Evidence that genes for depression impact on the pathway from trauma to psychotic-like symptoms by occasioning emotional dysregulation

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 283-294

  Kramer, I M A ^a,b   Simons, C J P ^a,b   Myin Germeys, I ^b   Jacobs, N ^b,c   Derom, C ^d   Thiery, E ^e   Van Os, J ^b,f   Wichers, M ^b  

^a GGzE Foundation for Mental Health Care Eindhoven en de Kempen   (Netherlands)

^b MAASTRICHT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c OPEN UNIVERSITY OF THE NETHERLANDS   (Netherlands)

^d UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS LEUVEN   (Belgium)

^e Association for Scientific Research in Multiple Births   (Belgium)

^f KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Childhood adversity; co morbidity; depressive disorder; gene environment interaction; psychosis; twin study

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD ABUSE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; HUMAN; MENTAL STRESS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; REGISTER; TWINS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CHILD ABUSE; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DISEASES IN TWINS; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REGISTRIES; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84857355225     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291711001474     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Allardyce J, Suppes T, van Os J (2007). Dimensions and the psychosis phenotype. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 16, S34-S40. (Pubitemid 46930451)
2. Allen P, Freeman D, McGuire P, Garety P, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Bebbington P, Green C, Dunn G, Ray K (2005). The prediction of hallucinatory predisposition in non-clinical individuals: examining the contribution of emotion and reasoning. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 44, 127-132. (Pubitemid 40403141)
3. Argyropoulos SV, Landau S, Kalidindi S, Toulopoulou T, Castle DJ, Murray RM, Picchioni MM (2008). Twins discordant for schizophrenia: psychopathology of the non-schizophrenic co-twins. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118, 214-219.
4. Arntz A, Wessel I (1996). The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire [in Dutch]. Arntz & Wessel: Maastricht.
5. Arrindel W, Ettema J (1986). The SCL90. A Multidimensional Instrument for the Assessment of Psychopathology [in Dutch]. Swets & Zeitlinger: Lisse, The Netherlands.
6. Arseneault L, Cannon M, Fisher HL, Polanczyk G, Moffitt TE, Caspi A (2011). Childhood trauma and children's emerging psychotic symptoms: a genetically sensitive longitudinal cohort study. American Journal of Psychiatry 168, 65-72.
7. Baker CA, Morrison AP (1998). Cognitive processes in auditory hallucinations: attributional biases and metacognition. Psychological Medicine 28, 1199-1208. (Pubitemid 28458476)
8. Bendall S, Jackson HJ, Hulbert CA, McGorry PD (2008). Childhood trauma and psychotic disorders: a systematic, critical review of the evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 568-579.
9. Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, Handelsman L (1997). Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 340-348. (Pubitemid 27097927)
10. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, Sapareto E, Ruggiero J (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry 151, 1132-1136. (Pubitemid 24240954)
11. Bernstein DP, Stein JA, Newcomb MD, Walker E, Pogge D, Ahluvalia T, Stokes J, Handelsman L, Medrano M, Desmond D, Zule W (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse and Neglect 27, 169-190. (Pubitemid 36293325)
12. Bijl RV, Ravelli A, van Zessen G (1998). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 33, 587-595. (Pubitemid 28528860)
13. Birchwood M (2003). Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 182, 373-375. (Pubitemid 36560969)
14. Birchwood M, Chadwick P (1997). The omnipotence of voices: testing the validity of a cognitive model. Psychological Medicine 27, 1345-1353. (Pubitemid 27494100)
15. Boks MPM, Leask S, Vermunt JK, Kahn RS (2007). The structure of psychosis revisited: the role of mood symptoms. Schizophrenia Research 93, 178-185. (Pubitemid 46817930)
16. Chapman DP, Whitfield CL, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Anda RF (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders 82, 217-225. (Pubitemid 39370823)
17. Clayton D, Hill M (1993). Wald tests. In Statistical Models in Epidemiology (ed. D. Clayton and M. Hill), pp. 101-102. Oxford Science Publications: Oxford.
18. Collip D, Myin-Germeys I, van Os J (2008). Does the concept of 'sensitization' provide a plausible mechanism for the putative link between the environment and schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 220-225. (Pubitemid 351323342)
19. Corcoran C, Walker E, Huot R, Mittal V, Tessner K, Kestler L, Malaspina D (2003). The stress cascade and schizophrenia: etiology and onset. Schizophrenia Bulletin 29, 671-692. (Pubitemid 38181949)
20. Cougnard A, Marcelis M, Myin-Germeys I, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U, Henquet C, Spauwen J, van Os J (2007). Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? A psychosis proneness-persistence model. Psychological Medicine 37, 513-527. (Pubitemid 46359599)
21. Csikszentmihalyi M, Larson R (1987). Validity and reliability of the Experience-Sampling Method. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175, 526-536. (Pubitemid 17144371)
22. Delespaul P (1995). Assessing Schizophrenia in Daily Life: The Experience Sampling Method. University of Limburg: Maastricht.
23. Deloore E, Drukker M, Gunther N, Feron F, Deboutte D, Sabbe B, Mengelers R, van Os J, Myin-Germeys I (2007). Childhood negative experiences and subclinical psychosis in adolescence: a longitudinal general population study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 1, 201-207.
24. Derogatis LR (1977). SCL90: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual I. John Hopkins School of Medicine: Baltimore, MD.
25. Derom CA, Vlietinck RF, Thiery EW, Leroy FO, Fryns JP, Derom RM (2006). The East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey (EFPTS). Twin Research and Human Genetics 9, 733-738. (Pubitemid 46093748)
26. de Vries MW (1992). The Experience of Psychopathology: Investigating Mental Disorders in their Natural Settings. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
27. Elklit A, Shevlin M (2010). Female sexual victimization predicts psychosis: a case-control study based on the Danish registry system. Schizophrenia Bulletin. Published online: 20 May 2010. doi:10.1093/schbul/ sbq048.
28. First M, Spitzer R, Gibbon M, Williams J (1998). SCID-I. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders [in Dutch]. Swets & Zeitlinger: Lisse, The Netherlands.
29. Fisher H, Morgan C, Dazzan P, Craig TK, Morgan K, Hutchinson G, Jones PB, Doody GA, Pariante C, McGuffin P, Murray RM, Leff J, Fearon P (2009). Gender differences in the association between childhood abuse and psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 194, 319-325.
30. Freeman D (2007). Suspicious minds: the psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical Psychological Review 27, 425-457. (Pubitemid 46414047)
31. Freeman D, Fowler D (2009). Routes to psychotic symptoms: trauma, anxiety and psychosis-like experiences. Psychiatry Research 169, 107-112.
32. Freeman D, Garety PA (1999). Worry, worry processes and dimensions of delusions: an exploratory investigation of a role for anxiety processes in the maintenance of delusional distress. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 27, 47-62. (Pubitemid 29112368)
33. Garety PA, Bebbington P, Fowler D, Freeman D, Kuipers E (2007). Implications for neurobiological research of cognitive models of psychosis: a theoretical paper. Psychological Medicine 37, 1377-1391. (Pubitemid 47581413)
34. Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Freeman D, Bebbington PE (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 31, 189-195. (Pubitemid 32166387)
35. Glaser JP, van Os J, Portegijs PJ, Myin-Germeys I (2006). Childhood trauma and emotional reactivity to daily life stress in adult frequent attenders of general practitioners. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 61, 229-236. (Pubitemid 44137372)
36. Gottesman II, Gould TD (2003). The endophenotype concept in psychiatry: etymology and strategic intentions. American Journal of Psychiatry 160, 636-645. (Pubitemid 41079594)
37. Green C, Garety PA, Freeman D, Fowler D, Bebbington P, Dunn G, Kuipers E (2006). Content and affect in persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 45, 561-577. (Pubitemid 46017364)
38. Häfner H, an der Heiden W, Maurer K (2008). Evidence for separate diseases? Stages of one disease or different combinations of symptom dimensions? European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 258 (Suppl. 2), 85-96. (Pubitemid 351758762)
39. Häfner H, Maurer K, Trendler G, an der Heiden W, Schmidt M, Könnecke R (2005). Schizophrenia and depression: challenging the paradigm of two separate diseases. A controlled study of schizophrenia, depression and healthy controls. Schizophrenia Research 77, 11-24. (Pubitemid 40957057)
40. Hanssen M, Peeters F, Krabbendam L, Radstake S, Verdoux H, van Os J (2003). How psychotic are individuals with non-psychotic disorders? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 38, 149-154. (Pubitemid 37160778)
41. Heim C, Nemeroff CB (2001). The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies. Biological Psychiatry 49, 1023-1039. (Pubitemid 32595461)
42. Heim C, Newport DJ, Mletzko T, Miller AH, Nemeroff CB (2008). The link between childhood trauma and depression: insights from HPA axis studies in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology 33, 693-710.
43. Jacobs N, Nicolson NA, Derom C, Delespaul P, van Os J, Myin-Germeys I (2005). Electronic monitoring of salivary cortisol sampling compliance in daily life. Life Sciences 76, 2431-2443. (Pubitemid 40341960)
44. Kelleher I, Harley M, Lynch F, Arseneault L, Fitzpatrick C, Cannon M (2008). Associations between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptoms among a school-based adolescent sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 193, 378-382.
45. Kendler KS, Kessler RC, Walters EE, MacLean C, Neale MC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry 152, 833-842.
46. Kendler KS, Prescott CA (2006). Genes, Environment, and Psychopathology. Understanding the Causes of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders. Guilford Press: New York.
47. Kendler KS, Thornton LM, Prescott CA (2001). Gender differences in the rates of exposure to stressful life events and sensitivity to their depressogenic effects. American Journal of Psychiatry 158, 587-593. (Pubitemid 32289821)
48. Konings M, Bak M, Hanssen M, van Os J, Krabbendam L (2006). Validity and reliability of the CAPE: a self-report instrument for the measurement of psychotic experiences in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 114, 55-61. (Pubitemid 43885486)
49. Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, Bak M, van Os J (2005). Explaining transitions over the hypothesized psychosis continuum. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, 180-186. (Pubitemid 40425724)
50. Krabbendam L, Myin-Germeys I, De Graaf R, Vollebergh W, Nolen WA, Iedema J, van Os J (2004). Dimensions of depression, mania and psychosis in the general population. Psychological Medicine 34, 1177-1186. (Pubitemid 39517148)
51. Krabbendam L, van Os J (2005). Affective processes in the onset and persistence of psychosis. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 255, 185-189. (Pubitemid 40922941)
52. Lardinois M, Lataster T, Mengelers R, van Os J, Myin-Germeys I (2011). Childhood trauma and increased stress sensitivity in psychosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123, 28-35.
53. Larkin W, Read J (2008). Childhood trauma and psychosis: evidence, pathways, and implications. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 54, 287-293.
54. Lataster T, van Os J, Drukker M, Henquet C, Feron F, Gunther N, Myin-Germeys I (2006). Childhood victimisation and developmental expression of non-clinical delusional ideation and hallucinatory experiences: victimisation and non-clinical psychotic experiences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 41, 423-428. (Pubitemid 44419761)
55. Lataster T, Wichers M, Jacobs N, Mengelers R, Derom C, Thiery E, van Os J, Myin-Germeys I (2009). Does reactivity to stress cosegregate with subclinical psychosis? A general population twin study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 119, 45-53.
56. Loos R, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Derom R (1998). The East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey (Belgium): a population-based register. Twin Research 1, 167-175. (Pubitemid 128560439)
57. Mackie CJ, Castellanos-Ryan N, Conrod PJ (2011). Developmental trajectories of psychotic-like experiences across adolescence: impact of victimization and substance use. Psychological Medicine 41, 47-58.
58. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Hallmayer J, Heun R, Benkert O, Levinson DF (1993). Continuity and discontinuity of affective disorders and schizophrenia. Results of a controlled family study. Archives of General Psychiatry 50, 871-883. (Pubitemid 23330979)
59. Morrison AP, Baker CA (2000). Intrusive thoughts and auditory hallucinations: a comparative study of intrusions in psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy 38, 1097-1106.
60. Mortensen PB, Pedersen MG, Pedersen CB (2010). Psychiatric family history and schizophrenia risk in Denmark: which mental disorders are relevant? Psychological Medicine 40, 201-210.
61. Myin-Germeys I, Krabbendam L, Delespaul PAEG, van Os J (2004). Sex differences in emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, 805-809.
62. Myin-Germeys I, Oorschot M, Collip D, Lataster J, Delespaul P, van Os J (2009). Experience sampling research in psychopathology: opening the black box of daily life. Psychological Medicine 39, 1533-1547.
63. Myin-Germeys I, van Os J (2007). Stress-reactivity in psychosis: evidence for an affective pathway to psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review 27, 409-424. (Pubitemid 46420798)
64. Olfson M, Lewis-Fernandez R, Weissman MM, Feder A, Gameroff MJ, Pilowsky D, Fuentes M (2002). Psychotic symptoms in an urban general medicine practice. American Journal of Psychiatry 159, 1412-1419. (Pubitemid 34832725)
65. Owens DGC, Johnstone EC (2006). Precursors and prodromata of schizophrenia: findings from the Edinburgh High Risk Study and their literature context. Psychological Medicine 36, 1501-1514. (Pubitemid 44575796)
66. Palmier-Claus JE, Myin-Germeys I, Barkus E, Bentley L, Udachina A, Delespaul PA, Lewis SW, Dunn G (2011). Experience sampling research in individuals with mental illness: reflections and guidance. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 123, 12-20.
67. Peters ER, Joseph SA, Garety PA (1999). Measurement of delusional ideation in the normal population: introducing the PDI (Peters et al. Delusions Inventory). Schizophrenia Bulletin 25, 553-576.
68. Phillips LJ, McGorry PD, Garner B, Thompson KN, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Berger G (2006). Stress, the hippocampus and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: implications for the development of psychotic disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, 725-741. (Pubitemid 44145215)
69. Read J, van Os J, Morrison AP, Ross CA (2005). Childhood trauma, psychosis and schizophrenia: a literature review with theoretical and clinical implications. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 112, 330-350. (Pubitemid 41564319)
70. Schreier A, Wolke D, Thomas K, Horwood J, Hollis C, Gunnell D, Lewis G, Thompson A, Zammit S, Duffy L, Salvi G, Harrison G (2009). Prospective study of peer victimization in childhood and psychotic symptoms in a nonclinical population at age 12 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 66, 527-536.
71. Scott J, Chant D, Andrews G, Martin G, McGrath J (2007). Association between trauma exposure and delusional experiences in a large community-based sample. British Journal of Psychiatry 190, 339-343. (Pubitemid 46580684)
72. Shergill SS, van Os J, Murray RM (1999). Schizophrenia and depression: what is their relationship? In Managing the Depressive Symptoms of Schizophrenia (ed. P. E. Keck), pp. 12-29. Science Press: London.
73. Shevlin M, Dorahy MJ, Adamson G (2007). Trauma and psychosis: an analysis of the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Psychiatry 164, 166-169. (Pubitemid 46154799)
74. Shevlin M, Houston JE, Dorahy MJ, Adamson G (2008). Cumulative traumas and psychosis: an analysis of the national comorbidity survey and the British Psychiatric Morbidity Survey. Schizophrenia Bulletin 34, 193-199. (Pubitemid 350262283)
75. Simons CJP, Wichers M, Derom C, Thiery E, Myin-Germeys I, Krabbendam L, van Os J (2009). Subtle gene-environment interactions driving paranoia in daily life. Genes, Brain and Behavior 8, 5-12.
76. Spauwen J, Krabbendam L, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U, van Os J (2006). Impact of psychological trauma on the development of psychotic symptoms: relationship with psychosis proneness. British Journal of Psychiatry 188, 527-533. (Pubitemid 43844099)
77. StataCorp (2009). Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. Statacorp LP: College Station, TX.
78. Stefanis NC, Hanssen M, Smirnis NK, Avramopoulos DA, Evdokimidis IK, Stefanis CN, Verdoux H, van Os J (2002). Evidence that three dimensions of psychosis have a distribution in the general population. Psychological Medicine 32, 347-358. (Pubitemid 34162592)
79. van Os J (2009a). A salience dysregulation syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 194, 101-103.
80. van Os J (2009b). 'Salience syndrome' replaces 'schizophrenia' in DSM-V and ICD-11: psychiatry's evidence-based entry into the 21st century? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 120, 363-372.
81. van Os J, Gilvarry C, Bale R, Van Horn E, Tattan T, White I, Murray R (1999a). A comparison of the utility of dimensional and categorical representations of psychosis. UK700 Group. Psychological Medicine 29, 595-606. (Pubitemid 29261347)
82. van Os J, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, Ravelli A (2000). Strauss (1969) revisited: a psychosis continuum in the general population? Schizophrenia Research 45, 11-20.
83. van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, Delespaul P, Krabbendam L (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine 39, 179-195.
84. van Os J, Verdoux H, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Liraud F, Salamon R, Bourgeois M (1999b). Self-reported psychosis-like symptoms and the continuum of psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 34, 459-463. (Pubitemid 29481684)
85. van Rossum I, Dominguez M-de-G, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U, van Os J (2011). Affective dysregulation and reality distortion: a 10-year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 561-571.
86. Varghese D, Scott J, Welham J, Bor W, Najman J, O'Callaghan M, Williams G, McGrath J (2011). Psychotic-like experiences in major depression and anxiety disorders: a population-based survey in young adults. Schizophrenia Bulletin 37, 389-393.
87. Verdoux H, van Os J (2002). Psychotic symptoms in non-clinical populations and the continuum of psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 54, 59-65. (Pubitemid 34164519)
88. Verdoux H, van Os J, Maurice-Tison S, Gay B, Salamon R, Bourgeois ML (1999). Increased occurrence of depression in psychosis-prone subjects: a follow-up study in primary care settings. Comprehensive Psychiatry 40, 462-468.
89. Whitfield CL, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Anda RF (2005). Adverse childhood experiences and hallucinations. Child Abuse and Neglect 29, 797-810. (Pubitemid 41033261)
90. Wichers M, Geschwind N, Jacobs N, Kenis G, Peeters F, Derom C, Thiery E, Delespaul P, van Os J (2009a). Transition from stress sensitivity to a depressive state: longitudinal twin study. British Journal of Psychiatry 195, 498-503.
91. Wichers M, Myin-Germeys I, Jacobs N, Peeters F, Kenis G, Derom C, Vlietinck R, Delespaul P, van Os J (2007). Genetic risk of depression and stress-induced negative affect in daily life. British Journal of Psychiatry 191, 218-223. (Pubitemid 47435051)
92. Wichers M, Schrijvers D, Geschwind N, Jacobs N, Myin-Germeys I, Thiery E, Derom C, Sabbe B, Peeters F, Delespaul P, van Os J (2009b). Mechanisms of gene-environment interactions in depression: evidence that genes potentiate multiple sources of adversity. Psychological Medicine 39, 1077-1086.
93. Wiersma JE, Hovens JGFM, van Oppen P, Giltay EJ, van Schaik DJF, Beekman ATF, Penninx BWJH (2009). The importance of childhood trauma and childhood life events for chronicity of depression in adults. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 70, 983-989.