The Cybernetic Process Model of Self-Control: Situation- and Person-Specific Considerations

Handbook of Personality and Self-Regulation

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 353-374

  Magen, Eran ^a   Gross, James J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

attention deployment individuals directing attention within given situation; Behavior motivated by difference between how things are and how one would like things to be; cognitive change referring to family of self control techniques; Cybernetic process model of self control situation and person specific considerations; Cybernetic process model of self control and cybernetic control theory; Personality determining how powerful a temptation is for a given person; response modulation people, directly controlling their behavior; Situation modification and family of self control techniques; situation selection forward looking approach to self control; Temptations and nontemptations

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857142771     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781444318111.ch16     Document Type: Chapter

References (83)

1. Ainslie, G. (2001). Breakdown of will. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2. Ariely, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2006). The heat of the moment: The effect of sexual arousal on sexual decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. Special Issue: The Role of Affect in Decision Making, 19(2), 87-98.
3. Ariely, D., & Wertenbroch, K. (2002). Procrastination, deadlines, and performance: Selfcontrol by precommitment. Psychological Science, 13(3), 219-224.
4. Badre, D., & Wagner, A. D. (2004). Selection, integration, and conflict monitoring assessing the nature and generality of prefrontal cognitive control mechanisms. Neuron, 41(3), 473-487.
5. Bargh, J. A., Gollwitzer, P. M., Lee-Chai, A., Barndollar, K., & Troetschel, R. (2001). The automated will: Nonconscious activation and pursuit of behavioral goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1014-1027.
6. Baumeister, R. F., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Ego depletion: A resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing. Social Cognition, 18(2), 130-150.
7. Bonson, K. R., Grant, S. J., Contoreggi, C. S., Links, J. M., Metcalfe, J., Weyl, H. L. et al. (2002). Neural systems and cue-induced cocaine craving. Neuropsychopharmacology, 26(3), 376-386.
8. Cantor, N., Mischel, W., & Schwartz, J. C. (1982). A prototype analysis of psychological situations. Cognitive Psychology, 14(1), 45-77.
9. Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion, 27(2), 103-123.
10. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92(1), 111-135.
11. Casbon, T. S., Curtin, J. J., Lang, A. R., & Patrick, C. J. (2003). Deleterious effects of alcohol intoxication: Diminished cognitive control and its behavioral consequences. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(3), 476-487.
12. Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2007). Emotion regulation and aging. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 307-327). New York: Guilford Press.
13. Choe, K. S., Keil, F. C., & Bloom, P. (2005). Children's understanding of the Ulysses conflict. Developmental Science, 8(5), 387.
14. Craik, F. I. M., & Bialystok, E. (2006). Cognition through the lifespan: Mechanisms of change. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(3), 131-138.
15. Cramer, P., & Jones, C. J. (2007). Defense mechanisms predict differential lifespan change in self-control and self-acceptance. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(4), 841-855.
16. Crone, E. A., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Worm, M., Somsen, R. J. M., & van der Molen, M. W. (2004). Switching between spatial stimulus-response mappings: A developmental study of cognitive flexibility. Developmental Science, 7(4), 443-455.
17. Dawe, S., Gullo, M. J., & Loxton, N. J. (2004). Reward drive and rash impulsiveness as dimensions of impulsivity: Implications for substance misuse. Addictive Behaviors. Special Issue: Crossing Boundaries: Implications of Advances in Basic Sciences for the Management of Addiction, 29(7), 1389-1405.
18. Deák, G. O., Ray, S. D., & Pick, A. D. (2004). Effects of age, reminders, and task difficulty on young children's rule-switching flexibility. Cognitive Development, 19(3), 385-400.
19. Ditto, P. H., Pizarro, D. A., Epstein, E. B., Jacobson, J. A., & MacDonald, T. K. (2006). Visceral influences on risk-taking behavior. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. Special Issue: The Role of Affect in Decision Making, 19(2), 99-113.
20. Feindler, E. L., Marriott, S. A., & Iwata, M. (1984). Group anger control training for junior high school delinquents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8(3), 299-311.
21. Fishbach, A., Friedman, R. S., & Kruglanski, A. W. (2003). Leading us not unto temptation: Momentary allurements elicit overriding goal activation. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 84(2), 296-309.
22. Forman, E., Hoffman, K., McGrath, K., Herbert, J., Brandsma, L., & Lowe, M. (2007). A comparison of acceptance- and control-based strategies for coping with food cravings: An analog study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10): 2372-2386.
23. Förster, J. (2007). Seven principles of goal activation: A systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(3), 211-233.
24. Fristad, M. A., Gavazzi, S. M., & Soldano, K. W. (1998). Multi-family psychoeducation groups for childhood mood disorders: A program description and preliminary efficacy data. Contemporary Family Therapy, 20(3), 385-402.
25. Fujita, K., Trope, Y., Liberman, N., & Levin-Sagi, M. (2006). Construal levels and selfcontrol. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(3), 351-367.
26. Genshaft, J. (1983). A comparison of techniques to increase children's resistance to temptation. Personality and Individual Differences, 4(3), 339-341.
27. Giedd, J. N., Blumenthal, J., Jeffries, N. O., Castellanos, F. X., Liu, H., Zijdenbos, A. et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: A longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 861-863.
28. Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B. S., Hayes, S. C., Antonuccio, D. O., Piasecki, M. M., Rasmussen-Hall, M. L., et al. (2004). Acceptance-based treatment for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy, 35(4), 689-705.
29. Gilbert, D. T., Gill, M. J., & Wilson, T. D. (2002). The future is now: Temporal correction in affective forecasting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 88(1), 430- 444.
30. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology. Special Issue: New Directions in Research on Emotion, 2(3), 271-299.
31. Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281-291.
32. Gross, J. J., Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C. G., & Hsu, A. Y. C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control. Psychology and Aging, 12(4), 590-599.
33. Gross, J. J., & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3-24). New York: Guilford Press.
34. Hoffman, W. F., Moore, M., Templing, R., McFarland, B., Hirzermann, R. J., & Mitchell, S. H. (2006). Neuropsychological function and delay discounting in methamphetaminedependent individuals. Psychopharmacology, 188, 162-170.
35. John, O. P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The big five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102-138): New York: Guilford Press.
36. Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2004). Beating the urge: Implications of research into substance-related desires. Addictive Behaviors. Special Issue: Crossing Boundaries: Implications of Advances in Basic Sciences for the Management of Addiction, 29(7), 1359-1372.
37. Khan, U., & Dhar, R. (2007). Where there is a way, is there a will? The effect of future choices on self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(2), 277-288.
38. Kirby, K. N., & Guastello, B. (2001). Making choices in anticipation of similar future choices can increase self-control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7(2), 154-164.
39. Kirby, K. N., & Herrnstein, R. J. (1995). Preference reversals due to myopic discounting of delayed reward. Psychological Science, 6(2), 83-89.
40. Kirby, K. N., & Petry, N. M. (2004). Heroin and cocaine abusers have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than alcoholics or non-drug-using controls. Addiction, 99(4), 461-471.
41. Kirby, K. N., Petry, N. M., & Bickel, W. K. (1999). Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128(1), 78-87.
42. Leventhal, H., Singer, R., & Jones, S. (1965). Effects of fear and specificity of recommendation upon attitudes and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2(1), 20-29.
43. Loewenstein, G. (1996). Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 65(3), 272-292.
44. Loewenstein, G. (2005). Hot-cold empathy gaps and medical decision making. Health Psychology. Special Issue: Basic and Applied Decision Making in Cancer Control, 24(4, Suppl.), S49-S56.
45. Lowe, M. R., & Levine, A. S. (2005). Eating motives and the controversy over dieting: Eating less than needed versus less than wanted. Obesity Research, 13(5), 797-806.
46. Luty, J. (2006 ). What works in alcohol use disorders? Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 12(1), 13-22.
47. MacDonald, T. K., Fong, G. T., Zanna, M. P., & Martineau, A. M. (2000). Alcohol myopia and condom use: Can alcohol intoxication be associated with more prudent behavior? Journal of Personality, 78(4), 605-619.
48. Magen, E., Dweck, C. S., & Gross, J. J. (2008). The hidden zero effect: Representing a single choice as an extended sequence reduces impulsive choice. Psychological Science, 19(7), 648-649.
49. Magen, E., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Harnessing the need for immediate gratification: Cognitive reconstrual modulates the reward value of temptations. Emotion, 7(2), 415-428.
50. Magen, E., & Gross, J. J. (in press). Getting our act together: Toward a general model of selfcontrol. In R. Hassin, K. Ochsner & Y. Trope (Eds.), Self control in society, mind, and brain. New York: Oxford University Press.
51. Mann, T., & Ward, A. (2004). To eat or not to eat: Implications of the attentional myopia model for restrained eaters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113(1), 90-98.
52. Martijn, C., Tenbèult, P., Merckelbach, H., Dreezens, E., & de Vries, N. K. (2002). Getting a grip on ourselves: Challenging expectancies about loss of energy after self-control. Social Cognition, 20(6), 441-460.
53. Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Automatic emotion regulation during an anger provocation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 698-711.
54. Metcalfe, J., & Mischel, W. (1999). A hot/cool-system analysis of delay of gratification: Dynamics of willpower. Psychological Review, 106(1), 3-19.
55. Mischel, H. N., & Mischel, W. (1983). The development of children's knowledge of selfcontrol strategies. Child Development, 54(3), 603-619.
56. Mischel, W., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1970). Attention in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16(2), 329-337.
57. Mischel, W., & Moore, B. S. (1980). The role of ideation in voluntary delay for symbolically presented rewards. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4(2), 211-221.
58. Mischel, W., Shoda, Y., & Rodriguez, M. L. (1989). Delay of gratification in children. Science, 244(4907), 933-938.
59. Mitchell, J. M., Fields, H. L., D'Esposito, M., & Boettiger, C. A. (2005). Impulsive responding in alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 29(12), 2158-2169.
60. Moeller, F. G., & Dougherty, D. M. (2002). Impulsivity and substance abuse: What is the connection. Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment, 1(1), 3-10.
61. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247-259.
62. Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., & Neinhaus, K. (2002). Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the self-control strength model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16(2), 113-120.
63. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 774-789.
64. Nordgren, L. F., van der Pligt, J., & van Harreveld, F. (2006). Visceral drives in retrospect: Explanations about the inaccessible past. Psychological Science, 17(7), 635-640.
65. Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2004). Thinking makes it so: A social cognitive neuroscience approach to emotion regulation. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation: Research, theory, and applications (pp. 229-255). New York: Guilford Press.
66. Parent, S. J., Ward, A., & Mann, T. (2007). Health information processed under limited attention: Is it better to be "hot" or "cool"? Health Psychology, 26(2), 159-164.
67. Patterson, C. J., & Mischel, W. (1976). Effects of temptation-inhibiting and task-facilitating plans on self-control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33(2), 209-217.
68. Pressley, M. (1979). Increasing children's self-control through cognitive interventions. Review of Educational Research, 49(2), 319-370.
69. Reynolds, B. (2006). The experiential discounting task is sensitive to cigarette-smoking status and correlates with a measure of delay discounting. Behavioural Pharmacology, 17(2), 133-142.
70. Richards, J. M., & Gross, J. J. (2000). Emotion regulation and memory: The cognitive costs of keeping one's cool. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(3), 410-424.
71. Rothbart, M. K., Ziaie, H., & O'Boyle, C. G. (1992). Self-regulation and emotion in infancy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 55, 7-23.
72. Schroeder, J. R., Latkin, C. A., Hoover, D. R., Curry, A. D., Knowlton, A. R., & Celentano, D. D. (2001). Illicit drug use in one's social network and in one's neighborhood predicts individual heroin and cocaine use. Annals of Epidemiology, 11(6), 389-394.
73. Shiffman, S. (1984). Coping with temptations to smoke. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52(2), 261-267.
74. Sisson, R. W., & Azrin, N. H. (1986). Family-member involvement to initiate and promote treatment of problem drinkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 17(1), 15-21.
75. Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Holmes, C. J., Jernigan, T. L., & Toga, A. W. (1999). In vivo evidence for post-adolescent brain maturation in frontal and striatal regions. Nature Neuroscience, 2, 859-861.
76. Stern, S. B. (1999). Anger management in parent-adolescent conflict. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 27(2), 181-193.
77. Thompson, P. M., Giedd, J. N., Woods, R. P., MacDonald, D., Evans, A. C., & Toga, A. W. (2000). Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps. Nature, 404(6774), 190-193.
78. Wansink, B., Painter, J. E., & Lee, Y. K. (2006 ). The office candy dish: Proximity's influence on estimated and actual consumption. International Journal of Obesity, 30(5), 871-875.
79. Weiss, F. (2005). Neurobiology of craving, conditioned reward and relapse. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 5(1), 9-19.
80. Westling, E., Mann, T., & Ward, A. (2006). Self-control of smoking: When does narrowed attention help? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(9), 2115-2133.
81. Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (2004). Do pretty women inspire men to discount the future? Proceedings of the Royal Society, B: Biological Sciences, 271(Biology Letters Supplement 4), S177-S179.
82. Yang, Y., Read, S. J., & Miller, L. C. (2006). A taxonomy of situations from Chinese idioms. Journal of Research in Personality, 40(5), 750-778.
83. Zelazo, P. D. (2004). The development of conscious control in childhood. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8(1), 12-17.