and the dynamics of bureaucratic control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
75. Landes Foster, W., Kim, P., & Christiansen, B. (2009). Ten nonprofit funding models. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Spring 2009.
76. Lessig, L. (2008). Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy. New York: Penguin Press.
77. Lusch, R. F., & Vargo, S. L. (2011). Service-dominant logic: A necessary step. European Journal of Marketing, 45(7/8), 1298-1309.
78. Makadok, R., & Coff, R. (2009). Both market and hierarchy; an incentive-system theory of hybrid governance forms. Academy of Management Review, 34(2), 297-319.
79. Malki, S. (2009). Social entrepreneurship and complexity models. In J. A. Goldstein, J. K. Hazy & J. Silberstang (Eds.) (pp. 71-81).
80. Meeks, M. D. (1989). God the economist: The doctrine of god and political economy. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
81. Mintzberg, H. (2009). Rebuilding companies as communities. Harvard Business Review, 87(4), 1-5.
82. Mintzberg, H., Molz, R., Raufflet, E., Sloan, P., Abdallah, C., Bercuvitz, R., et al. (2005). The invisible world of association. Leader to Leader, 36, 37-45.
83. Molteni, M. (2009). Aziende a movente ideale. In L. Bruni & S. Zamagni (Eds.) (pp. 65-75).
84. Muniesa, F., Millo, Y., & Callon, M. (2007). An introduction to market devices. Sociological Review, 55(Suppl. 2), 1-12.
85. Murphy, P. J., & Coombes, S. M. (2009). A model of social entrepreneurial discovery. Journal of Business Ethics, 87, 325-336.
86. Naughton, M. (2006). The corporation as a community of work: Understanding the firm within the catholic social tradition. Ave Maria Law Review, 4, 33-75.
87. Nederveen Pieterse, J. (2003). Globalization and culture: Global Mélange. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
88. Novak, M. (1982). The spirit of democratic capitalism. New York: Simon and Schuster.
89. Novak, M. (1990). Toward a theology of the corporation (Rev. ed.). Washington: AEI Press.
90. Novak, M. (1997). On corporate governance: The corporation as it ought to be. Washington: AEI Press.
91. Nyssens, M. (Ed.). (2006). Social enterprise. At the crossroads of market, public policies, and civil society. London: Routledge.
92. Ostrom, W. (2010). Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review, 100(3), 641-672.
93. Payne, A. F., Storbacka, K., & Frow, P. (2008). Managing the co-creation of value. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 36, 83-96.
94. Pestoff, V. A. (1992). Third sector and co-operative services-an alternative to privatization. Journal of Consumer Policy, 15(1), 21-45.
95. Petrini, C. (2007). Slow food nation: Why our food should be good, clean, and fair. New York, NY: Rizzoli.
96. Petrini, C. (2010). Terra Madre: Forging a new global network of sustainable food communities. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.
97. Plé, L., Lecocq, X., & Angot, J. (2010). Customer-integrated business models: A theoretical framework. M@n@gement, 13(4), 226-265.
98. Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace (PCJP). (2004). Compendium of the social doctrine of the church. Rome: Libreria Editrice Vaticana.
99. Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2001). The big idea: Creating shared value. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2), 62-77.
100. Préfontaine, L. (2008). Les PPP, des projets risqués? In M. Boisclair & L. Dallaire (Eds.), Les défis du partenariat dans les administrations publiques. Un regard systémique (pp. 201-218). Québec: Presses de l'Université du Québec.
101. Raab, J., & Kenis, P. N. (2009). Heading toward a society of networks: Empirical developments and theoretical challenges. Journal of Management Inquiry, 18(3), 198-210.
102. Rainey, H. G., & Han Chan, Y. (2007). Public and private management compared. In E. Ferlie, L. Lynn, & C. Politt (Eds.), Oxford handbook of public management (pp. 72-102). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
103. Ramírez, R. (1999). Value co-production: Intellectual origins and implications for practice and research. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 49-65.
104. Ratzinger, J. (1986). Church and economy: Responsibility for the future of the world economy, Communio, 13(3), 199-204 (originally: 'Marktwirtschaft und Ethik'. In L. Roos (Ed.), Stimmen der Kirche zur Wirtschaft. 2/e (pp. 50-58). Cologne: J. P. Bachem.
105. Ridley-Duff, R. (2008). Social enterprise as a socially rational business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, 14(5), 291-312.
106. Ridley-Duff, R., & Bull, M. (2011). Understanding social enterprise. London: Sage.
107. Robison, L. J., & Ritchie, B. K. (2010). Relationship economics. Farnham: Gower.
108. Salo, A., Tähtinen, J., & Ulkuniemi, P. (2009). Twists and turns of triad business relationship recovery. Industrial Marketing Management, 38(6), 618-632.
109. Santos, F. M. (2009). A positive theory of social entrepreneurship. Working Paper 2009/23/EFE/ISIC, INSEAD Business School, Fontainebleau.
110. Seelos, C., & Mair, J. (2007). Profitable business models and market creation in the context of deep poverty: A strategic view. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21, 49-63.
111. Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age. New York, NY: Penguin.
112. Sirico, R. A. (2010). The entrepreneurial vocation. In W. W. Gasparski, L. V. Ryan, & S. Kwiatkowski (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: Values and responsibility (pp. 153-175). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
113. Skelcher, C. (2005). Public-private partnerships and hybridity. In L. Lynn, C. Politt, & E. Ferlie (Eds.), Oxford handbook of public management (pp. 347-370). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
114. Teehanke, B. L. (2008). Humanistic entrepreneurship: An approach to virtue-based enterprise. Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 8(1), 89-110.
115. Tekula, R. (2010). Social enterprise: Innovation or mission distraction? New York: Helene and Grant Wilson Cen-ter for Social Entrepreneurship, Pace University.
116. Testart, A. (2007). Critique du don: Études sur la circulation non marchande. Paris: Syllepse.
117. Uelmen, A. J. (2004). Toward a trinitarian theory of products liability. Journal of Catholic Social Thought, 1, 603-645.
118. Weigel, G. (2009). Caritas in Veritate in gold and red. National Review, July 7, 2009.
119. Westall, A. (2009). Business or third sector? What are the dimensions and implications of researching and conceptualising the overlap between business and third sector? Working Paper 26, Third Sector Research Centre, Economic and Social Research Council.
120. Wicks, R. (2009). A model of dynamic balance among the three spheres of society-markets, gov-ernments, and communities-applied to understanding the relative importance of social capital and social goods. International Journal of Social Economics, 36, 365-535.
121. Woods, T. E. Jr. (2009). Truth & charity. Taki's Magazine, August 7, 2009, available at: http://www. takimag. com/site/article/truth_charity. Accessed September 15, 2011.
122. Yao, S. G. (2003). Taxonomizing hybridity. Textual Practice, 17(2), 357-378.
123. Young, D. R. (2007). The market transformation of nonprofits and philanthropy. Atlanta, GA: Georgia State University, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Working Paper 07-03.