Effects of pentoxifylline on intestinal bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats with ascites

Digestive and Liver Disease

Volumn 44, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 239-244

  Corradi, Francesco ^a   Brusasco, Claudia ^a   Fernández, Javier ^b   Vila, Jordi ^b   Ramirez, Maria Jose ^b   Seva Pereira, Tiago ^b   Fernández Varo, Guillermo ^b   Mosbah, Ismail Ben ^c   Acevedo, Juan ^b   Silva, Anibal ^b   Rocco, Patricia Rieken Macedo ^d   Pelosi, Paolo ^a   Gines, Pere ^b   Navasa, Miquel ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^c INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^d FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Bacterial translocation; Experimental cirrhosis; Intestinal bacterial overgrowth; Norfloxacin; Pentoxifylline

Indexed keywords

CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; MALONALDEHYDE; NORFLOXACIN; PENTOXIFYLLINE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; ASCITES; ASCITES FLUID; BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH; BACTERIAL PERITONITIS; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; CECUM; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; INTESTINE FLORA; INTESTINE MUCOSA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; RAT;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANIMALS; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; ASCITES; ASCITIC FLUID; BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION; CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; CECUM; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE INFECTIONS; FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALONDIALDEHYDE; NORFLOXACIN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PERITONITIS; RANDOM ALLOCATION; RATS; RATS, WISTAR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 84856569378     PISSN: 15908658     EISSN: 18783562     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2011.10.014     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Rimola A., Navasa M. Infection in liver disease. Oxford textbook of clinical hepatology 1999, 1861-1874. Oxford University Press, Oxford/New York/Tokyo. 2nd edition. J. Bircher, J.P. Benhamou, N. McIntyre (Eds.).
2. Wong F., Bernardi M., Balk R., et al. Sepsis in cirrhosis: report on the 7th meeting of the international ascites club. Gut 2005, 54:718-725.
3. Ginés P., Rimola A., Planas R., et al. Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 1990, 12:716-724.
4. Fernández J., Navasa M., Planas R., et al. Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrosis. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:818-824.
5. Soriano G., Guarner C., Tomás A., et al. Norfloxacin prevents bacterial infection in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology 1992, 103:1267-1272.
6. Runyon B.A., Borzio M., Young S., et al. Effect of selective bowel decontamination with norfloxacin on spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, translocation, and survival in an animal model of cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995, 21:1719-1724.
7. Dupeyron C., Mangeney N., Sedrati L., et al. Rapid emergence of quinolone resistance in cirrhotic patients treated with norfloxacin to prevent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994, 38:340-344.
8. Bauer T.M., Follo A., Navasa M., et al. Daily norfloxacin is more effective than weekly rufloxacin in the prevention of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence. Dig Dis Sci 2002, 47:1356-1361.
9. Ortiz J., Vila M.C., Soriano G., et al. Infections caused by Escherichia coli resistant to norfloxacin in hospitalized cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1999, 29:1064-1069.
10. Fernàndez J., Navasa M., Gómez J., et al. Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 2002, 35:140-148.
11. Acevedo J., Fernandez J., Castro M., et al. Current efficacy of recommended empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with cirrhosis and bacterial infection. J Hepatol 2009, 50(Suppl. 1):S5.
12. Genesca J., Marti R., Rojo F., et al. Increased tumour necrosis factor alpha production in mesenteric lymph nodes of cirrhotic patients with ascites. Gut 2003, 52:1054-1059.
13. Francés R., Chiva M., Sánchez E., et al. Bacterial translocation is downregulated by anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody administration in rats with cirrhosis and ascites. J Hepatol 2007, 46:797-803.
14. Chiva M., Guarner C., Peralta C., et al. Intestinal mucosal oxidative damage and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003, 15:145-150.
15. Flohel L., Beckmann R., Giertz H. Oxygen-centered free radicals as mediators of inflammation. Oxidative stress 1985, 403-436. Academic Press, London. H. Sies (Ed.).
16. Marnett L.J. Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Toxicology 2002, 27:181-182. 219-22.
17. Gawel S., Wardas M., Niedworok E., et al. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is a lipid peroxidation marker. Wiad Lek 2004, 57:453-455.
18. Ward A., Clissold S.P. Pentoxifylline. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and its therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1987, 34:50-97.
19. Huh P.W., Kotasek D., Jacob H.S., et al. Mechanism of action of pentoxifylline in peripheral vascular disease: inhibition of platelet and granulocyte responsiveness. Clin Res 1985, 33:866-878.
20. Dorazil-Dudzik M., Mika J., Schafer M.K., et al. The effects of local pentoxifylline and propentofylline treatment on formalin-induced pain and tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA levels in the inflamed tissue of the rat paw. Anesth Analg 2004, 98:1566-1573.
21. Ji Q., Zhang L., Jia H., et al. Pentoxifylline inhibits endotoxin-induced NF-kappa B activation and associated production of proinflammatory cytokines. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2004, 34:427-436.
22. Matheus A.S., Coelho A.M., Sampietre S., et al. Do the effects of pentoxifylline on the inflammatory process and pancreatic infection justify its use in acute pancreatitis?. Pancreatology 2009, 9:687-693.
23. Kocdor M.A., Kocdor H., Gulay Z., et al. The effects of pentoxifylline on bacterial translocation after intestinal obstruction. Shock 2002, 18:148-151.
24. Köylüoglu G., Bakici M.Z., Elagöz S., et al. The effects of pentoxifylline treatment on bacterial translocation after hemorrhagic shock in rats. Clin Exp Med 2001, 1:61-66.
25. Yada-Langui M.M., Coimbra R., Lancellotti C., et al. Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline prevent lung injury and bacterial translocation after hemorrhagic shock. Shock 2000, 14:594-598.
26. Runyon B.A., Sugano S., Kanel G., et al. A rodent model of cirrhoris, ascites, and bacterial peritonitis. Gastroenterology 1991, 100:489-493.
27. Guarner C., Runyon B.A., Young S., et al. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites. J Hepatol 1997, 26:1372-1378.
28. Garcia-Tsao G., Lee F.Y., Barden G.E., et al. Bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes is increased in cirrhotic rats with ascites. Gastroenterology 1995, 108:1835-1841.
29. Llovet J.M., Bartolí R., Planas R., et al. Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats. Its role in the development of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Gut 1994, 35:1648-1652.
30. Llovet J.M., Bartolí R., March F., et al. Translocated intestinal bacteria cause spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic rats: molecular epidemiologic evidence. J Hepatol 1998, 28:307-313.
31. Pérez-Paramo M., Muñoz J., Albillos A., et al. Effect of propranolol on the factors promoting bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats with ascites. Hepatology 2000, 31:43-48.
32. Bauer T.M., Fernández J., Navasa M., et al. Failure of Lactobacillus spp. to prevent bacterial translocation in a rat model of experimental cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2002, 36:501-506.
33. Casafont F., Sánchez E., Martín L., et al. Influence of malnutrition on the prevalence of bacterial translocation and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in experimental cirrhosis in rats. Hepatology 1997, 25:1334-1337.
34. Guarner C., Runyon B.A., Heck M., et al. Effect of long-term trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis on ascites formation, bacterial translocation, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and survival in cirrhotic rats. Dig Dis Sci 1999, 44:1957-1962.
35. Seva-Pereira T., Fernández J., Navasa M., et al. Failure of acarbose in preventing bacterial translocation in experimental cirrosis. J Hepatol 2003, 39:454-455.
36. Lorenzo-Zúñiga V., Bartolí R., Planas R., et al. Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 2003, 37:551-557.
37. Albillos A., De la Hera A. Multifactorial gut barrier failure in cirrhosis and bacterial translocation: working out the role of probiotics and antioxidants. J Hepatol 2002, 37:523-526.
38. Wiest R., Garcia-Tsao G. Bacterial translocation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2005, 41:22-33.
39. Fraser A.G., Pounder R.E., Burroughs A.K. Gastric secretion and peptic ulceration in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1993, 19:171-182.
40. Bauer T.M., Steinbruckner B., Brinkmann F.E., et al. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis: prevalence and relation with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:2962-2967.
41. Chesta J., Defilippi C. Abnormalities in proximal small bowel motility in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993, 17:828-832.
42. Lebrec D., Thabut D., Oberti F., et al. Pentocir group: pentoxifylline does not decrease short-term mortality but does reduce complications in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2010, 138:1755-1762.
43. Scarpellini E., Valenza V., Gabrielli M., et al. Intestinal permeability in cirrhotic patients with and without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: is the ring closed?. Am J Gastroenterol 2010, 105:323-327.
44. Ma T.Y., Boivin M.A., Ye D., et al. Mechanism of TNF-α modulation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier: role of myosin light-chain protein expression. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005, 288:G422-G430.
45. Costantini T.W., Loomis W.R., Putnam J.G., et al. Pentoxifylline modulates intestinal tight junction signalling after burn injury: effects on myosin light chain kinase. J Trauma 2009, 66:17-24.
46. Costantini T.W., Loomis W.H., Putnam J.G., et al. Burn-induced gut barrier injury is attenuated by phosphodiesterase inhibition: effects on tight junction structural proteins. Shock 2009, 31:416-422.
47. Deree J., De Campos T., Shenvi E., et al. Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline attenuates gut injury after hemorrhagic shock: the kinder, gentler resuscitation. J Trauma 2007, 62:818-828.
48. Soliman H.M., O'Neal K., Waxman K. Pentoxifylline improves tissue oxygenation following anesthesia and operation. Crit Care Med 1987, 15:93-94.
49. Myers S.I., Horton J.W., Hernandez R., et al. Pentoxifylline protects splanchnic prostacyclin synthesis during mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion. Prostaglandins 1994, 47:137-150.
50. Tsang G.M., Allen S., Pagano D., et al. Pentoxifylline preloading reduces endothelial injury and permeability in cardiopulmonary bypass. ASAIO J 1996, 42:M429-M434.
51. Szczepanik A.M., Wordliczek J., Serednicki W., et al. Pentoxifylline does not affect nociception if administered postoperatively. Pol J Pharmacol 2004, 56:611-616.
52. Chen L.W., Egan L., Li Z.W., et al. The two faces of IKK and NF-kappaB inhibition: prevention of systemic inflammation but increased local injury following intestinal ischemia-reperfusion. Nat Med 2003, 9:575-581.