Norm transmission in peace- and statebuilding: Lessons from democracy promotion in Sudan and Lebanon

Global Governance

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 73-88

  Zahar, Marie Joëlle ^a  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Democracy promotion; Hybrid peace governance; Lebanon; Norm transmission and recuperation; Sudan

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856859395     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: 19426720     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-01801007     Document Type: Article

References (67)

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14. Thomas Carothers, "Democracy Assistance: Political vs. Developmental?" Journal of Democracy 20, no. 1 (January 2009): 5-19.
15. See also Krishna Kumar, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998)
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17. Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk, eds., From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
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19. Carothers, "Democracy Assistance," p. 5.
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21. Oliver Richmond, "The Linkage Between Devious Objectives and Spoiling Behaviour in Peace Processes," in Edward Newman and Oliver Richmond, eds., Spoilers and Peace Processes: Conflict Settlement and Devious Objectives (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006), pp. 59-77.
22. Roland Paris, At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
23. Shahrbanou Tadjbakhsh, ed., Rethinking Liberal Peace: Political and Economic Models, Limitations and Alternatives (London: Routledge, 2011).
24. Anna K. Jarstad and Roberto Belloni, "Introducing Hybrid Peace Governance: Impact and Prospects of Liberal Peacebuilding," in this issue.
25. Michael Barnett and Christopher Zürcher, "The Peacebuilder's Contract: How External Statebuilding Reinforces Weak Statehood," in Roland Paris and Timothy D. Sisk, eds., The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Peace Operations (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 23-52.
26. Daniel Allen, "New Directions in the Study of Nation-building: Views Through the Lens of Path Dependence," International Studies Review 12 (2010): 413-429
27. Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy D. Sisk, eds., From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
28. Marie-Joëlle Zahar, "Liberal Interventions, Illiberal Outcomes: The UN,Western Powers, and Lebanon," in Edward Newman, Oliver Richmond, and Roland Paris, eds., New Perspectives on the Liberal Peace (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2009), pp. 292-315.
29. Aron Griffiths and Catherine Barnes, Powers of Persuasion: Incentives, Sanctions, and Conditionality in Peacemaking (London: Conciliation Resources, 2008).
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34. Gerhard Knaus and Felix Martin, "Travails of the European Raj," Journal of Democracy 14, no. 3 (July 2003): 60-74.
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36. Diane Ethier, "Is Democracy Promotion Effective? Comparing Conditionality and Incentives," Democratization 10, no. 1 (2003): 99-121
37. Rory Keane, "The Partnership-Conditionality Binary in the Western Balkans: Promoting Local Ownership for Sustainable Democratic Transition," Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18, no. 2 (July 2005): 247-258.
38. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak (New Haven:Yale University Press, 1985).
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41. Local actors can muster equivalent military might and financial resources in instances where the lack of international political will prevents a strong military commitment to a given mission or where local actors can access transnational financial resources (mostly illicit) in spite of the presence of international actors.
42. Stephen Brown, "ForeignAid and Democracy Promotion: Lessons fromAfrica," European Journal of Development Research 17, no. 2 (June 2005): 179-198
43. Carrie Manning and Rachel Hayman, "Fostering Stability or Democracy? Aid for Democracy Promotion in Post-conflict Countries," paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Toronto, Ontario, September 2009.
44. Disentangling foreign development aid from democracy promotion programs is methodologically tricky.
45. As per the website of the UN Development Programme, individual contributions to the UN basket fund for elections are as follows: Italy, $2,785,515; United Kingdom (Department for International Development), $15,494,540; Norway, $5,499,694; Denmark-Danida, $7,772,107; Sweden (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency), $6,955,764; Spain, $1,000,000; Japan, $10,033,328; European Commission, $18,824,250; the Netherlands, $14,345,700; France, $1,505,940; www.sd.undp.org/projects/dg16.htm.
46. Richard Downie, "Applying OECD/DAC Guidance on Statebuilding in Southern Sudan," in Megan Gleason et al., Statebuilding in Situations of Fragility and Conflict: Relevance for US Policies and Programs (Washington, DC: DAI, 2011), p. 18.
47. Jose Maria Aranaz, senior human rights officer, Human Rights Section, UN Mission in Sudan, interviewed by the author, Khartoum, 16 August 2010.
48. Comments by Jason Gluck, senior rule of law adviser in the United States Institute of Peace's Rule of Law Center of Innovation, at a workshop on donor-NGO relations in postconflict settings, Lebanese American University, Beirut, July 2011.
49. David Sharer and Francine Pickup, "Dilemmas for Aid Policy in Lebanon and the Occupied Palestinian Territories," Humanitarian Exchange Magazine 37 (March 2007): 4-6, www.odihpn.org/report.asp?id=2871.
50. Alex de Waal, "Dilemmas of Multiple Priorities and Multiple Instruments: The Darfur Crisis," in Aaron Griffiths and Catherine Barnes, eds., Powers of Persuasion: Incentives, Sanctions and Conditionality in Peacemaking Accord, issue 19 (London: Conciliation Resources, 2008), p. 57.
51. Marie-Joëlle Zahar, "A Journey of a Thousand Steps: State and Nation Building in South Sudan," Middle East Report 41, no. 259 (Summer 2011): 36-39.
52. Chandra Lekha Sriram and Marie-Joëlle Zahar, "The Perils of Power-sharing: Africa and Beyond," Africa Spectrum 44, no. 3 (2009): 11-39
53. Marie-Joëlle Zahar, "Power Sharing in Lebanon: Foreign Protectors, Domestic Peace, and Democratic Failure," in Philip Roeder and Donald Rothchild, eds., Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy After Civil Wars (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2005), pp. 219-240.
54. Al-Baqir Mukhtar, director, Al-Khatim Adlan Centre for Enlightenment and Human Development, interviewed by the author, Khartoum, 28 July 2010.
55. Ahmed Abusin, director, Development Partners, interviewed by the author, Khartoum, 27 July 2010.
56. Comments by Samer Abdallah, general coordinator, Nahwa al-Muwatiniyya, at a workshop on donor-NGO relations in postconflict settings, Lebanese American University, Beirut, 22 July 2011.
57. Elias Muhanna, "Deconstructing the Popular Vote in Lebanon's Election," Mideast Monitor 4, no. 1 (July-August 2009), www.mideastmonitor.org/issues/0907/0907_3.htm.
58. Roger Mac Ginty, "Reconstructing Post-war Lebanon: A Challenge to the Liberal Peace?" Conflict, Security and Development 7, no. 3 (2007): 464.
59. See Marie-Joëlle Zahar, "Liberal Interventions, Illiberal Outcomes: The UN, Western Powers, and Lebanon," in Edward Newman, Oliver Richmond, and Roland Paris, eds., New Perspectives on the Liberal Peace (Tokyo: United Nations University, 2009), pp. 292-315.
60. Mac Ginty, "Reconstructing Post-war Lebanon," p. 470.
61. Roger Mac Ginty and Christine Sylva Hamieh, "'Made in Lebanon': Local Participation and Local Development to Post-war Reconstruction," Civil Wars 12, nos. 1-2 (2010): 47-64.
62. See also Christine Sylva Hamieh and Roger Mac Ginty, "A Very Political Reconstruction: Governance and Reconstruction in Lebanon After the 2006 War," Disasters: The Journal of Disaster Studies, Policy and Management 33, no. 1 (2009): 103-123.
63. In their work, Mac Ginty and Hamieh disentangle the myriad ways in which, in spite of its opposition to the liberal peace project, Hezbollah will sometimes engage liberal peace actors and attempt to capture their programs to its own ends.
64. Mona Harb and Reinoud Leenders, "Know Thy Enemy: Hizbullah, 'Terrorism' and the Politics of Perception," Third World Quarterly 26, no. 1 (2005): 192.
65. Jeffrey Gettleman, "War in Sudan? Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows," New York Times, 24 October 2006, p. A1.
66. Jeffrey Gettleman, "Sudan's Growth Buoys a Leader Reviled Elsewhere," New York Times, 15 April 2010, p. A4.
67. Yasir Arman, SPLM presidential candidate and senior official, interviewed by the author, Khartoum, 28 July 2010.