Laboratory diagnosis of acute pancreatitis: In search of the Holy Grail

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 18-31

  Lippi, Giuseppe ^a   Valentino, Massimo ^a   Cervellin, Gianfranco ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Acute pancreatitis; Amylase; Diagnosis; Laboratory testing; Lipase

Indexed keywords

ALPHA 1 ANTITRYPSIN; ALPHA AMYLASE PANCREAS ISOENZYME; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; PANCREATIC ELASTASE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A2; PROCALCITONIN; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; TRYPSIN; TRYPSINOGEN;

ACUTE PANCREATITIS; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BILIARY TRACT DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYMPTOM;

ACUTE DISEASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNIQUES; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; PANCREATITIS;

EID: 84857149841     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: 1549781X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2012.658354     Document Type: Review

References (95)

1. Papachristou GI, Clermont G, Sharma A, Yadav D, Whitcomb DC. Risk and markers of severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2007;36:277-96. (Pubitemid 46803185)
2. Yadav D, Lowenfels AB. Trends in the epidemiology of the first attack of acute pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreas 2006;33:323-330. (Pubitemid 44690719)
3. Fagenholz PJ, Castillo CF, Harris NS, Pelletier AJ, Camargo CA Jr. Increasing United States hospital admissions for acute pancreatitis, 1988-2003. Ann Epidemiol 2007;17:491-497.
4. Moscati RM. Pancreatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1996;14:719-731.
5. Karne S, Gorelick FS: Etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am 1999;79:699-708.
6. Karne S, Gorelick FS. Etiopathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.Surg Clin North Am 1999;79:699-710. (Pubitemid 29383588)
7. Borgström A, Appelros S, Müller CA, Uhl W, Büchler MW. Role of activation peptides from pancreatic proenzymes in the diagnosis and prognosis of acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2002;131:125-128. (Pubitemid 34169535)
8. Chiari H. Über die Selbstverdauung des menschlichen Pankreas. Zeitschrift für Heilkunde 1896;17:69-96.
9. Sah RP, Saluja AK. Trypsinogen activation in acute and chronic pancreatitis: is it a prerequisite? Gut 2011;60:1305-1307.
10. Banks PA, Freeman ML; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Practice guidelines in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:2379-2400.
11. Lipsett PA. Serum cytokines, proteins, and receptors in acute pancreatitis: mediators, markers, or more of the same? Crit Care Med 2001;29:1642-1649.
12. Whitcomb DC. Clinical practice. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:2142-2150.
13. Pitchumoni S, Agarwal N, Jain NK. Systemic complications of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:597-606.
14. Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Büchler M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology 1986;91:433-438. (Pubitemid 16098373)
15. Traverson LW. Infections complicating severe pancreatitis. Infec Dis Clin North Am 1992;6:601-611.
16. Lumsden A, Bradley EL 3rd. Secondary pancreatic infections. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170:459-467. (Pubitemid 20190890)
17. Lee SP, Nicholls JF, Park HZ. Biliary sludge as a cause of acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 1992;326:589-593.
18. Telem DA, Bowman K, Hwang J, Chin EH, Nguyen SQ, Divino CM. Selective management of patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2009;13:2183-2188.
19. Bradley EL. A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, September 1992. Arch Surg 1993;128:586-590.
20. Whitcomb DC. Genetic aspects of pancreatitis. Ann Rev Med 2010;61:413-424.
21. Kadakia SC. Biliary tract emergencies. Acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, and acute pancreatitis. Med Clin North Am 1993;77:1015-1036. (Pubitemid 23281622)
22. McKay CJ, Imrie CW. The continuing challenge of early mortality in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2004;91:1243-1244. (Pubitemid 39331447)
23. Ranson JH, Rifkind KM, Turner JW. Prognostic signs and nonoperative peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1976;143:209-219. (Pubitemid 8157722)
24. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985;13:818-829. (Pubitemid 15250137)
25. Sala E, Watson CJ, Beadsmoore C, Groot-Wassink T, Fanshawe TR, Smith JC, Bradley A, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of routine early abdominal computed tomography in patients presenting with non-specific acute abdominal pain. Clin Radiol 2007;62:961-969. (Pubitemid 47317132)
26. Meyers M, Evans J. Effects of pancreatitis on the small bowel and colon: spread along mesenteric planes. AJR 1963;119:151-165.
27. British Society of Gastroenterology. United Kingdom guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 1998;42 (suppl 2):S1-S13.
28. Bortoff GA, Chen MY, Ott DJ, Wolfman NT, Routh WD. Gallbladder stones: imaging and intervention. Radiographics 2000;20:751-766.
29. Neoptolemos JP, Hall AW, Finlay DF, Berry JM, Carr-Locke DL, Fossard DP. The urgent diagnosis of gallstones in acute pancreatitis: a prospective study of three methods. Br J Surg 1984;71:230-233. (Pubitemid 14195517)
30. Balthazar EJ. Acute pancreatitis: assessment of severity with clinical and CT evaluation. Radiology 2002;223:603-613. (Pubitemid 34547572)
31. Balthazar EJ, Robinson DL, Megibow AJ, Ranson JH. Acute pancreatitis: value of CT in establishing prognosis. Radiology 1990;174:331-336. (Pubitemid 20038583)
32. Bharwani N, Patel S, Prabhudesai S, Fotheringham T, Power N. Acute pancreatitis: the role of imaging in diagnosis and management. Clin Radiol 2011;66:164-175.
33. Lecesne R, Taourel P, Bret PM, Atri M, Reinhold C. Acute pancreatitis: interobserver agreement and correlation of CT and MR cholangiopancreatography with outcome. Radiology 1999;211:727-735. (Pubitemid 29249472)
34. Morgan DE, Baron TH, Smith JK, Robbin ML, Kenney PJ. Pancreatic fluid collections prior to intervention: evaluation with MR imaging compared with CT and US. Radiology 1997;203:773-778. (Pubitemid 27227429)
35. Fulcher AS, Turner MA. MR pancreatography: a useful tool for evaluating pancreatic disorders. Radiographics 1999;19:25-41.
36. Viljoen A, Patrick JT. In search for a better marker of acute pancreatitis: third time lucky? Clin Chem 2011;57:1471-1473.
37. Pieper-Bigelow C, Strocchi A, Levitt MD. Where does serum amylase come from and where does it go? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1990;19:793-810.
38. Shah AM, Eddi R, Kothari ST, Maksoud C, DiGiacomo WS, Baddoura W. Acute pancreatitis with normal serum lipase: a case series. JOP 2010;11:369-372.
39. Gubern G, Canalias F, Gella FJ, Colinet E, Profilis C, Calam DH, Ceriotti F, et al. Production and certification of an enzyme reference material for pancreatic alpha-amylase (CRM 476). Clin Chim Acta 1996;251:145-162. (Pubitemid 26227634)
40. Lorentz K, van der Heiden C, Bais R, Gerhardt W, Rosalki S. Approved recommendation on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part IFCC method for alpha-amylase (1,4-alpha-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1). International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC). Committee on Enzymes. Clin Chem Lab Med 1998;36:185-203.
41. Junge W, Troge B, Klein G, Poppe W, Gerber M. Evaluation of a new assay for pancreatic amylase: performance characteristics and estimation of reference intervals. Clin Biochem 1989;22:109-114. (Pubitemid 19121440)
42. Sekimoto M, Shikata S, Takada T, Hirata K, Yoshida M, Hirota M, Kitamura N, et al. Changes in management of acute pancreatitis before and after the publication of evidence-based practice guidelines in 2003. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010;17:17-23.
43. Yegneswaran B, Pitchumoni CS. When should serum amylase and lipase levels be repeated in a patient with acute pancreatitis? Cleve Clin J Med 2010;77:230-231.
44. Remaley AT, Wilding P. Macroenzymes: biochemical characterization, clinical significance, and laboratory detection. Clin Chem 1989;35:2261-2270. (Pubitemid 20017678)
45. Domènech Calvet J, Sánchez Cano JJ, Sánchez Marín A, Sánchez Pérez J, Guspí Saiz F, Bertran Llusà N, del Castillo Déjardin D. Macroamylasemia in the differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Rev Clin Esp 1999;199:440-441.
46. Ceriotti F, Bonini PA, Murone M, Barenghi L, Luzzana M, Mosca A, Ripamonti M, Rossi-Bernardi L. Measurement of lipase activity by a differential pH technique. Clin Chem 1985;31:257-260. (Pubitemid 16209725)
47. Rizzotti P, Dechecchi C, Zanchetta M, Zaninotto M, Plebani M, Burlina A. Enzyme immunoassay for pancreatic lipase: comparison with turbidimetric method in pancreatic diseases. Clin Biochem 1985;18:230-232. (Pubitemid 16246430)
48. Tietz NW. Support of the diagnosis of pancreatitis by enzyme tests-old problems, new techniques. Clin Chim Acta 1997;257:85-98. (Pubitemid 27055896)
49. Beisson F, Tiss A, Riviere C, Verger R. Methods for lipase detection and assay: a critical review. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2000;2:133-153.
50. Lessinger JM, Parashou S, Arzoglou P, Ramos P, Chapus C, Dufaux J, Junge W, et al. Determination of lipase catalytic activity in two reference materials: BCR 693 and BCR 694 by titrimetry at constant pH. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004;42:62-66. (Pubitemid 38401470)
51. Lankisch PG, Burchard-Reckert S, Lehnick D. Underestimation of acute pancreatitis: patients with only a small increase in amylase/lipase levels can also have or develop severe acute pancreatitis. Gut 1999;44:542-544. (Pubitemid 29169955)
52. Paju A, Stenman UH. Biochemistry and clinical role of trypsinogens and pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2006;43:103-142. (Pubitemid 43860448)
53. Itkonen O, Koivunen E, Hurme M, Alfthan H, Schroder T, Stenman UH. Time-resolved immunofluorometric assays for trypsinogen-1 and 2 in serum reveal preferential elevation of trypsinogen-2 in pancreatitis. J Lab Clin Med 1990;115:712-718. (Pubitemid 20213162)
54. Andersen AM, Novovic S, Ersbøll AK, Jorgensen LN, Hansen MB. Urinary trypsinogen-2 dipstick in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2010;39:26-30.
55. Wu BU, Conwell DL. Update in acute pancreatitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2010;12:83-90.
56. Société Nationale Française de Gastro- Entérologie. Consensus conference: acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2001;25:177-192.
57. Mayumi T, Ura H, Arata S, Kitamura N, Kiriyama I, Shibuya K, Sekimoto M, Nago N, Hirota M, Yoshida M, Ito Y, Hirata K, Takada T; Working Group for the Practical Guidelines for Acute Pancreatitis. Japanese Society of Emergency Abdominal Medicine. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for acute pancreatitis: proposals. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2002;9:413-422. (Pubitemid 36305076)
58. Panteghini M, Ceriotti F, Pagani F, Secchiero S, Zaninotto M, Franzini C; Italian Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology (SIBioC) Working Group on Enzymes. Recommendations for the routine use of pancreatic amylase measurement instead of total amylase for the diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic pathology. Clin Chem Lab Med 2002;40:97-100. (Pubitemid 34257820)
59. Working Party of the British Society of Gastroenterology; Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland; Pancreatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland; Association of Upper GI Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland. UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 2005;54 Suppl 3:iii1-9.
60. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute on "Management of Acute Pancreatits" Clinical Practice and Economics Committee; AGA Institute Governing Board. AGA Institute medical position statement on acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2007;132:2019-2021.
61. Carroll JK, Herrick B, Gipson T, Lee SP. Acute pancreatitis: diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2007;75:1513-1520. (Pubitemid 46790334)
62. Kiriyama S, Gabata T, Takada T, Hirata K, Yoshida M, Mayumi T, Hirota M, et al. New diagnostic criteria of acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010;17:24-36.
63. Pezzilli R, Zerbi A, Di Carlo V, Bassi C, Delle Fave GF; Working Group of the Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas on Acute Pancreatitis. Practical guidelines for acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2010;10:523-535.
64. Sekimoto M, Shikata S, Takada T, Hirata K, Yoshida M, Hirota M, Kitamura N, Shirai K, Kimura Y, Wada K, Amano H, Kiriyama S, Arata S, Gabata T, Hirota M, Takeda K, Yokoe M, Mayumi T. Changes in management of acute pancreatitis before and after the publication of evidence-based practice guidelines in 2003. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2010;17:17-23.
65. Frank B, Gottlieb K. Amylase normal, lipase elevated: is it pancreatitis? A case series and review of the literature. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:463-469. (Pubitemid 29084670)
66. Beauregard JM, Lyon JA, Slovis C. Using the literature to evaluate diagnostic tests: amylase or lipase for diagnosing acute pancreatitis? J Med Libr Assoc 2007;95:121-126. (Pubitemid 46641600)
67. Huber W, Schmid RM. [Diagnosis and treatment of acute pancreatitis. Current recommendations]. Internist (Berl) 2011;52:823-30, 832.
68. Chang JWY, Chung CH. Diagnosing acute pancreatitis: amylase or lipase? Hong Kong J Emerg Med 2011;18:20-25.
69. Al-Bahrani AZ, Ammori BJ. Clinical laboratory assessment of acute pancreatitis. Clin Chim Acta 2005;362:26-48. (Pubitemid 41597087)
70. Sigounas DE, Tatsioni A, Christodoulou DK, Tsianos EV, Ioannidis JP. New prognostic markers for outcome of acute pancreatitis: overview of reporting in 184 studies. Pancreas 2011;40:522-532.
71. Friess H, Shrikhande S, Riesle E, Kashiwagi M, Baczako K, Zimmermann A, Uhl W, Büchler MW. Phospholipase A2 isoforms in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 2001;233:204-212. (Pubitemid 32106074)
72. Nevalainen TJ, Hietaranta AJ, Gronroos JM. Phospholipase A2 in acute pancreatitis: new biochemical and pathological aspects. Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:2731-2735. (Pubitemid 29525270)
73. Kylänpää-Bäck ML, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P. Trypsinbased laboratory methods and carboxypeptidase activation peptide in acute pancreatitis. JOP 2002;3:34-48. (Pubitemid 38963822)
74. Sternby B, O'Brien JF, Zinsmeister AR, DiMagno EP. What is the best biochemical test to diagnose acute pancreatitis? A prospective clinical study. Mayo Clin Proc 1996;71:1138-1144.
75. Flamion B, Delhaye M, Horanyi Z, Delange A, Demanet H, Quenon M, Van Melsen A, et al. Comparison of elastase-1 with amylase, lipase, and trypsin-like immunoreactivity in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82:532-535. (Pubitemid 17086879)
76. Mofidi R, Suttie SA, Patil PV, Ogston S, Parks RW. The value of procalcitonin at predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis and development of infected pancreatic necrosis: systematic review. Surgery 2009;146:72-81.
77. Neoptolemos JP, Kemppainen EA, Mayer JM, Fitzpatrick JM, Raraty MG, Slavin J, Beger HG, et al. Early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: a multicentre study. Lancet 2000;355:1955-1960. (Pubitemid 30326100)
78. Lempinen M, Stenman UH, Puolakkainen P, Hietaranta A, Haapiainen R, Kemppainen E. Sequential changes in pancreatic markers in acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38:666-675. (Pubitemid 36724048)
79. Pezzilli R, Venturi M, Morselli-Labate AM, Ceciliato R, Lamparelli MG, Rossi A, Moneta D, et al. Serum trypsinogen activation peptide in the assessment of the diagnosis and severity of acute pancreatic damage: a pilot study using a new determination technique. Pancreas 2004;29:298-305. (Pubitemid 40228276)
80. Sáez J, Martínez J, Trigo C, Sánchez-Payá J, Compañy L, Laveda R, Griñó P, et al. Clinical value of rapid urine trypsinogen-2 test strip, urinary trypsinogen activation peptide, and serum and urinary activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:7261-7265. (Pubitemid 43137673)
81. Appelros S, Thim L, Borgström A. Activation peptide of carboxypeptidase B in serum and urine in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1998;42:97-102.
82. Müller CA, Appelros S, Uhl W, Büchler MW, Borgström A. Serum levels of procarboxypeptidase B and its activation peptide in patients with acute pancreatitis and non-pancreatic diseases. Gut 2002;51:229-235. (Pubitemid 34791452)
83. Kemppainen E, Hietaranta A, Puolakkainen P, Hedström J, Haapiainen R, Stenman UH. Time course profile of serum trypsinogen-2 and trypsin-2-alpha1-antitrypsin in patients with acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35:1216-1220.
84. Hedström J, Kemppainen E, Andersén J, Jokela H, Puolakkainen P, Stenman UH. A comparison of serum trypsinogen-2 and trypsin-2-alpha1- antitrypsin complex with lipase and amylase in the diagnosis and assessment of severity in the early phase of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:424-430.
85. Andersén JM, Hedström J, Kemppainen E, Finne P, Puolakkainen P, Stenman UH. The ratio of trypsin-2-alpha(1)-antitrypsin to trypsinogen-1 discriminates biliary and alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis. Clin Chem 2001;47:231-236. (Pubitemid 32142921)
86. Lempinen M, Stenman UH, Halttunen J, Puolakkainen P, Haapiainen R, Kemppainen E. Early sequential changes in serum markers of acute pancreatitis induced by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Pancreatology 2005;5:157-164. (Pubitemid 40754732)
87. Gornik I, Wagner J, Gasparovic V, Lauc G, Gornik O. Free serum DNA is an early predictor of severity in acute pancreatitis. Clin Biochem 2009;42:38-43.
88. Sahin-Toth M. Human mesotrypsin defies natural trypsin inhibitors: from passive resistance to active destruction. Protein Pept Lett 2005;12:457-464. (Pubitemid 40912668)
89. Oiva J, Itkonen O, Koistinen R, Hotakainen K, Zhang WM, Kemppainen E, Puolakkainen P, et al. Specific immunoassay reveals increased serum trypsinogen 3 in acute pancreatitis. Clin Chem 2011;57:1506-1513.
90. Valerio A, Basso D, Mazza S, Baldo G, Tiengo A, Pedrazzoli S, Seraglia R, Plebani M. Serum protein profiles of patients with pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis: searching for a diagnostic protein pattern. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2001;15:2420-2425. (Pubitemid 34024210)
91. Navaglia F, Fogar P, Basso D, Greco E, Padoan A, Tonidandel L, Fadi E, et al. Pancreatic cancer biomarkers discovery by surfaceenhanced laser desorption and ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:713-723.
92. Lassout O, Pastor CM, Fétaud-Lapierre V, Hochstrasser DF, Frossard JL, Lescuyer P. Analysis of the pancreatic low molecular weight proteome in an animal model of acute pancreatitis. J Proteome Res 2010;9:4535-4544.
93. Fétaud V, Frossard JL, Farina A, Pastor CM, Bühler L, Dumonceau JM, Hadengue A, et al. Proteomic profiling in an animal model of acute pancreatitis. Proteomics 2008;8:3621-3631.
94. Chen X, Sans MD, Strahler JR, Karnovsky A, Ernst SA, Michailidis G, Andrews PC, Williams JA. Quantitative organellar proteomics analysis of rough endoplasmic reticulum from normal and acute pancreatitis rat pancreas. J Proteome Res 2010;9:885-896.
95. Yu JH, Seo JY, Kim KH, Kim H. Differentially expressed proteins in cerulein-stimulated pancreatic acinar cells: implication for acute pancreatitis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008;40:503-516. (Pubitemid 351241227)