Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, drug companies and the internet

Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 121-139

  Mitchell, Jessica ^a   Read, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; internet; pharmaceutical industry

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG INFORMATION; ECONOMICS; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; INTERNET; MARKETING; META ANALYSIS; PATIENT EDUCATION;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; DRUG INDUSTRY; DRUG INFORMATION SERVICES; HUMANS; INTERNET; MARKETING; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC;

EID: 84856869014     PISSN: 13591045     EISSN: 14617021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1359104510396432     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR. 2000 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV-TR (4th, text revision ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association ; 2000:
2. American Psychological Association. (2005). APA task force on external funding: Final report. http://www.apa.org/about/taskforce
3. Angermeyer M., Dietrich S.. Public beliefs about and attitudes towards people with mental illness: A review of population studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2006 ; 113: 163-179 (Pubitemid 43340871)
4. Angermeyer M., Matschinger H.. Causal beliefs and attitudes to people with schizophrenia: A trend analysis based on data from two population surveys in Germany. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2005 ; 186: 331-334 (Pubitemid 40524013)
5. Antonuccio D., Danton W., McClanahan T.. Psychology in the prescription era: Building a firewall between marketing and science. American Psychologist. 2003 ; 58: 1028-1043 (Pubitemid 38023981)
6. Arnold L., Chuang S., Davies M., Abikoff H., Conners C., Elliott G., et al. Nine months of multicomponent behavioral treatment for ADHD and effectiveness of MTA fading procedures. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2004 ; 32: 39-51 (Pubitemid 38182233)
7. Arnsten A.. Development of the cerebral cortex: XIV. Stress impairs prefrontal cortical function. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999 ; 38 (2). 220-222 (Pubitemid 29061940)
8. Arnsten A.. Genetics of childhood disorders: XVIII. ADHD, Part 2: Norepinephrine has a critical modulatory influence on prefrontal cortical function. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 ; 39 (9). 1201-1203
9. Barkley R. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. 2006 ). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment (3rd ed.). New York: The Guilford Press. New York: The Guilford Press ; 2006:
10. Bauermeister J., Shrout P., Ramirez R., Bravo M., Alegria M., Martinez-Taboas A., et al. ADHD correlates, comorbidity, and impairment in community and treated samples of children and adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2007 ; 35 (6). 883-898 (Pubitemid 47476567)
11. Becker-Blease K., Freyd J.. A preliminary study of ADHD symptoms and correlates: Do abused children differ from nonabused children?. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma. 2008 ; 17 (1). 133-140
12. Bhatara V., Loudenberg R., Ellis R.. Association of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and gestational alcohol exposure. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2006 ; 9: 515-522 (Pubitemid 43171144)
13. Briscoe-Smith A., Hinshaw S.. Linkages between child abuse and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in girls: Behavioral and social correlates. Child Abuse & Neglect. 2006 ; 30 (11). 1239-1255 (Pubitemid 44827222)
14. Caron C., Rutter M.. Comorbidity in child psychopathology: Concepts, issues and research strategies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1991 ; 32 (7). 1063-1080
15. Chabot R., Serfontein G.. Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1996 ; 40 (10). 951-963 (Pubitemid 26391672)
16. Charach A., Ickowicz A., Schachar R.. Stimulant treatment over five years: Adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 ; 43 (5). 559-567 (Pubitemid 38812367)
17. Chronis A., Chacko A., Fabiano G., Wymbs B., Pelham W.. Enhancements to the behavioral parent training paradigm for families of children with ADHD: Review and future directions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2004 ; 7: 1-27 (Pubitemid 38987223)
18. Clarke L., Ungerer J., Chahoud K., Johnson S., Stiefel I.. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with attachment insecurity. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2002 ; 7 (2). 179-198 (Pubitemid 34492260)
19. Corkum P., Panton R., Ironside S., MacPherson M., Williams T.. Acute impact of immediate release methylphenidate administered three times a day on sleep in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 2008 ; 33 (4). 368-379 (Pubitemid 351499461)
20. Cosgrove L., Krimsky S., Vijayaraghavan M., Schneider L.. Financial ties between DSM-IV panel members and the pharmaceutical Industry. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 2006 ; 75: 154-160
21. De Sanctis V., Trampush J., Harty S., Marks D., Newcorn J., Miller C., et al. Childhood maltreatment and conduct disorder: Independent predictors of adolescent substance use disorders in youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2008 ; 37 (4). 785-793
22. de Wattignar S., Read J.. The pharmaceutical industry and the internet: Are drug-company funded depression websites biased?. Journal of Mental Health. 2009 ; 18: 1-10
23. Dopfner M., Breuer D., Wille N., Erhart M., Ravens-Sieberer U.. How often do children meet ICD-10/DSM-IV criteria of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder and hyperkinetic disorder? Parent-based prevalence rates in a national sample-results of the BELLA study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008 ; 17: 59-70
24. Edel M-A., Juckel G., Brune M.. Interaction of recalled parental ADHD symptoms and rearing behavior with current attachment and emotional dysfunction in adult offspring with ADHD. Psychiatry Research. 2010 ; 178: 137-141
25. Egle U. T., Hardt J., Nickel R., Kappis B., Hoffman S. O.. Early stress and its long-term effects on health-state of the art and implications for future research. Z Psychosom Med Psychother. 2002 ; 48: 411-434
26. Fabiano G. A, Pelham W. E., Coles E. K., Gnagy E.M., Chronis-Tuscano A., O'Connor B.. A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009 ; 29 (2). 129-140
27. Faraone S., Giefer E.. Long-term effects of methylphenidate transdermal delivery system treatment of ADHD on growth. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007 ; 46 (9). 1138-1147 (Pubitemid 47295925)
28. Faraone S., Khan S.. Candidate gene studies of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 ; 67: 13-20 (Pubitemid 44385602)
29. Faraone S., Perlis R., Doyle A., Smoller J., Goralnick J., Holmgren M., et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 2005 ; 57: 1313-1323 (Pubitemid 40798551)
30. GambleW. (2003). Direct advertising an uneasy pill to swallow. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c-id=1&objectid=3198466
31. Goldacre B.. A genetic cause for ADHD won't necessarily reduce the stigma attached. The Guardian. 2010 ;: 18
32. GriffinM. (2010). DSM-V draft released, pharmaceutical industry influence questionedFebruary16. http://scitechpolicy.wordpress.com/2010/02/16/dsm-v- draft-released-pharmaceutical-industry-influence-questioned/
33. Griffiths K., Christensen H.. Quality of web based information on treatment of depression: Cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal. 2000 ; 321: 1511-1515 (Pubitemid 32011372)
34. Healy D., Thase M. E.. Is academic psychiatry for sale?. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 ; 182: 388-390 (Pubitemid 36560974)
35. Heneghan A., Garner A. S., Storfer-Isser A., Kortepeter K., Stein R., Horwitz S.. Pediatricians' role in providing mental health care for children and adolescents: Do pediatricians and child and adolescent psychiatrists agree?. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 2008 ; 29: 262-269
36. Hudziak J., Rudiger L., Neale M., Heath A., Todd R.. A twin study of inattentive, aggressive, and anxious/depressed behaviors. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2000 ; 39: 469-476 (Pubitemid 30185542)
37. Joseph J. The missing gene: Psychiatry, heredity, and the fruitless search for genes. New York: Algora ; 2006:
38. King S., Griffin S., Hodges Z., Weatherly H., Asseburg C., Richardson G., et al. A systematic review and economic model of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of methylphenidate, dexamfetamine and atomoxetine for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Health Technology Assessment. 2006 ; 10 (23). iii xiii - iv 146
39. Kisely S., Ong G., Takyar A.. A survey of the quality of web based information on the treatment of schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2003 ; 37 (1). 85-91 (Pubitemid 36395334)
40. Kreppner J., O'Connor T., Rutter M.. Can inattention/overactivity be an institutional deprivation syndrome?. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2001 ; 29 (6). 513-528 (Pubitemid 33745786)
41. Lam L.. Attention deficit disorder and hospitalization owing to intra- and interpersonal violence among children and young adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2005 ; 36: 19-24 (Pubitemid 40127463)
42. Langberg J., Epstein J., Urbanowicz C., Simon J., Graham A.. Efficacy of an organization skills intervention to improve the academic functioning of students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. School Psychology Quarterly. 2008 ; 23 (3). 407-417
43. Loo S., Barkley R.. Clinical utility of EEG in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Applied Neuropsychology. 2005 ; 12 (2). 64-76 (Pubitemid 41008922)
44. Mansell P., Read J.. Posttraumatic stress disorder, drug companies, and the internet. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation. 2009 ; 10 (1). 9-23
45. Merry S., Andrews L.. Psychiatric status of sexually abused children 12 months after disclosure of abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 1994 ; 33: 939-944 (Pubitemid 24273899)
46. Monastra V. J. Nutrition does matter. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association ; 2005:
47. Moncrieff J.. Co-opting psychiatry: The alliance between academic psychiatry and the pharmaceutical industry. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale. 2007 ; 16: 192-196 (Pubitemid 47546902)
48. Moynihan R., Cassels A. Selling sickness: How the world's biggest pharmaceutical companies are turning us all into patients. New York: Nation Books ; 2005:
49. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999 ; 56: 1073-1086
50. National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: 24-month outcomes of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2004a ; 113: 754-761
51. National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: Changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment. Pediatrics. 2004b ; 113: 762-769
52. 3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2007 ; 46 (8). 989-1002
53. The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009 ; 48 (5). 484-500
54. Ouyang L., Fang X., Mercy J., Perou R., Grosse S.. Attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder symptoms and child maltreatment: A population-based study. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2008 ; 153 (6). 851-856
55. Pelsser L., Frankena K., Toorman J., Savelkoul H., Pereira R., Buitelaar J.. A randomised controlled trial into the effects of food on ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009 ; 18: 12-19
56. Perry B.. Childhood experience and the expression of genetic potential: What childhood neglect tells us about nature and nurture. Brain and Mind. 2002 ; 3: 79-100
57. Pescosolido B., Fettes D., Martin J., Monahan J., McLeod J.. Perceived dangerousness of children with mental health problems and support for coerced treatment. Psychiatric Services. 2007 ; 58: 619-625 (Pubitemid 46841882)
58. Pineda D., Ardila A., Rosselli M., Arias B., Henao G., Gomez L., et al. Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in 4- to 17-year-old children in the general population. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1999 ; 27 (6). 455-462 (Pubitemid 30010750)
59. Powell J., Clarke A.. Internet information-seeking in mental health. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2006 ; 189: 273-277
60. Quinn D., Wigal S., Swanson J., Hirsch S., Ottolini Y., Dariani M., et al. Comparative pharmacodynamics and plasma concentrations of d-threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride after single doses of d-threo- methylphenidate hydrochloride and d,l-threo-methylphenidate hydrochloride in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover laboratory school study in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2004 ; 43 (11). 1422-1429 (Pubitemid 39411043)
61. Read J.. Schizophrenia, drug companies and the internet. Social Science & Medicine. 2008 ; 66: 99-109 (Pubitemid 350151568)
62. Read J., Sanders P. A straight talking introduction to the causes of mental health problems. Ross: PCCS Books ; 2010:
63. Read J., Harré N.. The role of biological and genetic causal beliefs in the stigmatisation of "mental patients". Journal of Mental Health. 2001 ; 10 (2). 223-235 (Pubitemid 32453401)
64. Read J., Haslam N., Sayce L., Davies E.. Prejudice and schizophrenia: A review of the 'mental illness is an illness like any other' approach. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2006 ; 114: 303-318 (Pubitemid 44521298)
65. Relman A., Angell M.. America's other drug problem: How the drug industry distorts medicine and politics. The New Republic. 2002 ;: 16
66. Rickel A., Brown R. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe & Huber Publishers ; 2007:
67. Rosenthal M., Berndt E., Donohue J., Frank R., Epstein A.. Promotion of prescription drugs to consumers. New England Journal of Medicine. 2002 ; 346: 498-505 (Pubitemid 34441742)
68. Rucklidge J., Brown D., Crawford S., Kaplan B.. Retrospective reports of childhood trauma in adults with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2006 ; 9: 631-641 (Pubitemid 43920613)
69. Schachter H., Pham B., King J., Langford S., Moher D.. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta- analysis. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2001 ; 165: 1475-1488 (Pubitemid 34060190)
70. Scheffler R., Hinshaw S., Modrek S., Levine P.. TRENDS: The global market for ADHD medications. Health Affairs. 2007 ; 26: 450-457
71. Sharfstein S.. Big Pharma and American psychiatry: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Psychiatric News. 2005 ; 40 (16). 3-5
72. Shooter M.. Dancing with the devil? A personal view of psychiatry's relationships with the pharmaceutical industry. Psychiatric Bulletin. 2005 ; 29: 81-83
73. Silva R., Muniz R., Pestreich L., Brams M., Mao A., Childress A., et al. Dexmethylphenidate extended-release capsules in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2008 ; 47: 199-208 (Pubitemid 351158788)
74. Spencer N., Devereux E., Wallace A., Sundrum R., Shenoy M., Bacchus C., Logan S.. Disabling conditions and registration for child abuse and neglect: A population-based study. Pediatrics. 2005 ; 116 (3). 609-613 (Pubitemid 44336676)
75. Swanson J., Arnold L. E., Kraemer H., Hechtman L., Molina B., Hinshaw S., et al. Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). Journal of Attention Disorders. 2008 ; 12: 4-14
76. Timimi S. Naughty boys: Anti-social behaviour, ADHD and the role of culture. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan ; 2005:
77. Timimi S.. Child psychiatry and its relationship with the pharmaceutical industry: Theoretical and practical issues. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. 2008 ; 14: 3-9
78. Timimi S.. A critique of the neurodevelopmental model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Thymos: The Journal of Boyhood Studies. 2009a ; 3: 139-144
79. Timimi S. A straight-talking introduction to children's mental health problems. Ross: PCCS Books ; 2009b:
80. Timimi S.. The use of psycho-pharmaceuticals to control boys' behaviour: A tale of badly behaving drug companies and doctors. Arab Journal of Psychiatry. 2009c ; 20: 147-160
81. van den Ban E., Souverein P., Swaab H., van Engeland H., Heerdnik R., Egberts T.. Trends in incidence and characteristics of children, adolescents, and adults inititating immediate- or extended-release methylphenidate or atomoxetine in the Netherlands during 2001-2006. Journal of Child and Adolesecent Psychopharmacology. 2010 ; 20 (1). 55-61
82. von Sydow K., Beher S., Schweitzer-Rothers J., Retzlaff R.. Systemic family therapy with children and adolescents as index patients: A meta-content analysis of 47 randomized controlled outcome studies. Psychotherapeutics. 2006 ; 51 (2). 107-143
83. Weinstein D., Staffelbach D., Biaggio M.. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder: Differential diagnosis in childhood sexual abuse. Clinical Psychology Review. 2000 ; 20 (3). 359-378 (Pubitemid 30114376)
84. Williams N., Zaharieva I., Martin A., Langley K., Mantripragada K., Fossdal R., et al. Rare chromosomal deletions and duplications in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A genome-wide analysis. Lancet. 2010 ; 376: 1401-1408
85. Woodlock D.. Virtual pushers: Antidepressant internet marketing and women. Women's Studies International Forum. 2005 ; 28 (4). 304-314 (Pubitemid 41110289)