Neuroimaging of frontal-limbic dysfunction in schizophrenia and epilepsy-related psychosis: Toward a convergent neurobiology

Epilepsy and Behavior

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 113-122

  Butler, Tracy ^a,b   Weisholtz, Daniel ^b   Isenberg, Nancy ^c   Harding, Elizabeth ^b   Epstein, Jane ^b   Stern, Emily ^b   Silbersweig, David ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c New Jersey Neuroscience Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

Amygdala; Delusions; Emotion; Forced normalization; Hallucinations; Interictal psychosis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Positron emission tomography; Postictal psychosis; Salience

Indexed keywords

ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ANTICIPATORY ANXIETY; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN SIZE; DELUSION; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ELECTRODE; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; EPILEPSY; EPILEPSY RELATED PSYCHOSIS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FAMILY HISTORY; FRONTAL LOBE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HALLUCINATION; HUMAN; MIDDLE TEMPORAL GYRUS; MORPHOMETRICS; NEUROBIOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; PARANOIA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEIZURE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TEMPORAL LOBE; TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY; WORKING MEMORY;

EPILEPSY; FRONTAL LOBE; HUMANS; LIMBIC SYSTEM; NEURAL PATHWAYS; NEUROIMAGING; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 84856803028     PISSN: 15255050     EISSN: 15255069     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2011.11.004     Document Type: Review

References (147)

1. Kendler K.K.S., Gallagher T.T.J., Abelson J.J.M., Kessler R.R.C. Lifetime prevalence, demographic risk factors, and diagnostic validity of nonaffective psychosis as assessed in a US community sample: the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996, 53:1022-1031.
2. Epstein J., Stern E., Silbersweig D. Mesolimbic activity associated with psychosis in schizophrenia. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 877:562-572.
3. Epilepsy: aetiogy, epidemiology and prognosis. Fact Sheet 165 2001, WHO, Geneva.
4. Sachdev P. Schizophrenia-like psychosis and epilepsy: the status of the association. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:325-336.
5. Toone B.K. The psychoses of epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 69:1-3.
6. Slater E., Beard A.W., Glithero E. The schizophrenialike psychoses of epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry 1963, 109:95-150.
7. Kanner A.M. Psychosis of epilepsy: a neurologist's perspective. Epilepsy Behav 2000, 1:219-227.
8. Maier M., Mellers J., Toone B., Trimble M., Ron M.A. Schizophrenia, temporal lobe epilepsy and psychosis: an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging study of the hippocampus/amygdala complex. Psychol Med 2000, 30:571-581.
9. Marchetti R.L., Azevedo D., de Campos Bottino C.M., et al. Volumetric evidence of a left laterality effect in epileptic psychosis. Epilepsy Behav 2003, 4:234-240.
10. Marsh L., Sullivan E.V., Morrell M., Lim K.O., Pfefferbaum A. Structural brain abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia, epilepsy, and epilepsy with chronic interictal psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2001, 108:1-15.
11. Rusch N., Tebartz van Elst L., Baeumer D., Ebert D., Trimble M.R. Absence of cortical gray matter abnormalities in psychosis of epilepsy: a voxel-based MRI study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004, 16:148-155.
12. Marshall E.J., Syed G.M., Fenwick P.B., Lishman W.A. A pilot study of schizophrenia-like psychosis in epilepsy using single-photon emission computerised tomography. Br J Psychiatry 1993, 163:32-36.
13. Mellers J.D., Adachi N., Takei N., Cluckie A., Toone B.K., Lishman W.A. SPET study of verbal fluency in schizophrenia and epilepsy. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 173:69-74.
14. Gallhofer B., Trimble M.R., Frackowiak R., Gibbs J., Jones T. A study of cerebral blood flow and metabolism in epileptic psychosis using positron emission tomography and oxygen. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1985, 48:201-206.
15. Tebartz van Elst L., Baeumer D., Lemieux L., et al. Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2002, 125:140-149.
16. Cendes F., Andermann F., Gloor P., et al. MRI volumetric measurement of amygdala and hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 1993, 43:719-725.
17. Bernasconi N., Bernasconi A., Caramanos Z., Antel S.B., Andermann F., Arnold D.L. Mesial temporal damage in temporal lobe epilepsy: a volumetric MRI study of the hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal region. Brain 2003, 126:462-469.
18. Alper K., Devinsky O., Westbrook L., et al. Premorbid psychiatric risk factors for postictal psychosis. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001, 13:492-499.
19. Fukuchi T., Kanemoto K., Kato M., et al. Death in epilepsy with special attention to suicide cases. Epilepsy Res 2002, 51:233-236.
20. Tarulli A., Devinsky O., Alper K. Progression of postictal to interictal psychosis. Epilepsia 2001, 42:1468-1471.
21. Fong G.C., Fong K.Y., Mak W., et al. Postictal psychosis related regional cerebral hyperfusion. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:100-101.
22. 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Neuroimage 2002, 17:1634-1637.
23. Leutmezer F., Podreka I., Asenbaum S., et al. Postictal psychosis in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2003, 44:582-590.
24. Nishida T., Kudo T., Inoue Y., et al. Postictal mania versus postictal psychosis: differences in clinical features, epileptogenic zone, and brain functional changes during postictal period. Epilepsia 2006, 47:2104-2114.
25. Briellmann R.S., Kalnins R.M., Hopwood M.J., Ward C., Berkovic S.F., Jackson G.D. TLE patients with postictal psychosis: mesial dysplasia and anterior hippocampal preservation. Neurology 2000, 55:1027-1030.
26. McEwen B.S., Gianaros P.J. Stress- and allostasis-induced brain plasticity. Annu Rev Med 2011, 62:431-445.
27. Dubois J.M., Devinsky O., Carlson C., et al. Abnormalities of cortical thickness in postictal psychosis. Epilepsy Behav 2011, 21:132-136.
28. Lennox B., Park S., Jones P., Morris P. Spatial and temporal mapping of neural activity associated with auditory hallucinations. Lancet 1999, 353:644.
29. Shergill S.S., Brammer M.J., Amaro E., Williams S.C.R., Murray R.M., McGuire P.K. Temporal course of auditory hallucinations. Br J Psychiatry. 2004, 185:516-517.
30. Diederen K.J., De Weijer A.D., Daalman K., et al. Decreased language lateralization is characteristic of psychosis, not auditory hallucinations. Brain 2010, 133(12):3734-3744.
31. Dazzan P., Soulsby B., Mechelli A., et al. Volumetric abnormalities predating the onset of schizophrenia and affective psychoses: an MRI study in subjects at ultrahigh risk of psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2011, [First published online: April 25, 2011], doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr035.
32. Berman K.F., Illowsky B.P., Weinberger D.R. Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: IV. Further evidence for regional and behavioral specificity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988, 45:616-622.
33. Callicott J.H., Bertolino A., Mattay V.S., et al. Physiological dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia revisited. Cereb Cortex 2000, 10:1078-1092.
34. Carter C.S., Perlstein W., Ganguli R., Brar J., Mintun M., Cohen J.D. Functional hypofrontality and working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1998, 155:1285-1287.
35. Perlstein W.M., Carter C.S., Noll D.C., Cohen J.D. Relation of prefrontal cortex dysfunction to working memory and symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2001, 158:1105-1113.
36. Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F. Prefrontal function in schizophrenia: confounds and controversies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B 1996, 351:1495-1503.
37. Berman K. Functional neuroimaging in schizophrenia. American College of Neuropsychopharmacology 2002, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. K. Davis, D. Charney, J.T. Coyle, C. Nemeroff (Eds.).
38. Ingvar D.H., Franzen G. Abnormalities of cerebral blood flow distribution in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1974, 50:425-462.
39. Zakzanis K.K., Heinrichs R.W. Schizophrenia and the frontal brain: a quantitative review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1999, 5:556-566.
40. Hill K., Mann L., Laws K.R., Stephenson C.M., Nimmo-Smith I., McKenna P.J. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional imaging studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004, 110:243-256.
41. Glahn D.C., Ragland J.D., Abramoff A., et al. Beyond hypofrontality: a quantitative meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of working memory in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 25:60-69.
42. Davidson L.L., Heinrichs R.W. Quantification of frontal and temporal lobe brain-imaging findings in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2003, 122:69-87.
43. Achim A.M., Lepage M. Episodic memory-related activation in schizophrenia: meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2005, 187:500-509.
44. Andreasen N.C., O'Leary D.S., Flaum M., et al. Hypofrontality in schizophrenia: distributed dysfunctional circuits in neuroleptic-naive patients. Lancet 1997, 349:1730-1734.
45. Pacia S., Intracranial E.E.G. substrates of scalp ictal patterns from temporal lobe foci. Epilepsia 1997, 38:642-654.
46. Hirsch L.J., Emerson R.G., Pedley T.A. Prolonged "postictal" aphasia: demonstration of persistent ictal activity with intracranial electrodes. Neurology 2001, 56:134-136.
47. Heath R.G. Common characteristics of epilepsy and schizophrenia: clinical observation and depth electrode studies. Epilepsy Behav 2005;6:633-45. Originally published in. Am J Psychiatry 1962, 11:1013-1026.
48. Colom L.V., Garrido-Sanabria E. Modulation of normal and altered hippocampal excitability states by septal networks. J Neurosci Res 2007, 85:2839-2843.
49. Takeda Y., Inoue Y., Tottori T., Mihara T. Acute psychosis during intracranial EEG monitoring: close relationship between psychotic symptoms and discharges in amygdala. Epilepsia 2001, 42:719-724.
50. Wieser H.G. Temporal lobe or psychomotor status epilepticus: a case report. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980, 48:558-572.
51. Cummings J.L., Mega M.S. Neuropsychiatry and behavioural neuroscience 2003, Oxford Univ. Press, New York.
52. Liddle P.F., Friston K.J., Frith C.D., Frackowiak R.S. Cerebral blood flow and mental processes in schizophrenia. J R Soc Med 1992, 85:224-227.
53. Friston K.J., Liddle P.F., Frith C.D., Hirsch S.R., Frackowiak R.S.J. The left medial temporal region and schizophrenia: a PET study. Brain 1992, 115(Pt. 2):367-382.
54. LeDoux J.E. Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2000, 23:155-184.
55. Bechara A., Tranel D., Damasio H., Adolphs R., Rockland C., Damasio A.R. Double dissociation of conditioning and declarative knowledge relative to the amygdala and hippocampus in humans. Science 1995, 269:1115-1118.
56. Isenberg N., Silbersweig D., Engelien A., et al. Linguistic threat activates the human amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999, 96:10456-10459.
57. Morris J.S., Frith C.D., Perrett D.I., et al. A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions. Nature 1996, 383:812-815.
58. Honea R., Crow T.J., Passingham D., Mackay C.E. Regional deficits in brain volume in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Am J Psychiatry 2005, 162:2233-2245.
59. Lawrie S.M., Abukmeil S.S. Brain abnormality in schizophrenia: a systematic and quantitative review of volumetric magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 172:110-120.
60. Nelson M.D., Saykin A.J., Flashman L.A., Riordan H.J. Hippocampal volume reduction in schizophrenia as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: a meta-analytic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998, 55:433-440.
61. Wright I.C., Rabe-Hesketh S., Woodruff P.W., David A.S., Murray R.M., Bullmore E.T. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000, 157:16-25.
62. Holt D.J., Weiss A.P., Rauch S.L., et al. Sustained activation of the hippocampus in response to fearful faces in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2005, 57:1011-1019.
63. Silbersweig D.A., Stern E., Frith C., et al. A functional neuroanatomy of hallucinations in schizophrenia. Nature 1995, 378:176-179.
64. Weinberger D.R., Berman K.F., Suddath R., Torrey E.F. Evidence of dysfunction of a prefrontal-limbic network in schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging and regional cerebral blood flow study of discordant monozygotic twins. Am J Psychiatry 1992, 149:890-897.
65. Silbersweig D., Clarkin J.F., Goldstein M., et al. Failure of frontolimbic inhibitory function in the context of negative emotion in borderline personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2007, 164:1832-1841.
66. McGuire P.K., Silbersweig D.A., Wright I., Murray R.M., Frackowiak R.S., Frith C.D. The neural correlates of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery in schizophrenia: relationship to auditory verbal hallucinations. Br J Psychiatry 1996, 169:148-159.
67. Mechelli A., Allen P., Amaro E., et al. Misattribution of speech and impaired connectivity in patients with auditory verbal hallucinations. Hum Brain Mapp 2007, 28:1213-1222.
68. Hubl D., Koenig T., Strik W., et al. Pathways that make voices: white matter changes in auditory hallucinations. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004, 61:658-668.
69. Grace A.A. Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000, 31:330-341.
70. Benetti S., Mechelli A., Picchioni M., Broome M., Williams S., McGuire P. Functional integration between the posterior hippocampus and prefrontal cortex is impaired in both first episode schizophrenia and the at risk mental state. Brain 2009, 132:2326-2336.
71. Silbersweig D., Stern E. Functional neuroimaging of hallucinations in schizophrenia: toward an integration of bottom-up and top-down approaches. Mol Psychiatry 1996, 1:367-375.
72. Frith C.D., Done D.J. Towards a neuropsychology of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1988, 153:437-443.
73. Epstein J., Stern E., Silbersweig D. Mesolimbic activity associated with psychosis in schizophrenia. Symptom-specific PET studies. Ann NY Acad Sci 1999, 877:562-574.
74. (15)O regional cerebral blood flow three-dimensional imaging technique. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1993, 13:617-629.
75. Phelps E.A., O'Connor K.J., Gatenby J.C., Gore J.C., Grillon C., Davis M. Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nat Neurosci 2001, 4:437-441.
76. Butler T., Pan H., Tuescher O., Engelien A., Goldstein M., Epstein J., Weisholtz D., Root J.C., Protopopescu X., Cunningham-Bussel A.C., Chang L., Xie X.-H., Chen Q., Phelps E.A., Ledoux J.E., Stern E., Silbersweig D.A. Human fear-related motor neurocircuitry. Neuroscience 2007, 150(1):1-7.
77. Kay S.S.R., Fiszbein A.A., Opler L.L.A. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull 1987, 13:261-276.
78. Lachaux J.P., Rudrauf D., Kahane P. Intracranial EEG and human brain mapping. J Physiol 2003, 97:613-628.
79. Oya H., Hiroto Kawasaki H., Matthew A., Adolphs R. Electrophysiological responses in the human amygdala discriminate emotion categories of complex visual stimuli. J Neurosci 2002, 22:9502-9512.
80. Lachaux J.-P., Fonlupt P., Kahane P., et al. Relationship between task-related gamma oscillations and BOLD signal: new insights from combined fMRI and intracranial EEG. Hum Brain Mapp 2007, 28:1368-1375.
81. Suzuki M., Zhou S.-Y., Takahashi T., et al. Differential contributions of prefrontal and temporolimbic pathology to mechanisms of psychosis. Brain 2005, 128:2109-2122.
82. Wieser H.G. Temporal-lobe or psychomotor status epilepticus: a case-report. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980, 48:558-572.
83. Pedley T.A. 83rd ARNMD Conference: "Convulsants and Anticonvulsants in Psychiatry and Neurology: From Bench to Bedside," November 14-15 2003.
84. Loscher W., Wahnschaffe U., Honack D., Rundfeldt C. Does prolonged implantation of depth electrodes predispose the brain to kindling?. Brain Res 1995, 697:197-204.
85. Mineka S., Sutton S.K. Cognitive biases and the emotional disorders. Psychol Sci 1992, 3:65-69.
86. Mathews A., Macleod C. Cognitive approaches to emotion and emotional disorders. Annu Rev Psychol 1994, 45:25-50.
87. Beck A.T. Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders 1976, Int. Univ. Press, New York.
88. Waxman S.G., Geschwind N. The interictal behavior syndrome of temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975, 32:1580-1586.
89. Bear D.M., Fedio P. Quantitative analysis of interictal behavior in temporal lobe epilepsy. Arch Neurol 1977, 34:454-467.
90. Burton L.A., Vardy S.B., Frohlich J., Dimitri D., Wyatt G., Rabin L., Labar D. Affective tasks elicit material-specific memory effects in temporal lobectomy patients. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2004, 26:1021-1030.
91. Meletti S., Benuzzi F., Rubboli G., et al. Impaired facial emotion recognition in early-onset right mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurology 2003, 60:426-431.
92. Lee G.P., Meador K.J., Loring D.W., Bradley K.P. Lateralized changes in autonomic arousal during emotional processing in patients with unilateral temporal lobe seizure onset. Int J Neurosci 2002, 112:743-757.
93. Burton L.A., Gilliam D., Flynn S., Labar D. Affective verbal memory in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Appl Neuropsychol 1999, 6:15-20.
94. Burton L.A., Gilliam D., Flynn S., Labar D., Conn J. Global affective memory for faces in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Appl Neuropsychol 2002, 9:234-239.
95. Gloor P., Olivier A., Quesney L.F., Andermann F., Horowitz S. The role of the limbic system in experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 1982, 12:129-144.
96. Hermann B.P., Dikmen S., Schwartz M.S., Karnes W.E. Interictal psychopathology in patients with ictal fear: a quantitative investigation. Neurology 1982, 32:7-11.
97. Kohler C., Norstrand J.A., Baltuch G., et al. Depression in temporal lobe epilepsy before epilepsy surgery. Epilepsia 1999, 40:336-340.
98. Kapur S. Psychosis as a state of aberrant salience: a framework linking biology, phenomenology, and pharmacology in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:13-23.
99. Aldenkamp A.P., Arends J. Effects of epileptiform EEG discharges on cognitive function: is the concept of "transient cognitive impairment" still valid?. Epilepsy Behav 2004, 5(Suppl. 1):S25-S34.
100. Binnie C.D., Marston D. Cognitive correlates of interictal discharges. Epilepsia 1992, 33(Suppl. 6):S11-S17.
101. Binnie C.D. Cognitive impairment during epileptiform discharges: is it ever justifiable to treat the EEG?. Lancet Neurol 2003, 2:725-730.
102. Pressler R.M., Robinson R.O., Wilson G.A., Binnie C.D. Treatment of interictal epileptiform discharges can improve behavior in children with behavioral problems and epilepsy. J Pediatr 2005, 146:112-117.
103. Tebartz Van Elst L., Baeumer D., et al. Amygdala pathology in psychosis of epilepsy: a magnetic resonance imaging study in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain 2002, 125:140-149.
104. Daley M., Siddarth P., Levitt J., et al. Amygdala volume and psychopathology in childhood complex partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2008, 13:212-217.
105. Tebartz van Elst L., Woermann F.G., Lemieux L., Trimble M.R. Amygdala enlargement in dysthymia: a volumetric study of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Biol Psychiatry 1999, 46:1614-1623.
106. Sokol D.K., Demyer W.E., Edwards-Brown M., Sanders S., Garg B. From swelling to sclerosis: acute change in mesial hippocampus after prolonged febrile seizure. Seizure 2003, 12:237-240.
107. Frith C.D., Frackowiak R.S., Ashburner J., et al. Navigation-related structural change in the hippocampi of taxi drivers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:4398-4403.
108. Umbricht D., Degreef G., Barr W.B., Lieberman J.A., Pollack S., Schaul N. Postictal and chronic psychoses in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Am J Psychiatry 1995, 152:224-231.
109. Falip M., Carreno M., Donaire A., et al. Postictal psychosis: a retrospective study in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2009, 18:145-149.
110. Scoville W.B., Milner B. Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2000, 12:103-113.
111. Bonelli S.B., Powell R., Yogarajah M., et al. Preoperative amygdala fMRI in temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009, 50:217-227.
112. Kurachi M. Pathogenesis of schizophrenia: Part II. Temporo-frontal two-step hypothesis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003, 57:9-15.
113. Frith C.D., Blakemore S., Wolpert D.M. Explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia: abnormalities in the awareness of action. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2000, 31:357-363.
114. Milad M.R., Quirk G.J. Neurons in medial prefrontal cortex signal memory for fear extinction. Nature 2002, 420:70-74.
115. Northoff G., Heinzel A., Bermpohl F., et al. Reciprocal modulation and attenuation in the prefrontal cortex: An fMRI study on emotional-cognitive interaction. Hum Brain Mapp 2004, 21:202-212.
116. Phelps E.A., Delgado M.R., Nearing K.I., LeDoux J.E. Extinction learning in humans: role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron 2004, 43:97-905.
117. Root J.C., Tuescher O., Cunningham-Bussel A., et al. Frontolimbic function and cortisol reactivity in response to emotional stimuli. Neuroreport 2009, 20:429-434.
118. Goldstein M., Brendel G., Tuescher O., et al. Neural substrates of the interaction of emotional stimulus processing and motor inhibitory control: an emotional linguistic go/no-go fMRI study. Neuroimage 2007, 36:1026-1040.
119. Adachi N., Onuma T., Nishiwaki S., et al. Inter-ictal and post-ictal psychoses in frontal lobe epilepsy: a retrospective comparison with psychoses in temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 2000, 9:328-335.
120. Luat A.F., Asano E., Rothermel R., Sood S., Chugani H.T. Psychosis as a manifestation of frontal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2008, 12:200-204.
121. Ramsey B.J. Frontal lobe epilepsy presenting as a psychotic disorder with delusions and hallucinations: a case study. CNS Spectr 1999, 4:64-82.
122. Keller S.S., Baker G., Downes J.J., Roberts N. Quantitative MRI of the prefrontal cortex and executive function in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2009, 15:186-195.
123. Woermann F.G., van Elst L.T., Koepp M.J., et al. Reduction of frontal neocortical grey matter associated with affective aggression in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: an objective voxel by voxel analysis of automatically segmented MRI. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:162-169.
124. Martin R.C., Sawrie S.M., Gilliam F.G., et al. Wisconsin Card Sorting performance in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: clinical and neuroanatomical correlates. Epilepsia 2000, 41:1626-1632.
125. Rzezak P., Fuentes D., Guimaraes C.A., et al. Frontal lobe dysfunction in children with temporal lobe epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol 2007, 37:176-185.
126. Marchetti R.L., Tavares A.G., Gronich G., Fiore L.A., Ferraz R.B. Complete remission of epileptic psychosis after temporal lobectomy: case report. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2001, 59:802-805.
127. Gwinn R. Fighting fire with fire: brain stimulation for the treatment of epilepsy. Clin Neurosci Res 2004, 4:95-105.
128. Theodore W. Brain stimulation for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2004, 3:111-118.
129. Vonck K. Long-term amygdalohippocampal stimulation for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2002, 52:556-565.
130. Greenberg B., Friehs G., Carpenter L., et al. Deep brain stimulation: clinical findings in intractable depression and OCD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29:S32.
131. Mayberg H. Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Neuron 2005, 45:651-660.
132. Spencer S. Initial outcomes in the multicenter study of epilepsy surgery. Neurology 2003, 61:1680-1685.
133. Altshuler L., Rausch R., Delrahim S., Kay J., Crandall P. Temporal lobe epilepsy, temporal lobectomy, and major depression. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999, 11:436-443.
134. Anhoury S., Brown R.J., Krishnamoorthy E.S., Trimble M.R. Psychiatric outcome after temporal lobectomy: a predictive study. Epilepsia 2000, 41:1608-1615.
135. Blumer D., Wakhlu S., Davies K., Hermann B. Psychiatric outcome of temporal lobectomy for epilepsy: incidence and treatment of psychiatric complications. Epilepsia 1998, 39:478-486.
136. Derry P.A., Rose K.J., McLachlan R.S. Moderators of the effect of preoperative emotional adjustment on postoperative depression after surgery for temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2000, 41:177-185.
137. Glosser G., Zwil A.S., Glosser D.S., O'Connor M.J., Sperling M.R. Psychiatric aspects of temporal lobe epilepsy before and after anterior temporal lobectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000, 68:53-58.
138. Leinonen E., Tuunainen A., Lepola U. Postoperative psychoses in epileptic patients after temporal lobectomy. Acta Neurol Scand 1994, 90:394-399.
139. Mace C.J., Trimble M.R. Psychosis following temporal lobe surgery: a report of six cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991, 54:639-644.
140. Naylor A.S., Rogvi-Hansen B., Kessing L., Kruse-Larsen C. Psychiatric morbidity after surgery for epilepsy: short-term follow up of patients undergoing amygdalohippocampectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994, 57:1375-1381.
141. Ring H.A., Moriarty J., Trimble M.R. A prospective study of the early postsurgical psychiatric associations of epilepsy surgery. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998, 64:601-604.
142. Stevens J.R. Psychiatric consequences of temporal lobectomy for intractable seizures: a 20-30-year follow-up of 14 cases. Psychol Med 1990, 20:529-545.
143. Trimble M.R. Behaviour changes following temporal lobectomy, with special reference to psychosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:89-91.
144. Mayanagi Y., Watanabe E., Nagahori Y., Nankai M. Psychiatric and neuropsychological problems in epilepsy surgery: analysis of 100 cases that underwent surgery. Epilepsia 2001, 42(Suppl. 6):19-23.
145. Christodoulou C., Koutroumanidis M., Hennessy M.J., Elwes R.D., Polkey C.E., Toone B.K. Postictal psychosis after temporal lobectomy. Neurology 2002, 59:1432-1435.
146. Manchanda R., Miller H., McLachlan R.S. Post-ictal psychosis after right temporal lobectomy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1993, 56:277-279.
147. Trimble M. Sodium amytal testing and the laterality of emotion. Clin EEG Neurosci 2010, 41:211-213.