Contemporary use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors

Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Volumn 107, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 215-224

  Kristensen, Steen Dalby ^a   Würtz, Morten ^a   Grove, Erik Lerkevang ^a   de Caterina, Raffaele ^b   Huber, Kurt ^c   Moliterno, David J ^d   Neumann, Franz Josef ^e  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHIETI   (Italy)

^c WILHELMINEN HOSPITAL   (Austria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^e Herz Zentrum Bad Krozingen   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Abciximab; Acute coronary syndrome; Antiplatelet agents; Glycoprotein IIb IIIa inhibitors; Percutaneous coronary intervention

Indexed keywords

ABCIXIMAB; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; CLOPIDOGREL; EPTIFIBATIDE; FIBRINOGEN; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; HEPARIN; HIRULOG; LOTRAFIBAN; ORBOFIBAN; PLACEBO; PURINERGIC P2Y12 RECEPTOR; SIBRAFIBAN; TIROFIBAN; XEMILOFIBAN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; BLEEDING; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; NON ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANGIOPLASTY; ANIMALS; ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENTS; HUMANS; IMMUNOGLOBULIN FAB FRAGMENTS; PEPTIDES; PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; THROMBOSIS; TYROSINE;

EID: 84856639596     PISSN: 03406245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1160/TH11-07-0468     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. The EPIC Investigation. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 956-961.
2. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. The EPILOG Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1689-1696.
3. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of abciximab before and during coronary intervention in refractory unstable angina: the CAPTURE Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1429-1435.
4. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1488-1497.
5. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1498-1505.
6. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 436-443.
7. Coller BS, Peerschke EI, Scudder LE, et al. A murine monoclonal antibody that completely blocks the binding of fibrinogen to platelets produces a thrombasthenic- like state in normal platelets and binds to glycoproteins IIb and/or IIIa. J Clin Invest 1983; 72: 325-338.
8. Shattil SJ. Signaling through platelet integrin alpha IIb beta 3: inside-out, outsidein, and sideways. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 318-325.
9. Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Shear WS, Schwartzberg J, et al. Clues to the death of an Olympic champion. Lancet 1996; 347: 1833.
10. Weiss EJ, Bray PF, Tayback M, et al. A polymorphism of a platelet glycoprotein receptor as an inherited risk factor for coronary thrombosis. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1090-1094.
11. Walter DH, Schachinger V, Elsner M, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIIa polymorphisms and risk of coronary stent thrombosis. Lancet 1997; 350: 1217-1219.
12. Grove EL, Orntoft TF, Lassen JF, et al. The platelet polymorphism PlA2 is a genetic risk factor for myocardial infarction. J Intern Med 2004; 255: 637-644.
13. Gawaz MP, Loftus JC, Bajt ML, et al. Ligand bridging mediates integrin alpha IIb beta 3 (platelet GPIIB-IIIA) dependent homotypic and heterotypic cell-cell interactions. J Clin Invest 1991; 88: 1128-1134.
14. Tcheng JE, Ellis SG, George BS, et al. Pharmacodynamics of chimeric glycoprotein IIb/IIIa integrin antiplatelet antibody Fab 7E3 in high-risk coronary angioplasty. Circulation 1994; 90: 1757-1764.
15. Coller BS. Binding of abciximab to alpha V beta 3 and activated alpha M beta 2 receptors: with a review of platelet-leukocyte interactions. Thromb Haemost 1999; 82: 326-336.
16. Neumann FJ, Zohlnhofer D, Fakhoury L, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade on platelet-leukocyte interaction and surface expression of the leukocyte integrin Mac-1 in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 1420-1426.
17. Kleiman NS. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 263-275.
18. Kereiakes DJ, Broderick TM, Roth EM, et al. Time course, magnitude, and consistency of platelet inhibition by abciximab, tirofiban, or eptifibatide in patients with unstable angina pectoris undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 1999; 84: 391-395.
19. Steinhubl SR, Talley JD, Braden GA, et al. Point-of-care measured platelet inhibition correlates with a reduced risk of an adverse cardiac event after percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the GOLD (AU-Assessing Ultegra) multicenter study. Circulation 2001; 103: 2572-2578.
20. Chew DP, Bhatt DL, Sapp S, et al. Increased mortality with oral platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: a meta-analysis of phase III multicenter randomized trials. Circulation 2001; 103: 201-206.
21. Valgimigli M, Campo G, Tebaldi M, et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of effects of abiciximab bolus only vs. on-label regimen on ex vivo inhibition of platelet aggregation in responders to clopidogrel undergoing coronary stenting. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 1903-1911.
22. Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, et al. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization: The Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 2501-2555.
23. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 356: 2037-2044.
24. Tcheng JE, Talley JD, O'Shea JC, et al. Clinical pharmacology of higher dose eptifibatide in percutaneous coronary intervention (the PRIDE study). Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 1097-1102.
25. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. The RESTORE Investigators. Randomized Efficacy Study of Tirofiban for Outcomes and REstenosis. Circulation 1997; 96: 1445-1453.
26. Van't Hof AW, ten Berg J, Heestermans T, et al. Prehospital initiation of tirofiban in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty (On-TIME 2): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 372: 537-546.
27. Topol EJ. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1905-1914.
28. De Caterina R, Zimarino M. Understanding the complexity of abciximab-related thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103: 484-486.
29. Lajus S, Clofent-Sanchez G, Jais C, et al. Thrombocytopenia after abciximab use results from different mechanisms. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103: 651-661.
30. Winchester DE, Wen X, Brearley WD, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors During Elective Coronary Revascularization A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials Performed in the Era of Stents and Thienopyridines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 1190-1199.
31. Topol EJ, Moliterno DJ, Herrmann HC, et al. Comparison of two platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, tirofiban and abciximab, for the prevention of ischemic events with percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1888-1894.
32. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Schuhlen H, et al. A clinical trial of abciximab in elective percutaneous coronary intervention after pretreatment with clopidogrel. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 232-238.
33. Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Schuhlen H, et al. Randomized clinical trial of abciximab in diabetic patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions after treatment with a high loading dose of clopidogrel. Circulation 2004; 110: 3627-3635.
34. Bhatt DL, Marso SP, Lincoff AM, et al. Abciximab reduces mortality in diabetics following percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 922-928.
35. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Valgimigli M, Sheiban I, et al. A randomized trial comparing eptifibatide vs. placebo in patients with diffuse coronary artery disease undergoing drug-eluting stent implantation: design of the INtegrilin plus STenting to Avoid myocardial Necrosis Trial. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2008; 9: 957-962.
36. Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, et al. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 289: 853-863.
37. Valgimigli M, Campo G, de Cesare N, et al. Intensifying platelet inhibition with tirofiban in poor responders to aspirin, clopidogrel, or both agents undergoing elective coronary intervention: results from the double-blind, prospective, randomized Tailoring Treatment with Tirofiban in Patients Showing Resistance to Aspirin and/or Resistance to Clopidogrel study. Circulation 2009; 119: 3215-3222.
38. Campo G, Fileti L, de Cesare N, et al. Long-term clinical outcome based on aspirin and clopidogrel responsiveness status after elective percutaneous coronary intervention: a 3T/2R (tailoring treatment with tirofiban in patients showing resistance to aspirin and/or resistance to clopidogrel) trial substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 1447-1455.
39. Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Zaman KA, et al. Clopidogrel loading with eptifibatide to arrest the reactivity of platelets: results of the Clopidogrel Loading With Eptifibatide to Arrest the Reactivity of Platelets (CLEAR PLATELETS) study. Circulation 2005; 111: 1153-1159.
40. Simoons ML. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1915-1924.
41. Silber S, Albertsson P, Aviles FF, et al. Guidelines for percutaneous coronary interventions. The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2005; 26: 804-847.
42. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1879-1887.
43. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Pogatsa-Murray G, et al. Evaluation of prolonged antithrombotic pretreatment ("cooling-off" strategy) before intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1593-1599.
44. Stone GW, Bertrand ME, Moses JW, et al. Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial. J Am Med Assoc 2007; 297: 591-602.
45. Giugliano RP, White JA, Bode C, et al. Early versus delayed, provisional eptifibatide in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 2176-2190.
46. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Neumann FJ, et al. Abciximab in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel pretreatment: the ISAR-REACT 2 randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2006; 295: 1531-1538.
47. Wang TY, White JA, Tricoci P, et al. Upstream Clopidogrel Use and the Efficacy and Safety of Early Eptifibatide Treatment in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: An Analysis From the Early Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition in Patients With Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (EARLY ACS) Trial. Circulation 2011; 123: 722-730.
48. Stone GW, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, et al. Bivalirudin for patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2203-2216.
49. Stone GW, Moliterno DJ, Bertrand M, et al. Impact of clinical syndrome acuity on the differential response to 2 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients undergoing coronary stenting: the TARGET Trial. Circulation 2002; 105: 2347-2354.
50. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2001-2015.
51. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 1045-1057.
52. O'Donoghue M, Antman EM, Braunwald E, et al. The efficacy and safety of prasugrel with and without a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor in patients with acutecoronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous intervention: a TRITON-TIMI 38 (Trial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet Inhibition With Prasugrel-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 38) analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: 678-685.
53. Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K, et al. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 733-742.
54. Zijlstra F, de Boer MJ, Hoorntje JC, et al. A comparison of immediate coronary angioplasty with intravenous streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 680-684.
55. Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A, et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 278: 2093-2098.
56. Efficacy and safety of tenecteplase in combination with enoxaparin, abciximab, or unfractionated heparin: the ASSENT-3 randomised trial in acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2001; 358: 605-613.
57. Brener SJ, Barr LA, Burchenal JE, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. ReoPro and Primary PTCA Organization and Randomized Trial (RAPPORT) Investigators. Circulation 1998; 98: 734-741.
58. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab on clinical and angiographic restenosis rate after the placement of coronary stents following acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 915-921.
59. Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1895-1903.
60. Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 957-966.
61. Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, et al. A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 42: 1879-1885.
62. Zeymer U, Margenet A, Haude M, et al. Randomized comparison of eptifibatide versus abciximab in primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the EVA-AMI Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 463-469.
63. Gurm HS, Smith DE, Collins JS, et al. The relative safety and efficacy of abciximab and eptifibatide in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from a large regional registry of contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 51: 529-535.
64. Dudek D, Siudak Z, Janzon M, et al. European registry on patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction transferred for mechanical reperfusion with a special focus on early administration of abciximab -- EUROTRANSFER Registry. Am Heart J 2008; 156: 1147-1154.
65. De Luca G, Gibson CM, Bellandi F, et al. Early glycoprotein IIb-IIIa inhibitors in primary angioplasty (EGYPT) cooperation: an individual patient data metaanalysis. Heart 2008; 94: 1548-1558.
66. Huber K, Holmes DR, Jr., van 't Hof AW, et al. Use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in primary percutaneous coronary intervention: insights from the APEXAMI trial. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 1708-1716.
67. Ellis SG, Tendera M, de Belder MA, et al. Facilitated PCI in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2205-2217.
68. Heestermans AA, van Werkum JW, Hamm C, et al. Marked reduction of early stent thrombosis with pre-hospital initiation of high-dose Tirofiban in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 1612-1618.
69. Marzocchi A, Manari A, Piovaccari G, et al. Randomized comparison between tirofiban and abciximab to promote complete ST-resolution in primary angioplasty: results of the facilitated angioplasty with tirofiban or abciximab (FATA) in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2972-2980.
70. Valgimigli M, Campo G, Percoco G, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with infusion of tirofiban or abciximab and with implantation of sirolimus-eluting or uncoated stents for acute myocardial infarction: the MULTISTRATEGY randomized trial. J Am Med Assoc 2008; 299: 1788-1799.
71. Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Schulz S, et al. Abciximab in patients with acute ST-segmentelevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention after clopidogrel loading: a randomized double-blind trial. Circulation 2009; 119: 1933-1940.
72. Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2218-2230.
73. Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Heparin plus a glycoprotein IIb/ IIIa inhibitor versus bivalirudin monotherapy and paclitaxel-eluting stents versus bare-metal stents in acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): final 3-year results from a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 378(9792): 643-645.
74. Witzenbichler B, Mehran R, Guagliumi G, et al. Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Safety and Effectiveness of Bivalirudin in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Angioplasty Analysis From the HORIZONS-AMI (Harmonizing Outcomes with RevasculariZatiON and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 4: 760-768.
75. Moser M, Bertram U, Peter K, et al. Abciximab, eptifibatide, and tirofiban exhibit dose-dependent potencies to dissolve platelet aggregates. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 41: 586-592.
76. Deibele AJ, Jennings LK, Tcheng JE, et al. Intracoronary eptifibatide bolus administration during percutaneous coronary revascularization for acute coronary syndromes with evaluation of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor occupancy and platelet function: the Intracoronary Eptifibatide (ICE) Trial. Circulation 2010; 121: 784-791.
77. Kirma C, Erkol A, Pala S, et al. Intracoronary bolus-only compared with intravenous bolus plus infusion of tirofiban application in patients with st-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; epub ahead of print.
78. Thiele H, Schindler K, Friedenberger J, et al. Intracoronary compared with intravenous bolus abciximab application in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the randomized Leipzig immediate percutaneous coronary intervention abciximab IV versus IC in ST-elevation myocardial infarction trial. Circulation 2008; 118: 49-57.
79. Gu YL, Kampinga MA, Wieringa WG, et al. Intracoronary versus intravenous administration of abciximab in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention with thrombus aspiration: the comparison of intracoronary versus intravenous abciximab administration during emergency reperfusion of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (CICERO) trial. Circulation 2010; 122: 2709-2717.
80. Iversen A, Abildgaard U, Galloe A, et al. Intracoronary Compared to Intravenous Bolus Abciximab during Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Patients Reduces 30-day Mortality and Target Vessel Revascularization: A Randomized Trial. J Interv Cardiol 2011; 24: 105-111.
81. Gibson CM, Maehara A, Lansky AJ, et al. Rationale and design of the INFUSEAMI study: A 2 x 2 factorial, randomized, multicenter, single-blind evaluation of intracoronary abciximab infusion and aspiration thrombectomy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2011; 161: 478-486.
82. Thiele H, Wohrle J, Neuhaus P, et al. Intracoronary compared with intravenous bolus abciximab application during primary percutaneous coronary intervention: design and rationale of the Abciximab Intracoronary versus intravenously Drug Application in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (AIDA STEMI) trial. Am Heart J 2010; 159: 547-554.
83. Bonello L, Pansieri M, Mancini J, et al. High on-treatment platelet reactivity after prasugrel loading dose and cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 467-473.
84. Frelinger AL, III, Michelson AD, Wiviott SD, et al. Intrinsic platelet reactivity before P2Y12 blockade contributes to residual platelet reactivity despite high-level P2Y12 blockade by prasugrel or high-dose clopidogrel. Results from PRINCIPLE- TIMI 44. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106: 219-226.
85. Brown B, Moliterno DJ. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. In Therapeutic strategies in thrombosis. 1st ed. Oxford Centre for Innovation, UK, Clinical Publishing Oxford; 2006: 37-60.