Neural correlates of social approach and withdrawal in patients with major depression

Social Neuroscience

Volumn 6, Issue 5-6, 2011, Pages 482-501

  Derntl, Birgit ^a,b   Seidel, Eva Maria ^a,b   Eickhoff, Simon B ^b,c   Kellermann, Thilo ^b,c   Gur, Ruben C ^d   Schneider, Frank ^b,c   Habel, Ute ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

^b RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^c Juelich Aachen Research Alliance JARA Section JARA Brain   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Approach; Depression; Emotion; fMRI; Withdrawal

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84857430505     PISSN: 17470919     EISSN: 17470927     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2011.579800     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Ackermann, H., Mathiak, K. and Riecker, A. 2007. The contribution of the cerebellum to speech production and speech perception: Clinical and functional imaging data. Cerebellum, 6(3): 202-213.
2. Adolphs, R. 2002. Recognizing emotion from facial expressions: Psychological and neurological mechanisms. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 1(1): 21-62.
3. Amodio, D. M. and Frith, C. D. 2006. Meeting of minds: The medial frontal cortex and social cognition. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(4): 268-277.
4. Amunts, K., Kedo, O., Kindler, M., Pieperhoff, P., Mohlberg, H.Shah, N. J. 2005. Cytoarchitectonic mapping of the human amygdala, hippocampal region and entorhinal cortex: Intersubject variability and probability maps. Anatomy and Embryology, 210(5-6): 343-352.
5. Anderson, I. M., Shippen, C., Juhasz, G., Chase, D., Thomas, E.Downey, D. 2011. State-dependent alteration in face emotion recognition in depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198: 302-308. doi:doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.110.078139
6. APA. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Washington, DC: APA.
7. Ashburner, J. and Friston, K. J. 2003. "Rigid body registration". In Human brain function, Edited by: Frackowiak, R. S., Friston, K. J., Frith, C., Dolan, R., Price, C. J.Zeki, S. 635-655. London, UK: Academic Press.
8. Ashburner, J. and Friston, K. J. 2005. Unified segmentation. NeuroImage, 26(3): 839-851.
9. Balleine, B. W., Delgado, M. R. and Hikosaka, O. 2007. The role of the dorsal striatum in reward and decision-making. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(31): 8161-8165.
10. Beck, A. T. 2008. The evolution of the cognitive model of depression and its neurobiological correlates. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165: 969-977.
11. Beck, A. T., Erbaugh, J., Ward, C. H., Mock, J. and Mendelsohn, M. 1961. An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4: 561-571.
12. Beer, J. S. and Lombardo, M. V. 2007. "Insights into emotion regulation from neuropsychology". In Handbook of emotion regulation, Edited by: Gross, J. J. 69-86. New York, NY: Guilford.
13. Beevers, C. G. 2005. Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7): 975-1002.
14. Beevers, C. G., Clasen, P., Stice, E. and Schnyer, D. 2010. Depression symptoms and cognitive control of emotion cues: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience, 167(1): 97-103.
15. Bouhuys, A. L., Geerts, E. and Mersch, P. P. 1997. Relationship between perception of facial emotions and anxiety in clinical depression: Does anxiety-related perception predict persistence of depression?. Journal of Affective Disorders, 43(3): 213-223.
16. Bouhuys, A. L., Geerts, E., Mersch, P. P. and Jenner, J. A. 1996. Nonverbal interpersonal sensitivity and persistence of depression: Perception of emotions in schematic faces. Psychiatry Research, 64(3): 193-203.
17. Bourke, C., Douglas, K. and Porter, R. 2010. Processing of facial emotion expression in major depression: A review. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 44(8): 681-696.
18. Britton, J. C., Phan, K. L., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., Berridge, K. C. and Liberzon, I. 2006. Neural correlates of social and nonsocial emotions: An fMRI study. NeuroImage, 31(1): 397-409.
19. Cacioppo, J. T., Priester, J. R. and Berntson, G. G. 1993. Rudimentary determinants of attitudes. II. Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(1): 5-17.
20. Campbell-Sills, L., Liverant, G. I. and Brown, T. A. 2004. Psychometric evaluation of the behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation scales in a large sample of outpatients with anxiety and mood disorders. Psychological Assessment, 16(3): 244-254.
21. Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M. C., Mazziotta, J. C. and Lenzi, G. L. 2003. Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: A relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100(9): 5497-5502.
22. Carver, C. S. and White, T. I. 1994. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67: 319-333.
23. Cavanna, A. E. and Trimble, M. R. 2006. The precuneus: A review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain: A Journal of Neurology, 129(Pt 3): 564-583.
24. Ciaramelli, E., Grady, C. L. and Moscovitch, M. 2008. Top-down and bottom-up attention to memory: A hypothesis (AtoM) on the role of the posterior parietal cortex in memory retrieval. Neuropsychologia, 46(7): 1828-1851.
25. Chen, M. and Bargh, J. A. 1999. Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(2): 215-224.
26. Chen, A. C., Welsh, R. C., Liberzon, I. and Taylor, S. F. 2010. 'Do I like this person?' A network analysis of midline cortex during a social preference task. NeuroImage, 51(2): 930-939.
27. Coan, J. A. and Allen, J. J. B. 2003. Frontal EEG asymmetry and the behavioral activation and inhibition systems. Psychophysiology, 40(1): 106-114.
28. Collins, D. L., Neelin, P., Peters, T. M. and Evans, A. C. 1994. Automatic 3d intersubject registration of MR volumetric data in standardized Talairach space. Journal of Computer-Assisted Tomography, 18(2): 192-205.
29. Corr, P. J. 2008. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality, Cambridge University Press.
30. Cox, R. W. 1996. AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Computational and Biomedical Research, 29: 162-173.
31. Dannlowski, U., Ohrmann, P., Bauer, J., Kugel, H.Arolt, V. 2007. Amygdala reactivity to masked negative faces is associated with automatic judgmental bias in major depression: A 3 T fMRI study. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 32(6): 423-429.
32. Dapretto, M., Davies, M. S., Pfeifer, J. H., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M.Bookheimer, S. Y. 2006. Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1): 28-30.
33. Davidson, R. J. 1992. Anterior cerebral asymmetry and the nature of emotion. Brain and Cognition, 20(1): 125-151.
34. Davidson, R.J. 1998. Affective style and affective disorders: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Cognition and Emotion, 12: 307-330.
35. den Ouden, H. E. M., Frith, U., Frith, C. and Blakemore, S. 2005. Thinking about intentions. NeuroImage, 28(4): 787-796.
36. Derntl, B., Finkelmeyer, A., Eickhoff, S., Kellermann, T., Falkenberg, D. I.Schneider, F. 2010. Multidimensional assessment of empathic abilities: Neural correlates and gender differences. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 35(1): 67-82.
37. Derntl, B., Habel, U., Robinson, S., Windischberger, C., Kryspin-Exner, I.Gur, R. C. 2009b. Amygdala activation during recognition of emotions in a foreign ethnic group is associated with duration of stay. Social Neuroscience, 4(4): 294-307.
38. Derntl, B., Habel, U., Windischberger, C., Robinson, S., Kryspin-Exner, I.Gur, R. C. 2009a. General and specific responsiveness of the amygdala during explicit emotion recognition in females and males. BMC Neuroscience, 10: 91
39. Derntl, B., Kryspin-Exner, I., Fernbach, E., Moser, E. and Habel, U. 2008. Emotion recognition accuracy in healthy young females is associated with cycle phase. Hormones and Behavior, 53(1): 90-95.
40. Derntl, B., Seidel, E., Kryspin-Exner, I., Hasmann, A. and Dobmeier, M. 2009d. Facial emotion recognition in patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48(Pt 4): 363-375.
41. Derntl, B., Windischberger, C., Robinson, S., Kryspin-Exner, I., Gur, R. C.Moser, E. 2009c. Amygdala activity to fear and anger in healthy young males is associated with testosterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34(5): 687-693.
42. Douglas, K. M. and Porter, R. J. 2010. Recognition of disgusted facial expressions in severe depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 197: 156-157.
43. Downar, J., Crawley, A. P., Mikulis, D. J. and Davis, K. D. 2002. A cortical network sensitive to stimulus salience in a neutral behavioral context across multiple sensory modalities. Journal of Neurophysiology, 87(1): 615-620.
44. Duckworth, K. L., Bargh, J. A., Garcia, M. and Chaiken, S. 2002. The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli. Psychological Science, 13(6): 513-519.
45. Eickhoff, S. B., Heim, S., Zilles, K. and Amunts, K. 2006. Testing anatomically specified hypotheses in functional imaging using cytoarchitectonic maps. NeuroImage, 32(2): 570-582.
46. Eickhoff, S. B., Stephan, K. E., Mohlberg, H., Grefkes, C., Fink, G. R.Amunts, K. 2005. A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. NeuroImage, 25(4): 1325-1335.
47. Elliot, A.J. and Covington, M.V. 2001. Approach and avoidance motivation. Educational Psychology Review, 13(2): 73-92.
48. Evans, A. C., Marrett, S., Neelin, P., Collins, L., Worsley, K.Dai, W. 1992. Anatomical mapping of functional activation in stereotactic coordinate space. Neuroimage, 1(1): 43-53.
49. Fitzgerald, D. A., Angstadt, M., Jelsone, L. M., Nathan, P. J. and Phan, K. L. 2006. Beyond threat: Amygdala reactivity across multiple expressions of facial affect. NeuroImage, 30(4): 1441-1448.
50. Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Brammer, M. J., Suckling, J., Kim, J.Cleare, A. J. 2007. Neural responses to happy facial expressions in major depression following antidepressant treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(4): 599-607.
51. Fu, C. H. Y., Williams, S. C. R., Cleare, A. J., Brammer, M. J., Walsh, N. D.Kim, J. 2004. Attenuation of the neural response to sad faces in major depression by antidepressant treatment: A prospective, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(9): 877-889.
52. Fusar-Poli, P., Placentino, A., Carletti, F., Landi, P., Allen, P.Surguladze, S. 2009. Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: A voxel-based meta-analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34(6): 418-432.
53. Gable, S. L. and Shean, G. D. 2000. Perceived social competence and depression. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 17: 139-150.
54. Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Erhard-Weiss, D. and Jeczemien, P. 2002. Interpersonal deficits meet cognitive biases: Memory for facial expressions in depressed and anxious men and women. Psychiatry Research, 113(3): 279-293.
55. Gray, J. A. 1972. "The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion: A modification of Eysenck's theory". In Biological bases of individual behavior, Edited by: Nebylitsyn, V. D. and Gray, J. A. 182-205. New York, NY: Academic Press.
56. Gray, J. A. 1982. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
57. Gray, J. A. 1990. Brain systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cognition & Emotion, 4(3): 269-288.
58. Gray, J. A. 1994. "Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder". In Emotions: Essays on emotion theory, Edited by: van Goozen, S. H. M. and Van de Poll, N. E. 29-59. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
59. Gray, J. A. and McNaughton, N. 2000. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system, 2nd, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
60. Graybiel, A. M. 2005. The basal ganglia: Learning new tricks and loving it. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15(6): 638-644.
61. Gur, R. C., Erwin, R. J. and Gur, R. E. 1992. Neurobehavioral probes for physiologic neuroimaging studies. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49(5): 409-414.
62. Gur, R. C., Sara, R., Hagendoorn, M., Marom, O., Hughett, P.Macy, L. 2002. A method for obtaining 3-dimensional facial expressions and its standardization for use in neurocognitive studies. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 115(2): 137-143.
63. Habel, U., Windischberger, C., Derntl, B., Robinson, S., Kryspin-Exner, I.Gur, R. C. 2007. Amygdala activation and facial expressions: Explicit emotion discrimination versus implicit emotion processing. Neuropsychologia, 45(10): 2369-2377.
64. Hamilton, M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23: 56-62.
65. Harmer, C. J. 2010. Antidepressant drug action: A neuropsychological perspective. Depression and Anxiety, 27: 231-233.
66. Harmer, C. J., Goodwin, G. M. and Cowen, P. J. 2009. Why do antidepressants take so long to work? A cognitive neuropsychological model of antidepressant drug action. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195: 102-108.
67. Harmer, C. J., Mackay, C. E., Reid, C. B., Cowen, P. J. and Goodwin, G. M. 2006. Antidepressant drug treatment modifies the neural processing of nonconscious threat cues. Biological Psychiatry, 59(9): 816-820.
68. Harmon-Jones, E. and Allen, J. J. 1997. Behavioral activation sensitivity and resting frontal EEG asymmetry: Covariation of putative indicators related to risk for mood disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(1): 159-163.
69. Hartig, J. and Moosbrugger, H. 2003. Die "ARES-Skalen" zur Erfassung der individuellen BIS- und BAS-Sensitivität: Entwicklung einer Lang- und einer Kurzfassung. Zeitschrift für Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 24: 291-308.
70. Hasler, B. P., Allen, J. J. B., Sbarra, D. A., Bootzin, R. R. and Bernert, R. A. 2010. Morningness-eveningness and depression: Preliminary evidence for the role of the behavioral activation system and positive affect. Psychiatry Research, 176(2-3): 166-173.
71. Hofer, A., Siedentopf, C. M., Ischebeck, A., Rettenbacher, M. A., Verius, M.Felber, S. 2006. Gender differences in regional cerebral activity during the perception of emotion: A functional MRI study. NeuroImage, 32(2): 854-862.
72. Hofer, A., Siedentopf, C. M., Ischebeck, A., Rettenbacher, M. A., Verius, M.Felber, S. 2007. Sex differences in brain activation patterns during processing of positively and negatively valenced emotional words. Psychological Medicine, 37(1): 109-119.
73. Horstmann, G. 2003. What do facial expressions convey: Feeling states, behavioral intentions, or action requests?. Emotion, 3(2): 150-166.
74. Hsu, D. T., Langenecker, S. A., Kennedy, S. E., Zubieta, J. and Heitzeg, M. M. 2010. fMRI BOLD responses to negative stimuli in the prefrontal cortex are dependent on levels of recent negative life stress in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Research, 183(3): 202-208.
75. Johnstone, T., van Reekum, C. M., Urry, H. L., Kalin, N. H. and Davidson, R. J. 2007. Failure to regulate: Counterproductive recruitment of top-down prefrontal-subcortical circuitry in major depression. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(33): 8877-8884.
76. Kasch, K. L., Rottenberg, J., Arnow, B. A. and Gotlib, I. H. 2002. Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(4): 589-597.
77. Keedwell, P. A., Drapier, D., Surguladze, S., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. and Phillips, M. 2010. Subgenual cingulate and visual cortex responses to sad faces predict clinical outcome during antidepressant treatment for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 120(1-3): 120-125.
78. Kessler, R. C., Demler, O., Frank, R. G., Olfson, M., Pincus, H. A.Walters, E. E. 2005. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. New England Journal of Medicine, 352: 2515-2523.
79. Kjaer, T. W., Nowak, M. and Lou, H. C. 2002. Reflective self-awareness and conscious states: PET evidence for a common midline parietofrontal core. NeuroImage, 17(2): 1080-1086.
80. Koenigsberg, H. W., Fan, J., Ochsner, K. N., Liu, X., Guise, K. G.Pizzarello, S. 2009. Neural correlates of the use of psychological distancing to regulate responses to negative social cues: A study of patients with borderline personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 66(9): 854-863.
81. Koenigsberg, H. W., Fan, J., Ochsner, K. N., Liu, X., Guise, K.Pizzarello, S. 2010. Neural correlates of using distancing to regulate emotional responses to social situations. Neuropsychologia, 48(6): 1813-1822.
82. Kringelbach, M. L. and Rolls, E. T. 2004. The functional neuroanatomy of the human orbitofrontal cortex: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuropsychology. Progress in Neurobiology, 72(5): 341-372.
83. Kross, E., Egner, T., Ochsner, K., Hirsch, J. and Downey, G. 2007. Neural dynamics of rejection sensitivity. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(6): 945-956.
84. Lamm, C., Batson, C. D. and Decety, J. 2007. The neural substrate of human empathy: Effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(1): 42-58.
85. Lamm, C. and Singer, T. 2009. The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156: 81-96.
86. Lehrl, S. 1996. Der MWT- ein Intelligenztest für die ärztliche Praxis. Praxis für Neurologie und Psychiatrie, 7: 488-491.
87. Leppänen, J. M. 2006. Emotional information processing in mood disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19(1): 34-39.
88. Li, C. R. and Sinha, R. 2008. Inhibitory control and emotional stress regulation: Neuroimaging evidence for frontal-limbic dysfunction in psycho-stimulant addiction. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(3): 581-597.
89. Liu, Z., Xu, C., Xu, Y., Wang, Y., Zhao, B.Lv, Y. 2010. Decreased regional homogeneity in insula and cerebellum: A resting-state fMRI study in patients with major depression and subjects at high risk for major depression. Psychiatry Research, 182(3): 211-215.
90. Lou, H. C., Luber, B., Crupain, M., Keenan, J. P., Nowak, M.Kjaer, T. W. 2004. Parietal cortex and representation of the mental self. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(17): 6827-6832.
91. Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N. and Kleck, R. E. 2005. The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach- and avoidance-related behaviors. Emotion, 5(1): 119-124.
92. McFarland, B. R., Shankman, S. A., Tenke, C. E., Bruder, G. E. and Klein, D. N. 2006. Behavioral activation system deficits predict the six-month course of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 91(2-3): 229-234.
93. Mikhailova, E. S., Vladimirova, T. V., Iznak, A. F., Tsusulkovskaya, E. J. and Sushko, N. V. 1996. Abnormal recognition of facial expression of emotions in depressed patients with major depression disorder and schizotypal personality disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 40(8): 697-705.
94. Moser, E., Derntl, B., Robinson, S., Fink, B., Gur, R. C. and Grammer, K. 2007. Amygdala activation at 3T in response to human and avatar facial expressions of emotions. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 161(1): 126-133.
95. Naghavi, H. R. and Nyberg, L. 2005. Common fronto-parietal activity in attention, memory, and consciousness: Shared demands on integration?. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(2): 390-425.
96. Naismith, S. L., Lagopoulos, J., Ward, P. B., Davey, C. G., Little, C. and Hickie, I. B. 2010. Fronto-striatal correlates of impaired implicit sequence learning in major depression: An fMRI study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 125(1-3): 256-261.
97. Neumann, R. and Strack, F. 2000. Approach and avoidance: The influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(1): 39-48.
98. Norbury, R., Mackay, C. E., Cowen, P. J., Goodwin, G. M. and Harmer, C. J. 2007. Short-term antidepressant treatment and facial processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging study. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 190: 531-532.
99. Norbury, R., Taylor, M. J., Selvaraj, S., Murphy, S. E., Harmer, C. J. and Cowen, P. J. 2009. Short-term antidepressant treatment modulates amygdala response to happy faces. Psychopharmacology, 206(2): 197-204.
100. Northoff, G. and Bermpohl, F. 2004. Cortical midline structures and the self. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(3): 102-107.
101. Oldfield, R.C. 1971. The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia, 9(1): 97-113.
102. Packard, M.G. and Knowlton, B.J. 2002. Learning and memory functions of the Based Ganglia. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 25: 563-593.
103. Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L. and Lane, R. 2003. Neurobiology of emotion perception. II. Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry, 54(5): 515-528.
104. Piccinelli, M. and Wilkinson, G. 2000. Gender differences in depression. Critical review. British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 177: 486-492.
105. Pickering, A. D. and Gray, J. A. 1999. "The neuroscience of personality". In Handbook of Personality, 2nd, Edited by: Pervin, L. and John, O. 277-299. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
106. Puca, R. M., Rinkenauer, G. and Breidenstein, C. 2006. Individual differences in approach and avoidance movements: How the avoidance motive influences response force. Journal of Personality, 74(4): 979-1014.
107. Rauch, A. V., Reker, M., Ohrmann, P., Pedersen, A., Bauer, J.Dannlowski, U. 2010. Increased amygdala activation during automatic processing of facial emotion in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 182(3): 200-206.
108. Reitan, M. G. 1958. Validity of the Trial Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8: 271-276.
109. Reuter, M., Stark, R., Hennig, J., Walter, B., Kirsch, P.Schienle, A. 2004. Personality and emotion: Test of Gray's personality theory by means of an fMRI study. Behavioral Neuroscience, 118(3): 462-469.
110. Rubinow, D. R. and Post, R. M. 1992. Impaired recognition of affect in facial expression in depressed patients. Biological Psychiatry, 31(9): 947-953.
111. Schaefer, H. S., Putnam, K. M., Benca, R. M. and Davidson, R. J. 2006. Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of neural activity to positive social stimuli in pre- and post-treatment depression. Biological Psychiatry, 60(9): 974-986.
112. Scheuerecker, J., Meisenzahl, E.M., Koutsoulers, N., Roesner, M., Schöpf, V.Linn, J. 2010. Orbitofrontal volume reductions during emotion recognition in patients with major depression. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 35(5): 311-320.
113. Schmahmann, J. D. 2004. Disorders of the cerebellum: Ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 16: 367-378.
114. Schulte-Rüther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Fink, G. R. and Piefke, M. 2007. Mirror neuron and theory of mind mechanisms involved in face-to-face interactions: A functional magnetic resonance imaging approach to empathy. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19(8): 1354-1372.
115. Schulte-Rüther, M., Markowitsch, H. J., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R. and Piefke, M. 2008. Gender differences in brain networks supporting empathy. NeuroImage, 42(1): 393-403.
116. Segrin, C. 2000. Social skills deficits associated with depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 20: 379-403.
117. Seidel, E., Habel, U., Finkelmeyer, A., Schneider, F., Gur, R. C. and Derntl, B. 2010a. Implicit and explicit behavioral tendencies in male and female depression. Psychiatry Research, 177(1-2): 124-130.
118. Seidel, E., Habel, U., Kirschner, M., Gur, R. C. and Derntl, B. 2010b. The impact of facial emotional expressions on behavioral tendencies in women and men. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance, 36(2): 500-507.
119. Seitz, R. J., Schäger, R., Scherfeld, D., Friederichs, S., Popp, K.Wittsack, H. J. 2008. Valuating other people's emotional face expression: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography study. Neuroscience, 152(3): 713-722.
120. Sheline, Y. I., Barch, D. M., Donnelly, J. M., Ollinger, J. M., Snyder, A. Z. and Mintun, M. A. 2001. Increased amygdala response to masked emotional faces in depressed subjects resolves with antidepressant treatment: An fMRI study. Biological Psychiatry, 50(9): 651-658.
121. Simpson, J. R., Ongür, D., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., Ollinger, J. M.Snyder, A. Z. 2000. The emotionalmodulation of cognitive processing: An fMRI study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(Suppl 2): 157-170.
122. Singer, T. and Lamm, C. 2009. The social neuroscience of empathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1156: 81-96.
123. Smith, D. J., Kyle, S., Forty, L., Cooper, c., Walters, J.Russell, E. 2008. Differences in depressive symptom profile between males and females. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108(3): 279-284.
124. Smith, K. L. W., Matheson, F. I., Moineddin, R. and Glazier, R. H. 2007. Gender, income and immigration differences in depression in Canadian urban centres. Canadian Journal of Public Health. Revue Canadienne De Santé Publique, 98(2): 149-153.
125. Surguladze, S. A., El-Hage, W., Dalgleish, T., Radua, J., Gohier, B. and Phillips, M. L. 2010. Depression is associated with increased sensitivity to signals of disgust: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 44: 894-902. doi:doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.02.010
126. Surguladze, S. A., Young, A. W., Senior, C., Brébion, G., Travis, M. J. and Phillips, M. L. 2004. Recognition accuracy and response bias to happy and sad facial expressions in patients with major depression. Neuropsychology, 18(2): 212-218.
127. Suslow, T., Dannlowski, U., Lalee-Mentzel, J., Donges, U., Arolt, V. and Kersting, A. 2004. Spatial processing of facial emotion in patients with unipolar depression: A longitudinal study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 83(1): 59-63.
128. Suslow, T., Junghanns, K. and Arolt, V. 2001. Detection of facial expressions of emotions in depression. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92(3 Pt 1): 857-868.
129. Suslow, T., Konrad, C., Kugel, H., Rumstadt, D., Zwitserlood, P.Schöning, S. 2010. Automatic mood-congruent amygdala responses to masked facial expressions in major depression. Biological Psychiatry, 67(2): 155-160.
130. Tse, W. S. and Bond, A. J. 2004. The impact of depression on social skills. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(4): 260-268.
131. Vogeley, K. and Fink, G. R. 2003. Neural correlates of the first-person-perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(1): 38-42.
132. Von Aster, M., Neubauer, A. and Horn, R. 2006. Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenz-Test für Erwachsene III, Frankfurt, Germany: Harcourt.
133. Wagner, A. D., Shannon, B. J., Kahn, I. and Buckner, R. L. 2005. Parietal lobe contributions to episodic memory retrieval. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(9): 445-453.
134. Whalen, P. J., Shin, L. M., Somerville, L. H., McLean, A. A. and Kim, H. 2002. Functional neuroimaging studies of the amygdala in depression. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 7(4): 234-242.
135. Wittchen, H.-U., Zaudig, M. and Fydrich, T. 1997. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV, Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.