Unilateral lower limb suspension: Integrative physiological knowledge from the past 20 years (1991-2011)

European Journal of Applied Physiology

Volumn 112, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 9-22

  Hackney, K J ^a,b   Ploutz Snyder, L L ^a,b,c  

^a SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NASA JOHNSON SPACE CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITIES SPACE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Disuse; Inactivity; Space flight analogs; Unweighting

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; BED REST; EXERCISE; HUMAN; LEG; METHODOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SKELETAL MUSCLE; WEIGHTLESSNESS;

BED REST; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; LOWER EXTREMITY; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; RESTRAINT, PHYSICAL; WEIGHTLESSNESS SIMULATION;

EID: 84856553408     PISSN: 14396319     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-1971-7     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. P Aagaard EB Simonsen JL Andersen P Magnusson P Dyhre-Poulsen 2002 Neural adaptation to resistance training: changes in evoked V-wave and H-reflex responses J Appl Physiol 92 2309 2318 12015341 (Pubitemid 34666352)
2. T Abe CF Kearns Y Sato 2006 Muscle size and strength are increased following walk training with restricted venous blood flow from the leg muscle, Kaatsu-walk training J Appl Physiol 100 1460 1466 16339340 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD28XltVWlt74%3D
3. GR Adams 2002 Human unilateral lower limb suspension as a model for spaceflight effects on skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol 93 1563 1565 12369570 author reply 1565-1566
4. GR Adams MR Duvoisin GA Dudley 1992 Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography as indexes of muscle function J Appl Physiol 73 1578 1583 1447107 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FnslCjug%3D%3D
5. GR Adams BM Hather GA Dudley 1994 Effect of short-term unweighting on human skeletal muscle strength and size Aviat Space Environ Med 65 1116 1121 7872913 1:STN:280:DyaK2M7nslOrtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24379395)
6. GR Adams VJ Caiozzo KM Baldwin 2003 Skeletal muscle unweighting: spaceflight and ground-based models J Appl Physiol 95 2185 2201 14600160 (Pubitemid 37444955)
7. H Akima K Kubo H Kanehisa Y Suzuki A Gunji T Fukunaga 2000 Leg-press resistance training during 20 days of 6 degrees head-down-tilt bed rest prevents muscle deconditioning Eur J Appl Physiol 82 30 38 10879440 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3cvntFGjtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30312841)
8. H Akima K Kubo M Imai H Kanehisa Y Suzuki A Gunji T Fukunaga 2001 Inactivity and muscle: effect of resistance training during bed rest on muscle size in the lower limb Acta Physiol Scand 172 269 278 11531648 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtFamsb8%3D (Pubitemid 32848218)
9. H Akima N Hotta K Sato K Ishida T Koike K Katayama 2009 Cycle ergometer exercise to counteract muscle atrophy during unilateral lower limb suspension Aviat Space Environ Med 80 652 656 19601509
10. DG Allen GD Lamb H Westerblad 2008 Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms Physiol Rev 88 287 332 18195089 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitVKgtrg%3D
11. MM Bamman GR Hunter BR Stevens ME Guilliams MC Greenisen 1997 Resistance exercise prevents plantar flexor deconditioning during bed rest Med Sci Sports Exerc 29 1462 1468 9372483 1:STN:280:DyaK1c%2FjvFOmsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27483991)
12. MM Bamman MS Clarke DL Feeback RJ Talmadge BR Stevens SA Lieberman MC Greenisen 1998 Impact of resistance exercise during bed rest on skeletal muscle sarcopenia and myosin isoform distribution J Appl Physiol 84 157 163 9451630 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXotVGqtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28065123)
13. HE Berg PA Tesch 1996 Changes in muscle function in response to 10 days of lower limb unloading in humans Acta Physiol Scand 157 63 70 8735655 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XjtVSjtbo%3D (Pubitemid 26152188)
14. HE Berg GA Dudley T Haggmark H Ohlsen PA Tesch 1991 Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in humans J Appl Physiol 70 1882 1885 2055867 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3ns12jug%3D%3D
15. HE Berg GA Dudley B Hather PA Tesch 1993 Work capacity and metabolic and morphologic characteristics of the human quadriceps muscle in response to unloading Clin Physiol 13 337 347 8370234 1:STN:280:DyaK3szotValtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 23232357)
16. HE Berg L Larsson PA Tesch 1997 Lower limb skeletal muscle function after 6 wk of bed rest J Appl Physiol 82 182 188 9029214 1:STN:280: DyaK2s7otFSmsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27052059)
17. MW Bleeker MT Hopman GA Rongen P Smits 2004 Unilateral lower limb suspension can cause deep venous thrombosis Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286 R1176 R1177 15142858 (Pubitemid 38661407)
18. MW Bleeker PC De Groot F Poelkens GA Rongen P Smits MT Hopman 2005 Vascular adaptation to 4 wk of deconditioning by unilateral lower limb suspension Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 288 H1747 H1755 15576435 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjtlOrtLc%3D (Pubitemid 40418000)
19. MW Bleeker M Kooijman GA Rongen MT Hopman P Smits 2005 Preserved contribution of nitric oxide to baseline vascular tone in deconditioned human skeletal muscle J Physiol 565 685 694 15802292 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlsV2gsrs%3D (Pubitemid 40872493)
20. SA Bloomfield BE Girten SE Weisbrode 1997 Effects of vigorous exercise training and beta-agonist administration on bone response to hindlimb suspension J Appl Physiol 83 172 178 9216961 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXkslamurY%3D (Pubitemid 27304747)
21. FW Booth 1977 Time course of muscular atrophy during immobilization of hindlimbs in rats J Appl Physiol 43 656 661 198396 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXlvVWqtL4%3D (Pubitemid 8204063)
22. FW Booth PD Gollnick 1983 Effects of disuse on the structure and function of skeletal muscle Med Sci Sports Exerc 15 415 420 6645872 1:STN:280: DyaL2c%2FmslantQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 14239238)
23. B Byrne 2001 Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis: the effectiveness and implications of using below-knee or thigh-length graduated compression stockings Heart Lung 30 277 284 11449214 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MzpslCmtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32635046)
24. JA Carrithers PA Tesch J Trieschmann A Ekberg TA Trappe 2002 Skeletal muscle protein composition following 5 weeks of ULLS and resistance exercise countermeasures J Gravit Physiol 9 P155 P156 15002527 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2c7ht1emuw%3D%3D
25. JA Carson L Wei 2000 Integrin signaling's potential for mediating gene expression in hypertrophying skeletal muscle J Appl Physiol 88 337 343 10642399 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhtlGgtbk%3D (Pubitemid 30053864)
26. JF Caruso JL Hamill M Yamauchi TD Cook DR Mercado G Gibb BK Higginson J Elias DA Hernandez 2004 Can albuterol help resistance exercise attenuate unloading-induced bone loss? J Strength Cond Res 18 753 759 15574079 (Pubitemid 39627314)
27. JF Caruso JL Hamill M Yamauchi TD Cook DR Mercado EE Wickel 2008 Albuterol and exercise effects on ankle extensor strength during 40 days of unloading Aviat Space Environ Med 79 577 584 18581941 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD1cXnslKhsrg%3D (Pubitemid 351770007)
28. BC Clark B Fernhall LL Ploutz-Snyder 2006 Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: I. Skeletal muscle contractile properties and applied ischemia efficacy J Appl Physiol 101 256 263 16514004 (Pubitemid 44035372)
29. BC Clark TM Manini SJ Bolanowski LL Ploutz-Snyder 2006 Adaptations in human neuromuscular function following prolonged unweighting: II. Neurological properties and motor imagery efficacy J Appl Physiol 101 264 272 16514003 (Pubitemid 44035373)
30. BC Clark SB Cook LL Ploutz-Snyder 2007 Reliability of techniques to assess human neuromuscular function in vivo J Electromyogr Kinesiol 17 90 101 16427317 (Pubitemid 44750695)
31. BC Clark JR Pierce TM Manini LL Ploutz-Snyder 2007 Effect of prolonged unweighting of human skeletal muscle on neuromotor force control Eur J Appl Physiol 100 53 62 17287986 (Pubitemid 46805262)
32. VA Convertino DF Doerr KL Mathes SL Stein P Buchanan 1989 Changes in volume, muscle compartment, and compliance of the lower extremities in man following 30 days of exposure to simulated microgravity Aviat Space Environ Med 60 653 658 2764848 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzltVOlug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19174732)
33. SB Cook BC Clark LL Ploutz-Snyder 2006 Accelerometry as a measure of subject compliance in unilateral lower limb suspension Aviat Space Environ Med 77 953 956 16964746 (Pubitemid 44320444)
34. SB Cook KA Brown KC Deruisseau JA Kanaley LL Ploutz-Snyder 2010 Skeletal muscle adaptations following blood flow restricted training during 30 days of muscular unloading J Appl Physiol 2 341 349
35. CC Danielsen TT Andreassen 1988 Mechanical properties of rat tail tendon in relation to proximal-distal sampling position and age J Biomech 21 207 212 3379081 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3ktlymtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 18095752)
36. MD de Boer CN Maganaris OR Seynnes MJ Rennie MV Narici 2007 Time course of muscular, neural and tendinous adaptations to 23 day unilateral lower-limb suspension in young men J Physiol 583 1079 1091 17656438 (Pubitemid 47423718)
37. MD de Boer A Selby P Atherton K Smith OR Seynnes CN Maganaris N Maffulli T Movin MV Narici MJ Rennie 2007 The temporal responses of protein synthesis, gene expression and cell signalling in human quadriceps muscle and patellar tendon to disuse J Physiol 585 241 251 17901116 (Pubitemid 350131116)
38. MD de Boer OR Seynnes PE di Prampero R Pisot IB Mekjavic G Biolo MV Narici 2008 Effect of 5 weeks horizontal bed rest on human muscle thickness and architecture of weight bearing and non-weight bearing muscles Eur J Appl Physiol 104 401 407 18320207
39. J Duchateau 1995 Bed rest induces neural and contractile adaptations in triceps surae Med Sci Sports Exerc 27 1581 1589 8614311 1:STN:280: DyaK287pt1yqsg%3D%3D
40. GA Dudley MR Duvoisin GR Adams RA Meyer AH Belew P Buchanan 1992 Adaptations to unilateral lower limb suspension in humans Aviat Space Environ Med 63 678 683 1510640 1:STN:280:DyaK38znvVGmuw%3D%3D
41. GA Dudley BM Hather P Buchanan 1992 Skeletal muscle responses to unloading with special reference to man J Fla Med Assoc 79 525 529 1402773 1:STN:280:DyaK3s%2FhvV2ltg%3D%3D
42. AA Ferrando HW Lane CA Stuart J Davis-Street RR Wolfe 1996 Prolonged bed rest decreases skeletal muscle and whole body protein synthesis Am J Physiol 270 E627 E633 8928769 1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xis1enu7s%3D
43. L Gamrin HE Berg P Essen PA Tesch E Hultman PJ Garlick MA McNurlan J Wernerman 1998 The effect of unloading on protein synthesis in human skeletal muscle Acta Physiol Scand 163 369 377 9789580 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXls1eltrY%3D (Pubitemid 28375769)
44. JN Gibson D Halliday WL Morrison PJ Stoward GA Hornsby PW Watt G Murdoch MJ Rennie 1987 Decrease in human quadriceps muscle protein turnover consequent upon leg immobilization Clin Sci 72 503 509 2435445 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXhvFCjsbY%3D (Pubitemid 17022702)
45. DF Goldspink AJ Morton P Loughna G Goldspink 1986 The effect of hypokinesia and hypodynamia on protein turnover and the growth of four skeletal muscles of the rat Pflugers Arch 407 333 340 3763379 1:CAS:528: DyaL28XltFart74%3D (Pubitemid 16055748)
46. JE Greenleaf 1997 Intensive exercise training during bed rest attenuates deconditioning Med Sci Sports Exerc 29 207 215 9044224 1:STN:280: DyaK2s7pslWgtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27113515)
47. JE Greenleaf EM Bernauer AC Ertl R Bulbulian M Bond 1994 Isokinetic strength and endurance during 30-day 6 degrees head-down bed rest with isotonic and isokinetic exercise training Aviat Space Environ Med 65 45 50 8117226 1:STN:280:DyaK2c7mtFKktw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24020204)
48. VP Grichko A Heywood-Cooksey KR Kidd RH Fitts 2000 Substrate profile in rat soleus muscle fibers after hindlimb unloading and fatigue J Appl Physiol 88 473 478 10658013 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht12isrs%3D (Pubitemid 30097089)
49. Gustafsson T, Osterlund T, Flanagan JN, von Waldén F, Trappe TA, Linnehan RM, Tesch PA (2010) Effects of 3 days unloading on molecular regulators of muscle size in humans. J Appl Physiol 109(3):721-727. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00110.2009
50. F Haddad KM Baldwin PA Tesch 2005 Pretranslational markers of contractile protein expression in human skeletal muscle: effect of limb unloading plus resistance exercise J Appl Physiol 98 46 52 15298986 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2MXotFGhsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40041228)
51. BM Hather GR Adams PA Tesch GA Dudley 1992 Skeletal muscle responses to lower limb suspension in humans J Appl Physiol 72 1493 1498 1534323 1:STN:280:DyaK383ns1Wqtg%3D%3D
52. JM Haus JA Carrithers CC Carroll PA Tesch TA Trappe 2007 Contractile and connective tissue protein content of human skeletal muscle: effects of 35 and 90 days of simulated microgravity and exercise countermeasures Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 293 R1722 R1727 17670860 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1Wlu7vN (Pubitemid 47535791)
53. RT Hepple 2000 Skeletal muscle: microcirculatory adaptation to metabolic demand Med Sci Sports Exerc 32 117 123 10647538 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c7ht1Sltg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30056967)
54. RC Hickson 1980 Interference of strength development by simultaneously training for strength and endurance Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 45 255 263 7193134 1:STN:280:DyaL3M7hsVWgtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 11204897)
55. RS Hikida PD Gollnick GA Dudley VA Convertino P Buchanan 1989 Structural and metabolic characteristics of human skeletal muscle following 30 days of simulated microgravity Aviat Space Environ Med 60 664 670 2764850 1:STN:280:DyaL1MzltVOksg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 19174734)
56. N Hotta K Sato K Katayama S Koga K Masuda M Miyachi H Akima K Ishida 2006 Oxygen uptake kinetics following 20 days of unilateral lower limb suspension J Physiol Sci 56 347 353 17002812 (Pubitemid 46996766)
57. N Hotta K Ishida K Sato T Koike K Katayama H Akima 2010 The effect of intense interval cycle-training on unloading-induced dysfunction and atrophy in the human calf muscle J Physiol Anthropol 30 29 35
58. T Ito Y Tagawa N Shiba S Tanaka Y Umezu T Yamamoto JR Basford 2004 Development of practical and effective hybrid exercise for use in weightless environment Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 6 4252 4255 17271243 (Pubitemid 40035193)
59. M Jenkins P Malloy S Salloway R Cohen J Rogg G Tung R Kohn R Westlake EG Johnson E Richardson 1998 Memory processes in depressed geriatric patients with and without subcortical hyperintensities on MRI J Neuroimaging 8 20 26 9442586 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7gsVOitA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28070577)
60. DA Jones 1996 High-and low-frequency fatigue revisited Acta Physiol Scand 156 265 270 8729686 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhvFeitrs%3D
61. Jones D, Round J, De Haan A (2004) Skeletal muscle from molecules to movement: a textbook of muscle physiology for sport, exercise, physiotherapy and medicine. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh
62. A Kamiya S Iwase D Michikami Q Fu T Mano K Kitaichi K Takagi 2000 Increased vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity and decreased plasma nitric oxide release after head-down bed rest in humans: disappearance of correlation between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator Neurosci Lett 281 21 24 10686406 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXht1OisLs%3D (Pubitemid 30109295)
63. Y Kawakami Y Muraoka K Kubo Y Suzuki T Fukunaga 2000 Changes in muscle size and architecture following 20 days of bed rest J Gravit Physiol 7 53 59 12124185 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zotFSnsQ%3D%3D
64. Y Kawakami H Akima K Kubo Y Muraoka H Hasegawa M Kouzaki M Imai Y Suzuki A Gunji H Kanehisa T Fukunaga 2001 Changes in muscle size, architecture, and neural activation after 20 days of bed rest with and without resistance exercise Eur J Appl Physiol 84 7 12 11394257 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mzis1Kgug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32177864)
65. KG Keenan D Farina R Merletti RM Enoka 2006 Influence of motor unit properties on the size of the simulated evoked surface EMG potential Exp Brain Res 169 37 49 16273406 (Pubitemid 43286722)
66. BJ Kim ES Date BK Park BY Choi SH Lee 2005 Physiologic changes of compound muscle action potentials related to voluntary contraction and muscle length in carpal tunnel syndrome J Electromyogr Kinesiol 15 275 281 15763674 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkvFOrtro%3D (Pubitemid 40341925)
67. Kinugasa R, Hodgson JA, Edgerton VR, Shin DD, Sinha S (2010) Reduction in tendon elasticity from unloading is unrelated to its hypertrophy. J Appl Physiol 109(3):870-877
68. K Kubo H Akima M Kouzaki M Ito Y Kawakami H Kanehisa T Fukunaga 2000 Changes in the elastic properties of tendon structures following 20 days bed-rest in humans Eur J Appl Physiol 83 463 468 11192050 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3M7jvVygsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32014234)
69. K Kubo H Akima J Ushiyama I Tabata H Fukuoka H Kanehisa T Fukunaga 2004 Effects of resistance training during bed rest on the viscoelastic properties of tendon structures in the lower limb Scand J Med Sci Sports 14 296 302 15387803 (Pubitemid 39360654)
70. HD Lee T Finni JA Hodgson AM Lai VR Edgerton S Sinha 2006 Soleus aponeurosis strain distribution following chronic unloading in humans: an in vivo MR phase-contrast study J Appl Physiol 100 2004 2011 16424072 (Pubitemid 43845876)
71. O Lidegaard B Edstrom S Kreiner 2002 Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a five year national case-control study Contraception 65 187 196 11929640 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisV2ksrc%3D (Pubitemid 34258539)
72. F Louisy P Schroiff A Guell 1997 Changes in leg vein filling and emptying characteristics and leg volumes during long-term head-down bed rest J Appl Physiol 82 1726 1733 9173933 1:STN:280:DyaK2szltVSmtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27248922)
73. TM Manini BC Clark 2009 Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health Exerc Sport Sci Rev 37 78 85 19305199
74. TM Manini BC Clark MA Nalls BH Goodpaster LL Ploutz-Snyder TB Harris 2007 Reduced physical activity increases intermuscular adipose tissue in healthy young adults Am J Clin Nutr 85 377 384 17284732 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXhvFWhurc%3D (Pubitemid 46220937)
75. XJ Musacchia JM Steffen RD Fell 1988 Disuse atrophy of skeletal muscle: animal models Exerc Sport Sci Rev 16 61 87 3292267 1:STN:280: DyaL1c3ntFGjtQ%3D%3D
76. Narici MV, de Boer MD (2011) Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(3):403-420
77. AC Nobrega JW Williamson JH Mitchell 1995 Left ventricular volumes and hemodynamic responses at onset of dynamic exercise with reduced venous return J Appl Physiol 79 1405 1410 8593994 1:STN:280:DyaK287lsVehtg%3D%3D
78. Y Ohira T Yoshinaga M Ohara I Nonaka T Yoshioka K Yamashita-Goto BS Shenkman IB Kozlovskaya RR Roy VR Edgerton 1999 Myonuclear domain and myosin phenotype in human soleus after bed rest with or without loading J Appl Physiol 87 1776 1785 10562622 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FjtF2ltQ%3D%3D
79. A Pavy-Le Traon M Heer MV Narici J Rittweger J Vernikos 2007 From space to Earth: advances in human physiology from 20 years of bed rest studies (1986-2006) Eur J Appl Physiol 101 143 194 17661073 1:STN:280: DC%2BD2snkslKqsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 47323295)
80. JR Pierce BC Clark LL Ploutz-Snyder JA Kanaley 2006 Growth hormone and muscle function responses to skeletal muscle ischemia J Appl Physiol 101 1588 1595 16888046 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xhtlent7nK (Pubitemid 44904478)
81. LL Ploutz-Snyder PA Tesch DJ Crittenden GA Dudley 1995 Effect of unweighting on skeletal muscle use during exercise J Appl Physiol 79 168 175 7559216 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FjsFCqtg%3D%3D
82. LL Ploutz-Snyder PA Tesch BM Hather GA Dudley 1996 Vulnerability to dysfunction and muscle injury after unloading Arch Phys Med Rehabil 77 773 777 8702370 1:STN:280:DyaK28zit1ejsg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26262375)
83. P Portero C Vanhoutte F Goubel 1996 Surface electromyogram power spectrum changes in human leg muscles following 4 weeks of simulated microgravity Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 73 340 345 8781866 1:STN:280:DyaK28znsFGmtw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26165609)
84. U Proske DL Morgan 1987 Tendon stiffness: methods of measurement and significance for the control of movement. A review J Biomech 20 75 82 3558432 1:STN:280:DyaL2s7ms1Squg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 17000569)
85. ND Reeves MV Narici CN Maganaris 2003 Strength training alters the viscoelastic properties of tendons in elderly humans Muscle Nerve 28 74 81 12811776 (Pubitemid 36775962)
86. MJ Rennie S Phillips K Smith 2008 Reliability of results and interpretation of measures of 3-methylhistidine in muscle interstitium as marker of muscle proteolysis J Appl Physiol 105 1380 1381 18838517 author reply 1382-1383
87. J Rittweger K Winwood O Seynnes M de Boer D Wilks R Lea M Rennie M Narici 2006 Bone loss from the human distal tibia epiphysis during 24 days of unilateral lower limb suspension J Physiol 577 331 337 17023509 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1yqsL3I (Pubitemid 44698259)
88. DG Ruegg TH Kakebeeke JP Gabriel M Bennefeld 2003 Conduction velocity of nerve and muscle fiber action potentials after a space mission or a bed rest Clin Neurophysiol 114 86 93 12495768 (Pubitemid 35454176)
89. K Sakuma K Watanabe N Hotta T Koike K Ishida K Katayama H Akima 2009 The adaptive responses in several mediators linked with hypertrophy and atrophy of skeletal muscle after lower limb unloading in humans Acta Physiol 197 151 159 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhtFOgsLnM
90. AJ Sargeant CT Davies RH Edwards C Maunder A Young 1977 Functional and structural changes after disuse of human muscle Clin Sci Mol Med 52 337 342 862328 1:STN:280:DyaE2s7osVahsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8074184)
91. K Sato K Katayama N Hotta K Ishida H Akima 2010 Aerobic exercise capacity and muscle volume after lower limb suspension with exercise countermeasure Aviat Space Environ Med 81 1085 1091 21197852
92. M Schieppati 1987 The Hoffmann reflex: a means of assessing spinal reflex excitability and its descending control in man Prog Neurobiol 28 345 376 3588965 1:STN:280:DyaL2s3jt1ygug%3D%3D
93. K Schulze P Gallagher S Trappe 2002 Resistance training preserves skeletal muscle function during unloading in humans Med Sci Sports Exerc 34 303 313 11828241 (Pubitemid 34132036)
94. OR Seynnes NA Maffiuletti CN Maganaris MD de Boer M Pensini PE di Prampero MV Narici 2008 Soleus T reflex modulation in response to spinal and tendinous adaptations to unilateral lower limb suspension in humans Acta Physiol 194 239 251 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtlCgs77L
95. OR Seynnes CN Maganaris MD de Boer PE di Prampero MV Narici 2008 Early structural adaptations to unloading in the human calf muscles Acta Physiol 193 265 274 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXotVejs7Y%3D (Pubitemid 351783192)
96. Seynnes OR, Maffiuletti NA, Horstman AM, Narici MV (2010) Increased H-reflex excitability is not accompanied by changes in neural drive following 24 days of unilateral lower limb suspension. Muscle Nerve 42(5):749-755
97. D Shin T Finni S Ahn JA Hodgson HD Lee VR Edgerton S Sinha 2008 Effect of chronic unloading and rehabilitation on human Achilles tendon properties: a velocity-encoded phase-contrast MRI study J Appl Physiol 105 1179 1186 18687975
98. M Shinohara Y Yoshitake M Kouzaki H Fukuoka T Fukunaga 2003 Strength training counteracts motor performance losses during bed rest J Appl Physiol 95 1485 1492 12832434 (Pubitemid 37169292)
99. BA Spiering WJ Kraemer JM Anderson LE Armstrong BC Nindl JS Volek CM Maresh 2008 Resistance exercise biology: manipulation of resistance exercise programme variables determines the responses of cellular and molecular signalling pathways Sports Med 38 527 540 18557656 (Pubitemid 351861942)
100. FA Sreter 1963 Distribution of water, sodium, and potassium in resting and stimulated mammalian muscle Can J Biochem Physiol 41 1035 1045 13978598 1:CAS:528:DyaF3sXktVGjsLc%3D
101. Y Takarada Y Nakamura S Aruga T Onda S Miyazaki N Ishii 2000 Rapid increase in plasma growth hormone after low-intensity resistance exercise with vascular occlusion J Appl Physiol 88 61 65 10642363 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD3cXhtlGgtL4%3D (Pubitemid 30053828)
102. Y Takarada Y Sato N Ishii 2002 Effects of resistance exercise combined with vascular occlusion on muscle function in athletes Eur J Appl Physiol 86 308 314 11990743 (Pubitemid 41399066)
103. PA Tesch LL Ploutz GA Dudley 1994 Effects of 5 weeks of lower limb suspension on muscle size and strength J Gravit Physiol 1 P59 P60 11538764 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3Mnlsleiuw%3D%3D
104. PA Tesch JT Trieschmann A Ekberg 2004 Hypertrophy of chronically unloaded muscle subjected to resistance exercise J Appl Physiol 96 1451 1458 14660503 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7isFCmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38392683)
105. PA Tesch F von Walden T Gustafsson RM Linnehan TA Trappe 2008 Skeletal muscle proteolysis in response to short-term unloading in humans J Appl Physiol 105 902 906 18535133
106. S Trappe T Trappe P Gallagher M Harber B Alkner P Tesch 2004 Human single muscle fibre function with 84 day bed-rest and resistance exercise J Physiol 557 501 513 15064323 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvFOhs7Y%3D (Pubitemid 38807390)
107. JJ Widrick JG Romatowski JL Bain SW Trappe TA Trappe JL Thompson DL Costill DA Riley RH Fitts 1997 Effect of 17 days of bed rest on peak isometric force and unloaded shortening velocity of human soleus fibers Am J Physiol 273 C1690 C1699 9374656 1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnsFanuro%3D
108. JJ Widrick SW Trappe JG Romatowski DA Riley DL Costill RH Fitts 2002 Unilateral lower limb suspension does not mimic bed rest or spaceflight effects on human muscle fiber function J Appl Physiol 93 354 360 12070225 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zislCiuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34686232)
109. X Zhu S Topouzis LF Liang RL Stotish 2004 Myostatin signaling through Smad2, Smad3 and Smad4 is regulated by the inhibitory Smad7 by a negative feedback mechanism Cytokine 26 262 272 15183844 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkslWmtL0%3D (Pubitemid 38739431)