Brain structural and functional correlates of resilience to bipolar disorder

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue JANUARY 2012, 2012, Pages 1-10

  Frangou, Sophia ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Connectivity; MRI; Predisposition; Resilience; Risk

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ADULT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; BRAIN SIZE; CINGULATE GYRUS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONFLICT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GENETIC RISK; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INFERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX; INSULA; MALE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROPATHOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PARIETAL CORTEX; POSTERIOR PARIETAL CORTEX; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; SELECTIVE ATTENTION; STROOP TEST; SYMPTOM; VOXEL BASED MORPHOMETRY;

EID: 84856797014     PISSN: 16625161     EISSN: 16625161     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.0018     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Adler, C. M., Holland, S. K., Schmithorst, V., Tuchfarber, M. J., and Strakowski, S. M. (2004). Changes in neuronal activation in patients with bipolar disorder during performance of a working memory task. Bipolar Disord. 6, 540-549.
2. Akiskal, H. S., Maser, J. D., Zeller, P. J., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Keller, M., Warshaw, M., Clayton, P., and Goodwin, F. (1995). Switching from "unipolar" to bipolar II. An 11- year prospective study of clinical and temperamental predictors in 559 patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 114-123.
3. Ali, N., Green, D. W., Kherif, F., Devlin, J. T., and Price, C. J. (2010). The role of the left head of caudate in suppressing irrelevant words. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 22, 2369-2386.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
5. Aron, A. R., Robbins, T. W., and Poldrack, R. A. (2004). Inhibition and the right inferior frontal cortex. Trends Cogn. Sci. 8, 170-177.
6. Arts, B., Jabben, N., Krabbendam, L., and van Os, J. (2008). Metaanalyses of cognitive functioning in euthymic bipolar patients and their first-degree relatives. Psychol. Med. 38, 771-785.
7. Bays, P. M., Singh-Curry, V., Gorgoraptis, N., Driver, J., and Husain, M. (2010). Integration of goal- and stimulus-related visual signals revealed by damage to human parietal cortex. J. Neurosci. 30, 5968-5978.
8. Bezchlibnyk-Butler, K., and Jeffries, J. (2000). Clinical Handbook of Psychotropic Drugs, 10th Edn. Toronto, ON: Hogrefe & Huber.
9. Blumberg, H. P., Leung, H. C., Skudlarski, P., Lacadie, C. M., Fredericks, C. A., Harris, B. C., Charney, D. S., Gore, J. C., Krystal, J. H., and Peterson, B. S. (2003). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of bipolar disorder: state- and trait-related dysfunction in ventral prefrontal cortices. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 601-609.
10. Bora, E., Yucel, M., and Pantelis, C. (2009). Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. J. Affect. Disord. 113, 1-20.
11. Buschman, T. J., and Miller, E. K. (2007). Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Science 315, 1860-1862.
12. Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M., and Abel, N. (2001). From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what? Ecosystems 4, 765-781.
13. Chen, C. H., Suckling, J., Lennox, B. R., Ooi, C., and Bullmore, E. T. (2011). A quantitative meta-analysis of fMRI studies in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 13, 1-15.
14. Chevrier, A. D., Noseworthy, M. D., and Schachar, R. (2007). Dissociation of response inhibition and performance monitoring in the stop signal task using event-related fMRI. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 1347-1358.
15. Coryell, W., Endicott, J., Maser, J. D., Keller, M. B., Leon, A. C., and Akiskal, H. S. (1995). Long-term stability of polarity distinctions in the affective disorders. Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 385-390.
16. Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 655-666.
17. Craig, A. D. (2011). Significance of the insula for the evolution of human awareness of feelings from the body. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1225, 72-82.
18. Damasio, A. R., Grabowski, T. J., Bechara, A., Damasio, H., Ponto, L. L., Parvizi, J., and Hichwa, R. D. (2000). Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1049-1056.
19. Derrfuss, J., Brass, M., Neumann, J., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2005). Involvement of the inferior frontal junction in cognitive control: metaanalyses of switching and Stroop studies. Hum. Brain Mapp. 25, 22-34.
20. Dolan, R. J. (2002). Emotion, cognition, and behavior. Science 298, 1191-1194.
21. Drapier, D., Surguladze, S., Marshall, N., Schulze, K., Fern, A., Hall, M. H., Walshe, M., Murray, R. M., and McDonald, C. (2008). Genetic liability for bipolar disorder is characterized by excess frontal activation in response to a working memory task. Biol. Psychiatry 64, 513-520.
22. Drevets, W. C., and Raichle, M. E. (1998). Reciprocal suppression of regional cerebral blood flow during emotional versus higher cognitive processes: implications for interactions between emotion and cognition. Cogn. Emot. 12, 353-385.
23. Drevets, W. C., Savitz, J., and Trimble, M. (2008). The subgenual anterior cingulate cortex in mood disorders. CNS Spectr. 13, 663-681.
24. Ferreira, M. A., O'Donovan, M. C., Meng, Y. A., Jones, I. R., Ruderfer, D. M., Jones, L., Fan, J., Kirov, G., Perlis, R. H., Green, E. K., Smoller, J. W., Grozeva, D., Stone, J., Nikolov, I., Chambert, K., Hamshere, M. L., Nimgaonkar, V. L., Moskvina, V., Thase, M. E., Caesar, S., Sachs, G. S., Franklin, J., Gordon-Smith, K., Ardlie, K. G., Gabriel, S. B., Fraser, C., Blumenstiel, B., Defelice, M., Breen, G., Gill, M., Morris, D. W., Elkin, A., Muir, W. J., McGhee, K. A., Williamson, R., MacIntyre, D. J., MacLean, A. W. St. C. D., Robinson, M., van Beck, M., Pereira, A. C., Kandaswamy, R., McQuillin, A., Collier, D. A., Bass, N. J., Young, A. H., Lawrence, J., Ferrier, I. N., Anjorin, A., Farmer, A., Curtis, D., Scolnick, E. M., McGuffin, P., Daly, M. J., Corvin, A. P., Holmans, P. A., Blackwood, D. H., Gurling, H. M., Owen, M. J., Purcell, S. M., Sklar, P., Craddock, N., and Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. (2008). Collaborative genome-wide association analysis supports a role for ANK3 and CACNA1C in bipolar disorder. Nat. Genet. 40, 1056-1058.
25. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., and Benjamin, L. S. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID- II). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
26. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., and Williams, J. B. W. (2002a). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edn. (SCID-I/P). New York: New York Biometrics Research.
27. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., and Williams, J. B. W. (2002b). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-Patient Edn. (SCID-I/NP). New York: New York Biometrics Research.
28. Frangou, S. (2009). Risk and resilience in bipolar disorder: rationale and design of the Vulnerability to Bipolar Disorders Study (VIBES). Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37, 1085-1089.
29. Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Fink, G. R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., and Dolan, R. J. (1997). Psychophysiological and modulatory interactions in neuroimaging. Neuroimage 6, 218-229.
30. Galvez, J. F., Thommi, S., and Ghaemi, S. N. (2011). Positive aspects of mental illness: a review in bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 128, 185-190.
31. Glahn, D. C., Almasy, L., Barguil, M., Hare, E., Peralta, J. M., Kent, J. W. Jr., Dassori, A., Contreras, J., Pacheco, A., Lanzagorta, N., Nicolini, H., Raventós, H., and Escamilla, M. A. (2010). Neurocognitive endophenotypes for bipolar disorder identified in multiplex multigenerational families. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 67, 168-177.
32. Gruber, S. A., Rogowska, J., and Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Decreased activation of the anterior cingulate in bipolar patients: an fMRI study. J. Affect. Disord. 82, 191-201.
33. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 23, 56-62.
34. Hester, R. L., Murphy, K., Foxe, J. J., Foxe, D. M., Javitt, D. C., and Garavan, H. (2004). Predicting success: patterns of cortical activation and deactivation prior to response inhibition. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 776-785.
35. Hunsberger, J. G., Austin, D. R., Chen, G., and Manji, H. K. (2009). Cellular mechanisms underlying affective resiliency: the role of glucocorticoid receptor- and mitochondriallymediated plasticity. Brain Res. 1293, 76-84.
36. Jogia, J., Ruberto, G., Lelli-Chiesa, G., Vassos, E., Maierú, M., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P., Collier, D., and Frangou, S. (2011). The impact of the CACNA1C gene polymorphism on frontolimbic function in bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 16, 1070-1071.
37. Kempton, M. J., Geddes, J. R., Ettinger, U., Williams, S. C., and Grasby, P. M. (2008). Meta-analysis, database, and meta-regression of 98 structural imaging studies in bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 65, 1017-1032.
38. Kempton, M. J., Haldane, M., Jogia, J., Grasby, P. M., Collier, D., and Frangou, S. (2009). Dissociable brain structural changes associated with predisposition, resilience, and disease expression in bipolar disorder. J. Neurosci. 29, 10863-10868.
39. Kempton, M. J., Salvador, Z., Munafò, M. R., Geddes, J. R., Simmons, A., Frangou, S., and Williams, S. C. (2011). Structural neuroimaging studies in major depressive disorder. Meta-analysis and comparison with bipolar disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 675-690.
40. Kronhaus, D. M., Lawrence, N. S., Williams, A. M., Frangou, S., Brammer, M. J., Williams, S. C., Andrew, C. M., and Phillips, M. L. (2006). Stroop performance in bipolar disorder: further evidence for abnormalities in the ventral prefrontal cortex. Bipolar Disord. 8, 28-39.
41. Krüger, S., Alda, M., Young, L. T., Goldapple, K., Parikh, S., and Mayberg, H. S. (2006). Risk and resilience markers in bipolar disorder: brain responses to emotional challenge in bipolar patients and their healthy siblings. Am. J. Psychiatry 163, 257-264.
42. Kwapil, T. R., Barrantes-Vidal, N., Armistead, M. S., Hope, G. A., Brown, L. H., Silvia, P. J., and Myin-Germeys, I. (2011). The expression of bipolar spectrum psychopathology in daily life. J. Affect. Disord. 130, 166-170.
43. Lagopoulos, J., and Malhi, G. S. (2007). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of emotional Stroop in euthymic bipolar disorder. Neuroreport 18, 1583-1587.
44. Lelli-Chiesa, G., Kempton, M. J., Jogia, J., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P., Powell, J., Collier, D. A., and Frangou, S. (2011). The impact of the Val158Met catechol- O- methyltransferase genotype on neural correlates of sad facial affect processing in patients with bipolar disorder and their relatives. Psychol. Med. 41, 779-788.
45. Li, C. S., Yan, P., Sinha, R., and Lee, T. W. (2008). Subcortical processes of motor response inhibition during a stop signal task. Neuroimage 41, 1352-1363.
46. Lichtenstein, P., Yip, B. H., Björk, C., Pawitan, Y., Cannon, T. D., Sullivan, P. F., and Hultman, C. M. (2009). Common genetic determinants of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in Swedish families: a population-based study. Lancet 373, 234-239.
47. Liu, X., Banich, M. T., Jacobson, B. L., and Tanabe, J. L. (2006). Functional dissociation of attentional selection within PFC: response and non-response related aspects of attentional selection as ascertained by fMRI. Cereb. Cortex 16, 827-834.
48. Lukoff, D., Nuechterlien, K., and Ventura, J. (1986). Manual for the expanded Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Schizophr. Bull. 12, 594-608.
49. MacDonald, A. W. 3rd, Cohen, J. D., Stenger, V. A., and Carter, C. S. (2000). Dissociating the role of the dorsolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in cognitive control. Science 288, 1835-1838.
50. Maldjian, J. A., Laurienti, P. J., Kraft, R. A., and Burdette, J. H. (2003). An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage 19, 1233-1239.
51. Malhi, G. S., Lagopoulos, J., Sachdev, P. S., Ivanovski, B., and Shnier, R. (2005). An emotional Stroop functional MRI study of euthymic bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 7 (Suppl. 5), 58-69.
52. Margulies, D. S., Kelly, A. M., Uddin, L. Q., Biswal, B. B., Castellanos, F. X., and Milham, M. P. (2007). Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 37, 579-588.
53. Maschke, M., Schugens, M., Kindsvater, K., Drepper, J., Kolb, F. P., Diener, H. C., Daum, I., and Timmann, D. (2002). Fear conditioned changes of heart rate in patients with medial cerebellar lesions. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 72, 116-118.
54. Maxwell, E. (1992). The Family Interview for Genetic Studies Manual. National Institute of Mental Health. Washington, DC: Pearson.
55. McDonald, C., Bullmore, E. T., Sham, P. C., Chitnis, X., Wickham, H., Bramon, E., and Murray, R. M. (2004). Association of genetic risks for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with specific and generic brain structural endophenotypes. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 61, 974-984.
56. McGuffin, P., Rijsdijk, F., Andrew, M., Sham, P., Katz, R., and Cardno, A. (2003). The heritability of bipolar affective disorder and the genetic relationship to unipolar depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 60, 497-502.
57. McIntosh, A. M., Job, D. E., Moorhead, T. W., Harrison, L. K., Forrester, K., Lawrie, S. M., and Johnstone, E. C. (2004). Voxel-based morphometry of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives. Biol. Psychiatry 56, 544-552.
58. Merikangas, K. R., Jin, R., He, J. P., Kessler, R. C., Lee, S., Sampson, N. A., Viana, M. C., Andrade, L. H., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Ladea, M., Medina-Mora, M. E., Ono, Y., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Wells, J. E., and Zarkov, Z. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 68, 241-251.
59. Milham, M. P., Banich, M. T., and Barad, V. (2003). Competition for priority in processing increases prefrontal cortex's involvement in top-down control: an event-related fMRI study of the Stroop task. Brain Res. Cogn. Brain Res. 17, 212-222.
60. Mowbray, C. T., Bybee, D., Oyserman, D., MacFarlane, P., and Bowersox, N. (2006). Psychosocial outcomes for adult children of parents with severe mental illnesses: demographic and clinical history predictors. Health Soc. Work 31, 99-108.
61. Myin-Germeys, I., Peeters, F., Havermans, R., Nicolson, N. A., DeVries, M. W., Delespaul, P., and van Os, J. (2003). Emotional reactivity to daily life stress in psychosis and affective disorder: an experience sampling study. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 107, 124-131.
62. Nee, D. E., Wager, T. D., and Jonides, J. (2007). Interference resolution: insights from a meta-analysis of neuroimaging tasks. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 7, 1-17.
63. Parsons, L. M., Denton, D., Egan, G., McKinley, M., Shade, R., Lancaster, J., and Fox, P. T. (2000). Neuroimaging evidence implicating cerebellum in support of sensory/cognitive processes associated with thirst. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 2332-2336.
64. Pavuluri, M. N., O'Connor, M. M., Harral, E. M., and Sweeney, J. A. (2008). An fMRI study of the interface between affective and cognitive neural circuitry in pediatric bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res. 162, 244-255.
65. Perrier, E., Pompei, F., Ruberto, G., Vassos, E., Collier, D., and Frangou, S. (2011). Initial evidence for the role of CACNA1C on subcortical brain morphology in patients with bipolar disorder. Eur. Psychiatry 26, 135-1357.
66. Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., and Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a metaanalysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage 16, 331-348.
67. Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., and Drevets, W. C. (2008). A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Mol. Psychiatry 13, 829-857.
68. Pochon, J. B., Riis, J., Sanfey, A. G., Nystrom, L. E., and Cohen, J. D. (2008). Functional imaging of decision conflict. J. Neurosci. 28, 3468-3473.
69. Pompei, F., Jigar, J., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P., Rubia, K., Kumari, V., and Frangou, S. (2011a). Familial and disease specific abnormalities in the neural correlates of the Stroop Task in Bipolar Disorder. Neuroimage 56, 1677-1684.
70. Pompei, F., Dima, D., Rubia, K., Kumari, V., Frangou, S. (2011b). Dissociable functional connectivity changes during the Stroop task relating to risk, resilience and disease expression in bipolar disorder. Neuroimage 57, 576-582.
71. Ramnani, N. (2006). The primate cortico-cerebellar system: anatomy and function. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 7, 511-522.
72. Reiman, E. M., Lane, R. D., Ahern, G. L., Schwartz, G. E., Davidson, R. J, Friston, K. J., Yun, L. S., and Chen, K. (1997). Neuroanatomical correlates of externally and internally generated human emotion. Am. J. Psychiatry 154, 918-925.
73. Reis, D. J., and Golanov, E. V. (1997). Autonomic and vasomotor regulation. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 41, 121-149.
74. Robins, T. W. (2007). Shifting and stopping: fronto-striatal substrates, neurochemical modulation and clinical implications. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 362, 917-932.
75. Roth, R. M., Koven, N. S., Randolph, J. J., Flashman, L. A., Pixley, H. S., Ricketts, S. M., Wishart, H. A., and Saykin, A. J. (2006). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of executive control in bipolar disorder. Neuroreport 17, 1085-1089.
76. Sacchetti, B., Scelfo, B., and Strata, P. (2009). Cerebellum and emotional behavior. Neuroscience 162, 756-762.
77. Schmahmann, J. D. (2004). Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 16, 367-378.
78. Schmahmann, J. D., and Caplan, D. (2006). Cognition, emotion and the cerebellum. Brain 129, 290-292.
79. Schmahmann, J. D., and Sherman, J. C. (1998). The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 121, 561-579.
80. Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., and Frith, C. D. (2004). Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain. Science 303, 1157-1162.
81. Sklar, P., Ripke, S., Scott, L. J., Andreassen, O. A., Cichon, S., Craddock, N., Edenberg, H. J., Nurnberger, J. I. Jr., Rietschel, M., Blackwood, D., Corvin, A., Flickinger, M., Guan, W., Mattingsdal, M., McQuillin, A., Kwan, P., Wienker, T. F., Daly, M., Dudbridge, F., Holmans, P. A., Lin, D., Burmeister, M., Greenwood, T. A., Hamshere, M. L., Muglia, P., Smith, E. N., Zandi, P. P., Nievergelt, C. M., McKinney, R., Shilling, P. D., Schork, N. J., Bloss, C. S., Foroud, T., Koller, D. L., Gershon, E. S., Liu, C., Badner, J. A., Scheftner, W. A., Lawson, W. B., Nwulia, E. A., Hipolito, M., Coryell, W., Rice, J., Byerley, W., McMahon, F. J., Schulze, T. G., Berrettini, W., Lohoff, F. W., Potash, J. B., Mahon, P. B., McInnis, M. G., Zöllner, S., Zhang, P., Craig, D. W., Szelinger, S., Barrett, T. B., Breuer, R., Meier, S., Strohmaier, J., Witt, S. H., Tozzi, F., Farmer, A., McGuffin, P., Strauss, J., Xu, W., Kennedy, J. L., Vincent, J. B., Matthews, K., Day, R., Ferreira, M. A., O'Dushlaine, C., Perlis, R., Raychaudhuri, S., Ruderfer, D., Hyoun, P. L., Smoller, J. W., Li, J., Absher, D., Thompson, R. C., Meng, F. G., Schatzberg, A. F., Bunney, W. E., Barchas, J. D., Jones, E. G., Watson, S. J., Myers, R. M., Akil, H., Boehnke, M., Chambert, K., Moran, J., Scolnick, E., Djurovic, S., Melle, I., Morken, G., Gill, M., Morris, D., Quinn, E., Mühleisen, T. W., Degenhardt, F. A., Mattheisen, M., Schumacher, J., Maier, W., Steffens, M., Propping, P., Nöthen, M. M., Anjorin, A., Bass, N., Gurling, H., Kandaswamy, R., Lawrence, J., McGhee, K., McIntosh, A., McLean, A. W., Muir, W. J., Pickard, B. S., Breen, G., St. Clair, D., Caesar, S., Gordon-Smith, K., Jones, L., Fraser, C., Green, E. K., Grozeva, D., Jones, I. R., Kirov, G., Moskvina, V., Nikolov, I., O'Donovan, M. C., Owen, M. J., Collier, D. A., Elkin, A., Williamson, R., Young, A. H., Ferrier, I. N., Stefansson, K., Stefansson, H., Thornorgeirsson, T., Steinberg, S., Gustafsson, O., Bergen, S. E., Nimgaonkar, V., Hultman, C., Landén, M., Lichtenstein, P., Sullivan, P., Schalling, M., Osby, U., Backlund, L., Frisén, L., Langstrom, N., Jamain, S., Leboyer, M., Etain, B., Bellivier, F., Petursson, H., Sigursson, E., Müller-Mysok, B., Lucae, S., Schwarz, M., Schofield, P. R., Martin, N., Montgomery, G. W., Lathrop, M., Oskarsson, H., Bauer, M., Wright, A., Mitchell, P. B., Hautzinger, M., Reif, A., Kelsoe, J. R., Purcell, S. M., and Psychiatric GWAS Consortium Bipolar Disorder Working Group. (2011). Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4. Nat. Genet. 43, 977-983.
82. Smoller, J. W., and Finn, C. T. (2003). Family, twin, and adoption studies of bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. C Semin. Med. Genet. 123C, 48-58.
83. Stefanopoulou, E., Manoharan, A., Landau, S., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G., and Frangou, S. (2009). Cognitive functioning in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 21, 336-356.
84. Stern, Y. (2002). What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 8, 448-460.
85. Stoodley, C. J., and Schmahmann, J. D. (2009). Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a metaanalysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 44, 489-501.
86. Stoodley, C. J., and Schmahmann, J. D. (2010). Evidence for topographic organization in the cerebellum of motor control versus cognitive and affective processing. Cortex 46, 831-844.
87. Strakowski, S. M., Adler, C. M., Holland, S. K., Mills, N. P., DelBello, M. P., and Eliassen, J. C. (2005). Abnormal FMRI brain activation in euthymic bipolar disorder patients during a counting Stroop interference task. Am. J. Psychiatry 162, 1697-1705.
88. Stroop, J. R. (1935). Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. J. Exp. Psychol. XVIII, 643-662.
89. Takahashi, T., Walterfang, M., Wood, S. J., Kempton, M. J., Jogia, J., Lorenzetti, V., Soulsby, B., Suzuki, M., Velakoulis, D., Pantelis, C., and Frangou, S. (2010). Pituitary volume in patients with bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives. J. Affect. Disord. 124, 256-261.
90. Thermenos, H. W., Goldstein, J. M., Milanovic, S. M., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Makris, N., Laviolette, P., Koch, J. K., Faraone, S. V., Tsuang, M. T., Buka,S.L.,and Seidman,L.J.(2010). An fMRI study of working memory in persons with bipolar disorder or at genetic risk for bipolar disorder. Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropsychiatr. Genet. 153B, 120-131.
91. Thirion, B., Pinel, P., Meriaux, S., Roche, A., Dehaene, S., and Poline, J. B. (2007). Analysis of a large fMRI cohort: statistical and methodological issues for group analyses. Neuroimage 35, 105-120.
92. Turner, B. M., Paradiso, S., Marvel, C. L., Pierson, R., Boles Ponto, L. L., Hichwa, R. D., and Robinson, R. G. (2007). The cerebellum and emotional experience. Neuropsychologia 45, 1331-1341.
93. Wager, T. D., Sylvester, C. Y., Lacey, S. C., Nee, D. E., Franklin, M., and Jonides, J. (2005). Common and unique components of response inhibition revealed by fMRI. Neuroimage 27, 323-340.
94. Walterfang, M., Wood, A. G., Barton, S., Velakoulis, D., Chen, J., Reutens, D. C., Kempton, M. J., Haldane, M., Pantelis, C., and Frangou, S. (2009). Corpus callosum size and shape alterations in individuals with bipolar disorder and their first-degree relatives. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 33, 1050-1057.
95. Wechsler, D. (1997). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, 3rd Edn. San Antonio: Pearson.
96. Young, R. C., Biggs, J. T., Ziegler, V. E., and Meyer, D. A. (1978). A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br. J. Psychiatry 133, 429-435.