Combination or sequencing strategies to improve the outcome of metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients: A critical review

Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology

Volumn 82, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 323-337

  Porta, Camillo ^a   Szczylik, Cezary ^b   Escudier, Bernard ^c  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS POLICLINICO SAN MATTEO   (Italy)

^b MILITARY INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE   (Poland)

^c INSTITUT GUSTAVE ROUSSY   (France)

Author keywords

Angiogenesis inhibitors; Combination; Cytokines; Renal cell carcinoma; Sequencing

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANGIOPOIETIN 1; ANGIOPOIETIN 2; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; AXITINIB; BEVACIZUMAB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; ERLOTINIB; EVEROLIMUS; GEFITINIB; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMATINIB; INTERFERON; INTERLEUKIN 2; LINIFANIB; MAMMALIAN TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN INHIBITOR; PAZOPANIB; PLACEBO; RAPAMYCIN; SORAFENIB; SUNITINIB; TEMSIROLIMUS; THALIDOMIDE; TICILIMUMAB; TIVOZANIB; TREBANANIB;

ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; ASTHENIA; BLEEDING; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CONSTIPATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; DRUG TARGETING; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HAND FOOT SYNDROME; HUMAN; HYPERLIPASEMIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA; INFECTION; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; LEUKOPENIA; LOW DRUG DOSE; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUTROPENIA; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PAIN; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; PROTEINURIA; RASH; REVIEW; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STOMATITIS; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL, HUMANIZED; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; HUMANS; IMMUNOTHERAPY; INTERFERONS; INTERLEUKIN-2; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOVASCULARIZATION, PATHOLOGIC; PROTEIN KINASE INHIBITORS; SIROLIMUS;

EID: 84856877365     PISSN: 10408428     EISSN: 18790461     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.06.001     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Coppin C., Porzsolt F., Awa A., et al. Immunotherapy for advanced renal cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, CD001425.
2. Negrier S., Perol D., Ravaud A., et al. Medroxyprogesterone, interferon alfa-2a, interleukin 2, or combination of both cytokines in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma of intermediate prognosis: results of a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 2007, 110:2468-2477.
3. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W.M., et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:125-134.
4. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:115-124.
5. Sternberg C.N., Davis I.D., Mardiak J., et al. Pazopanib in locally advanced or metastatic renal cell carcinoma: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:1061-1068.
6. Escudier B., Pluzanska A., Koralewski P., et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 2007, 370:2103-2111.
7. Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P., et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:2271-2281.
8. Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Oudard S., et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008, 372:449-456.
9. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971, 285:1182-1186.
10. Bergers G., Benjamin L.E. Tumorigenesis and the angiogenic switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2003, 3:401-410.
11. Rini B.I., Small E.J. Biology and clinical development of vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy in renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:1028-1043.
12. Grander D., Einhorn S. Interferon and malignant disease-how does it work and why doesn't it always?. Acta Oncol 1998, 37:331-338.
13. Bracarda S., Eggermont A.M., Samuelsson J. Redefining the role of interferon in the treatment of malignant diseases. Eur J Cancer 2010, 46:284-297.
14. Porta C., Paglino C., Imarisio I., et al. Cytokine-based immunotherapy for advanced kidney cancer: past results and future perspectives in the era of molecularly targeted agents. ScientificWorldJournal 2007, 7:837-849.
15. Porta C., Danova M., Orengo A.M., et al. Interleukin-2 induces cell cycle perturbations leading to cell growth inhibition and death in malignant mesothelioma cells in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2000, 185:126-134.
16. Porta C., Moroni M., Bobbio-Pallavicini E., Tinelli C., Regazzi-Bonora M. Nitrate plasma level as a marker of nitric oxide production after subcutaneous interleukin 2 immunotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997, 89:1545.
17. Porta C., Rizzo V., Zimatore M., Sartore-Bianchi A., Danova M., Mutti L. Intrapleural interleukin-2 induces nitric oxide production in pleural effusions from malignant mesothelioma: a possible mechanism of interleukin-2-mediated cytotoxicity?. Lung Cancer 2002, 38:159-162.
18. Presta L.G., Chen H., O'Connor S.J., et al. Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res 1997, 57:4593-4599.
19. Karaman M.W., Herrgard S., Treiber D.K., et al. A quantitative analysis of kinase inhibitor selectivity. Nat Biotechnol 2008, 26:127-132.
20. Chow L.Q., Eckhardt S.G. Sunitinib: from rational design to clinical efficacy. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:884-896.
21. Kumar R., Knick V.B., Rudolph S.K., et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation from mouse to human with pazopanib, a multikinase angiogenesis inhibitor with potent antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2007, 6:2012-2021.
22. Wilhelm S.M., Carter C., Tang L., et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 2004, 64:7099-7109.
23. Schmelzle T., Hall M.N. TOR, a central controller of cell growth. Cell 2000, 103:253-262.
24. Del Bufalo D., Ciuffreda L., Triscinoglio D., et al. Antianglogenic potential of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor temsirolimus. Cancer Res 2006, 66:5549-5554.
25. Escudier B., Bellmunt J., Négrier S., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (AVOREN): final analysis of overall survival. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2144-2150.
26. Rini B.I., Halabi S., Rosenberg J.E., et al. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa compared with interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:5422-5428.
27. Rini B.I., Halabi S., Rosenberg J.E., et al. Phase III trial of bevacizumab plus interferon alfa versus interferon alfa monotherapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results of CALGB 90206. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2137-2143.
28. Bracarda S., Bellmunt J., Melichar B., et al. Overall survival in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma initially treated with bevacizumab plus interferon-α2a and subsequent therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a retrospective analysis of the phase III AVOREN trial. BJU Int 2011, 107:214-219.
29. Melichar B., Koralewski P., Ravaud A., et al. First-line bevacizumab combined with reduced dose interferon-alpha2a is active in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2008, 19:1470-1476.
30. Motzer R.J., Bacik J., Murphy B.A., et al. Interferon-alfa as a comparative treatment for clinical trials of new therapies against advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2002, 20:289-296.
31. Escudier B., Lassau N., Angevin E., et al. Phase I trial of sorafenib in combination with IFN alpha-2a in patients with unresectable and/or metastatic renal cell carcinoma or malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007, 13:1801-1809.
32. Gollob J.A., Rathmell W.K., Richmond T.M., et al. Phase II trial of sorafenib plus interferon alfa-2b as first- or second-line therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:3288-3295.
33. Ryan C.W., Goldman B.H., Lara P.N., et al. Sorafenib with interferon alfa-2b as first-line treatment of advanced renal carcinoma: a phase II study of the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:3296-3301.
34. Bracarda S., Porta C., Boni C., et al. Randomized prospective phase II trial of two schedules of sorafenib daily and interferon-a2a (IFN) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) (RAPSODY): GOIRC Study 0681. Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2008, Abs. 357.
35. Jonasch E., Corn P., Pagliaro L.C., et al. Upfront, randomized, phase 2 trial of sorafenib versus sorafenib and low-dose interferon alfa in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: clinical and biomarker analysis. Cancer 2010, 116:57-65.
36. Niwakawa M., Hashine K., Yamaguchi R., et al. Phase I trial of sorafenib in combination with interferon-alpha in Japanese patients with unresectable or metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Invest New Drugs 2011, January 19 [Epub ahead of print].
37. Rini B.I. Is sorafenib plus interferon alpha 2b safe and effective in patients with renal cell carcinoma?. Nat Clin Pract Urol 2008, 5:132-133.
38. Motzer R.J., Hudes G., Wilding G., et al. Phase I trial of sunitinib malate plus interferon-alpha for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2009, 7:28-33.
39. Tamaskar I., Rini B., Mekhail T., et al. A phase II trial of low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) and bevacizumab for patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2008, Abs. 363.
40. Dandamudi U.B., Ghebremichael M.S., Sosman J.A., et al. A phase II study of bevacizumab (B) and high-dose aldesleukin (IL-2) in patients (p) with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): a Cytokine Working Group study (CWGS). J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(Suppl.). Abs. 4530.
41. Procopio G., Verzoni E., Bracarda S., et al. Sorafenib with interleukin-2 vs. sorafenib alone in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: the ROSORC trial. Br J Cancer 2011, 104:1256-1261.
42. Larn E.T., Lesinski G., Mortazavi A., et al. Phase I study of high-dose interleukin (HD-IL2) and sorafenib in patients with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and melanoma. Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2011, Abs. 337.
43. Amato R.J., Morgan M., Rawat A. Phase I/II study of thalidomide in combination with interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2006, 106:1498-1506.
44. Amato R.J., Malya R., Rawat A. Phase II study of combination thalidomide/interleukin-2 therapy plus granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2008, 3:237-243.
45. Merchan J.R., Pitot H.C., Qin R., et al. Phase I/II trial of CCI 779 and bevacizumab in advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC): safety and activity in RTKI refractory RCC patients. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(Suppl.). Abs. 5039.
46. Hainsworth J.D., Spigel D.R., Burris H.A., Waterhouse D., Clark B.I., Whorf R. Phase II trial of bevacizumab and everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28:2131-2136.
47. Escudier B., Negrier S., Gravis G., et al. Can the combination of temsirolimus and bevacizumab improve the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC)? Results of the randomized TORAVA phase II trial. J Clin Oncol 2010, 28(Suppl.). Abs. 4516.
48. Patel P.H., Senico P.L., Curiel R.E., et al. Phase I study combining treatment with temsirolimus and sunitinib malate in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2009, 7:24-27.
49. Patnaik A., Ricart A., Cooper J., et al. A phase I, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of sorafenib (S), a multi-targeted kinase inhibitor in combination with temsirolimus (T), an mTOR inhibitor in patients with advanced solid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25(Suppl.). Abs. 3512.
50. Kroog G.S., Feldman D.R., Kondagunta G.V., et al. Phase I trial of RAD001 (everolimus) plus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(Suppl.). Abs. 5037.
51. Harzstark A.L., Rosenberg J.E., Weinberg V., et al. A phase I study of sorafenib and RAD001 for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(Suppl.). Abs. 5104.
52. Cen P., Daleiden A., Doshi G., Amato R. A phase I study of everolimus plus sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(Suppl.):Abs e16056.
53. Molina A.M., Feldman D.R., Ginsberg M.S., et al. Phase I trial sunitinib plus everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2011, Abs. 311.
54. Kabbinavar F.F., Srinvas S., Hauke R.J., et al. A phase I trial of combined tivozanib (AV-951) and temsirolimus therapy in patients (pts) with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2011, Abs. 330.
55. Feldman D.R., Baum M.S., Ginsberg M.S., et al. Phase I trial of bevacizumab plus escalated doses of sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:1432-1439.
56. Sosman J., Flaherty K., Atkins M., et al. Updated results of phase I trial of sorafenib (S) and bevacizumab (B) in patients with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 5011.
57. Rini B.I., Garcia J.A., Cooney M.M., et al. A phase I study of sunitinib plus bevacizumab in advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009, 15:6277-6283.
58. Azad N.S., Posadas E.M., Kwitkowski V.E., et al. Combination targeted therapy with sorafenib and bevacizumab results in enhanced toxicity and antitumor activity. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:3709-3714.
59. Shahbazian D., Roux P.P., Mieulet V., et al. The mTOR/PI3K and MAPK pathways converge on eIF4B to control its phosphorylation and activity. EMBO J 2006, 25:2781-2791.
60. Hainsworth J.D., Sosman J.A., Spigel D.R., Edwards D.L., Baughman C., Greco A. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with a combination of bevacizumab and erlotinib. J Clin Oncol 2005, 23:7889-7896.
61. Bukowski R.M., Kabbinavar F.F., Figlin R.A., et al. Randomized phase II study of erlotinib combined with bevacizumab compared with bevacizumab alone in metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007, 25:4536-4541.
62. Hainsworth J.D., Spigel D.R., Sosman J.A., et al. Treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma with the combination bevacizumab/erlotinib/imatinib: a phase I/II trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2007, 5:427-432.
63. Ryan C.W., Curti B.D., Pattee K.J., et al. A dose-escalation phase II study of sunitinib (S) plus erlotinib (E) in advanced renal carcinoma (RCC). Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2008, Abs. 361.
64. Motzer R.J., Hudes G.R., Ginsberg M.S., et al. Phase I/II trial of sunitinib plus gefitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol 2010, 33:614-618.
65. Porta C., Figlin R.A. Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and kidney cancer, and the therapeutic potential of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt inhibitors. J Urol 2009, 182:2569-2577.
66. Schreeder M.T., Figlin R.A., Stephenson J.J., et al. Phase I multicenter trial of perifosine in combination with sorafenib for patients with advanced cancers including renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 16024.
67. Allerton J.P., Ebrahimi B., Schreeder M.T., et al. Phase I report from a multicenter trial of perifosine (PERI)+sunitinib (SUT) in patients with advanced cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 14565.
68. Flaig T.W., Costa L.J., Gustafson D.L., et al. Safety and efficacy of the combination of erlotinib and sirolimus for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma after failure of sunitinib or sorafenib. Br J Cancer 2010, 103:796-804.
69. Rini B.I., Stein M., Shannon P., et al. Phase 1 dose-escalation trial of tremelimumab plus sunitinib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2011, 117:758-767.
70. Rini B.I., Szczylik C., Tannir N.M., et al. AMG 386 in combination with sorafenib in patients (pts) with metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II study. Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2011, Abs. 309.
71. Choi H. Critical issues in response evaluation on computed tomography: lessons from the gastrointestinal stromal tumor model. Curr Oncol Rep 2005, 7:307-311.
72. Grothey A., Hedrick E.E., Mass R.D., et al. Response-independent survival benefit in metastatic colorectal cancer: a comparative analysis of N9741 and AVF2107. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:183-189.
73. Folkman J. Antiangiogenesis agents. Cancer: principles and practice of oncology 2005, 2865-2882. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. 7th ed. V.T. DeVita, S. Hellmann, S.A. Rosenberg (Eds.).
74. Dempke W.C., Heinemann V. Resistance to EGF-R (erbB-1) and VEGF-R modulating agents. Eur J Cancer 2009, 45:1117-1128.
75. Rini B.I., Michaelson M.D., Rosenberg J.E., et al. Antitumor activity and biomarker analysis of sunitinib in patients with bevacizumab-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26:3743-3748.
76. Shepard D.R., Rini B.I., Garcia J.A., et al. A multicenter prospective trial of sorafenib in patients (pts) with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) refractory to prior sunitinib or bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 5123.
77. Stadler W.M., Figlin R.A., McDermott D.F., et al. Safety and efficacy results of the advanced renal cell carcinoma sorafenib expanded access program in North America. Cancer 2010, 116:1272-1280.
78. Beck J., Procopio G., Bajetta E., et al. Final results of the European advanced renal cell carcinoma sorafenib (EU-ARCCS) expanded-access study: a large open-label study in diverse community settings. Ann Oncol 2011, February 15 [Epub ahead of print].
79. Di Lorenzo G., Cartenì G., Autorino R., et al. Phase II study of sorafenib in patients with sunitinib-refractory metastatic renal cell cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4469-4474.
80. Sepulveda J., Maroto P., Andres R., et al. Sorafenib as a second-line and sequential therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): analysis for safety and activity on sunitinib progressive pts. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 16100.
81. Mancuso A.P., Donato De Paola E., Catalano A., et al. Phase II dose escalation study of sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who have had prior treatment with VEGFR TKI antiangiogenic treatment. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 16027.
82. Garcia J.A., Hutson T.E., Elson P., et al. sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma refractory to either sunitinib or bevacizumab. Cancer 2010, 116:5383-5390.
83. Sablin M.P., Negrier S., Ravaud A., et al. Sequential sorafenib and sunitinib for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 2009, 182:29-34.
84. Dudek A.Z., Zolnierek J., Dham A., et al. Sequential therapy with sorafenib and sunitinib in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2009, 115:61-67.
85. Eichelberg C., Heuer R., Chun F.K., et al. Sequential use of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors sorafenib and sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a retrospective outcome analysis. Eur Urol 2008, 54:1373-1378.
86. Tamaskar I., Garcia J.A., Elson P., et al. Antitumor effects of sunitinib or sorafenib in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma who received prior antiangiogenic therapy. J Urol 2008, 179:81-86.
87. Richter S., Pfister D., Thur D., et al. Second-line treatment of progressive metastatic renal cell cancer with temsirolimus following first-line therapy with sunitinib or sorafenib. Abs. DGHO Deutsche Gesellschaft für Haëmatologie und Onkologie, vol. 31 2009, Abs. V684.
88. Zimmermann K., Schmittel A., Steiner U., et al. Sunitinib treatment for patients with advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma after progression on sorafenib. Oncology 2009, 76:350-354.
89. Choueiri T.K., Duh M.S., Clement J., et al. Angiogenesis inhibitor therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: effectiveness, safety and treatment patterns in clinical practice-based on medical chart review. BJU Int 2010, 105:1247-1254.
90. Porta C, Procopio G, Cartenì G, et al. Sequential use of sorafenib and sunitinib in advanced renal-cell carcinoma: an Italian multicentre retrospective analysis of 189 patient cases. BJU Int; in press.
91. Kontovinis L., Laschos K., Karadimou A., et al. Sequential treatment with sorafenib and sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: clinical outcomes from a retrospective clinical study. Med Oncol 2011, January 30 [Epub ahead of print].
92. Buchler T., Klapka R., Melichar B., et al. Sunitinib followed by sorafenib or vice versa for metastatic renal cell carcinoma--data from the Czech registry. Ann Oncol 2011, May 2 [Epub ahead of print].
93. Paez-Ribas M., Allen E., Hudock J., et al. Antiangiogenic therapy elicits malignant progression of tumors to increased local invasion and distant metastasis. Cancer Cell 2009, 15:167-170.
94. Porta C., Paglino C., Imarisio I. Sequencing tyrosine kinase inhibitors or immediately switching to mTOR inhibitors in advanced kidney cancer: a critical review. Eur J Med Clin Oncol 2011, 2:67-72.
95. Rini B.I., Escudier B., Tomczak P., et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): results of phase III AXIS trial. J Clin Oncol 2011, 29(Suppl.). Abs. 4503.
96. Rini B.I., Wilding G., Hudes G., et al. Phase II study of axitinib in sorafenib-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:4462-4468.
97. Tannir N., Wong Y., Kollmannsberger C., et al. Phase II trial of ABT-869 in advanced renal cell cancer (RCC) after sunitinib failure: efficacy and safety results. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27(Suppl.). Abs. 5036.
98. Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Oudard S., et al. Phase 3 trial of everolimus for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: final results and analysis of prognostic factors. Cancer 2010, 116:4256-4265.
99. Grunwald V., Bodrogi I., Miller K., et al. Everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who are intolerant or have progressed after prior vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFr-TKI) therapy: an international expanded access program (EAP). Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2011, Abs. 314.
100. Wood L., Bukowski R.M., Dreicer R., et al. Temsirolimus (TEM) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): safety and efficacy in patients (pts) previously treated with VEGF-targeted therapy. J Clin Oncol 2008, 26(Suppl.). Abs. 16067.
101. Gerullis H., Bergmann L., Maute L., et al. Feasibility of sequential use of sunitinib and temsirolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma. Med Oncol 2010, 27:373-378.
102. Mackenzie M.J., Rini B.I., Elson P., et al. Temsirolimus in VEGF-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2011, 22:145-148.
103. Zama I.N., Hutson T.E., Elson P., et al. Sunitinib rechallenge in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. Cancer 2010, 116:5400-5406.
104. Di Lorenzo G., Buonerba C., Federico P., et al. Third-line sorafenib after sequential therapy with sunitinib and mTOR inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Eur Urol 2010, September 24 (Epub ahead of print).
105. Blesius A., Beuzelink B., Chevreaux C., et al. Are TKIs still active in patients treated with TKI and everolimus? Experience from 36 patients treated in France in the RECORD-1 trial. Ann Oncol 2010, 21(Suppl. 8). Abs. 908P.
106. Gruenwald V., Seidel C., Fenner M., et al. Antitumor activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) after failure of RAD001 in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2010, Abs. 414.
107. Porta C., Paglino C. Sequencing or not sequencing multikinase inhibitors in kidney cancer: this is the dilemma. Oncol Rev 2010, 4:1-3.
108. Vickers M.M., Choueiri T.K., Rogers M., et al. Clinical outcome in metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients after failure of initial vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted therapy. Urology 2010, 76:430-434.
109. Heng D., MacKenzie M.J., Vaishampayan U.N., et al. Primary anti-VEGF-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): clinical characteristics, risk factors, and subsequent therapy. Abs. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2011, Abs. 305.
110. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P., et al. Overall survival and updated results for sunitinib compared with interferon alfa in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009, 27:3584-3590.
111. Escudier B., Goupil M.G., Massard C., et al. Sequential therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2009, 115:2321-2326.