The Chemical Ecology of Cecidomyiid Midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Journal of Chemical Ecology

Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 2-22

  Hall, David R ^a   Amarawardana, Lakmali ^a   Cross, Jerry V ^b   Francke, Wittko ^c   Boddum, Tina ^d   Hillbur, Ylva ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREENWICH   (United Kingdom)

^b EAST MALLING RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF HAMBURG   (Germany)

^d SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Biosynthesis; Cecidomyiidae; Control; Diptera; Monitoring; Olfaction; Pheromone; Semiochemical; Synthesis; Traps

Indexed keywords

SEX PHEROMONE;

CHEMICAL CUE; CHEMICAL ECOLOGY; CROP PEST; FLY; HOST PLANT; HOST RANGE; LIFE HISTORY TRAIT; LITERATURE REVIEW; MONITORING; NEUROLOGY; OLFACTION; PEST CONTROL; PHEROMONE TRAP; POPULATION DYNAMICS; REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY; RESEARCH WORK; SEMIOCHEMICAL; SEX PHEROMONE; VOLATILE SUBSTANCE;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL; BIOSYNTHESIS; CHEMISTRY; DIPTERA; ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS AND RELATED PHENOMENA; METABOLISM; ODOR; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

ANIMAL COMMUNICATION; ANIMALS; DIPTERA; ECOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES; ODORS; PEST CONTROL, BIOLOGICAL; SEX ATTRACTANTS;

CECIDOMYIIDAE; CHIRONOMIDAE; DIPTERA;

EID: 84856396695     PISSN: 00980331     EISSN: 15731561     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0053-y     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Åhman, I. 1981. The potential of some Brassica species as host plants of the brassica pod midge. Ent. Tidskr. 102: 111-119.
2. Åhman, I. 1985. Oviposition behaviour of Dasineura brassicae on a high-versus a low-quality Brassica host. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 31: 247-253.
3. Amarawardana, L. 2009. The chemical diversity of midge pheromones. PhD Thesis University of Greenwich, UK, 184 pp. http://students. nri. org/.
4. Andersson, M. N., Haftmann, J., Stuart, J. J., Cambron, S. E., Foster, S. P., Franke, S., Francke, W., and Hillbur, Y. 2009a. Identification of sex pheromone components of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 81-95.
5. Andersson, M. N., Larsson, M. C., and Schlyter, F. 2009b. Specificity and redundancy in the olfactory system of Ips typographus: Single-cell responses to ecologically relevant odors. J. Ins. Physiol. 55: 556-567.
6. Anfora, G., Ioriatti, C., Moser, S., Germinara, G. S., and De Cristofaro, A. 2005. Electrophysiological responses of two species of apple gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to host plant volatiles. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 28: 413-417.
7. Anon. 2008. Pea midge (Contarinia pisi Winn.). Information Sheet No. 148 (Revised January 2008). Processors and Growers Research Organisation, The Research Station, Thornhaugh, Peterborough PE8 6HJ, UK. 2 pp.
8. Baker, T. C., Fadamiro, H. Y., and Cossé, A. A. 1998. Moth uses fine tuning for odour resolution. Nature 393: 530-530.
9. Barnes, H. F. 1931. The sex ratio at the time of emergence and the occurrence of unisexual families in the gall midges (Cecidomyiidae, Diptera). J. Genetics 24: 225-234.
10. Barnes, H. F. 1948. Gall midges of Fruits. Crosby Lockwood & Son Ltd., London.
11. Barnes, H. F. 1956. Gall Midges of Economic Importance Vol. VII, Gall Midges of Cereal Crops. Lockwood, London.
12. Baur, R. 2005. Kohldrehherzgallmücke: Überwachung des Fluges mit Pheromonfallen. Der Gemüsebau/Le Maraicher. (eds.), Verband Schweizerischer Gemüseproduzenten, Kapellenstrasse 5, 3001 Switzerland. 2005/2, 16-17.
13. Bedard, F., Mittaz, C., and Baroffio, C. 2010. Monitoring Resseliella theobaldi with pheromone traps in raspberry fields. Abstracts of Meeting of IOBC Working Group "Integrated Plant Protection in Fruit Crops", Budapest, Hungary, September 2010, p. 17.
14. Bergh, J. C., Harris, M. O., and Rose, S. 1990. Temporal patterns of emergence and reproduction of the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 83: 998-1004.
15. Birkett, M. A., Bruce, T. J. A., Martin, J. L. Smart, L. E., Oakley, J., and Wadhams, L. J. 2004. Responses of female orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, to wheat panicle volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. 30: 1319-1328.
16. Boddum, T., Skals, N., Wiren, M., Baur, R., Rauscher, S., and Hillbur, Y. 2009. Optimization of the pheromone blend of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii, for monitoring. Pest. Manag. Sci. 65: 851-856.
17. Boddum, T., Skals, N., Hill, S. R., Hansson, B. S., and Hillbur, Y. 2010. Gall midge olfaction: Pheromone sensitive olfactory neurons in Contarinia nasturtii and Mayetiola destructor. J. Ins. Physiol. 56: 1306-1314.
18. Booth, Y. K., Kitching, W., and De Voss, J. 2009. Biosynthesis of insect spiroacetals. Nat. Prod. Rep. 26: 490-525.
19. Bruce T. J. A., and Smart, L. E. 2009. Orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, management. Outlooks Pest Manag. 20: 89-92.
20. Bruce, T. J. A., Hooper, A. M., Ireland, L. A., Jones, O. T., Martin, J. L., Smart, L. E., Oakley, J., and Wadhams, L. J. 2007. Development of a pheromone trap monitoring system for orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana, in the UK. Pest Manag. Sci. 63: 49-56.
21. Cardé, R., and Minks, A. K. 1997. Insect Pheromone Research: New Directions. Springer 712 pp.
22. Choi, M., Khaskin, G., Gries, R., Gries, G., Roitberg, B. D., Raworth, D. A., Kim, D., and Bennett, R. G. 2004. (2R, 7S)-Diacetoxytridecane: sex pheromone of the aphidophagous gall midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza. J. Chem. Ecol. 30: 659-670.
23. Crook, D. J., and Mordue (Luntz) A. J. 1999. Olfactory responses and sensilla morphology of the blackcurrant leaf midge Dasineura tetensi. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 91: 37-50.
24. Crook, D. J., Cross, J., Birch, A. N. E., Brennan, R. M., and Mordue (Luntz), A. J. 2001. Oviposition and larval survival of Dasineura tetensi on four blackcurrant Ribes cultivars. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 101: 183-190.
25. Cross, J. V. 2010. To spray or not to spray: that is the question. Horticultural entomology in the 21st century. Inaugural Professorial Lecture 11 February 2010. University of Greenwich 2010, 96 p.
26. Cross, J. V., and Crook, D. J. 1999. Predicting spring emergence of blackcurrant leaf midge (Dasineura tetensi) from air temperatures. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 91: 421-430.
27. Cross, J. V., and Hall, D. R. 2007. Exploiting the sex pheromone of the apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali, for pest monitoring and control. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 30: 159-167.
28. Cross, J. V., and Hall, D. R. 2009. Exploitation of the sex pheromone of apple leaf midge Dasineura mali Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): 1. Development of lure and trap. Crop Prot. 28: 139-144.
29. Cross, J., Baroffio, C., Grassi, A., Hall, D., Labanowska, B., Milenkovic, S., Nilsson, T., Shternshis, M., Torneus, C., Trandem, N., and Vetek, G. 2008. Monitoring raspberry cane midge, Resseliella theobaldi, with sex pheromone traps: results from 2006. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 39: 11-17.
30. Cross, J. V., Hall, D. R., Shaw, P., and Anfora, G. 2009. Exploitation of the sex pheromone of apple leaf midge Dasineura mali Kieffer (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): 2. Use of sex pheromone traps for pest monitoring. Crop Prot. 28: 128-133.
31. Ellis, S. A., Bruce, T. J. A., Smart, L. E., Martin, J. A., Snape, J., and Self, M. 2009. Integrated management strategies for varieties tolerant and susceptible to wheat blossom midge. Home Grown Cereals Authority Report No. 451, 148 p.
32. Evans, K. A. 1991. The role of secondary plant metabolites in host-plant location by insect pests of oilseed rape (Brassica nupus L.). Unpublished PhD thesis. Hatfield Polytechnic, Hertfordshire, UK.
33. Foster, S. P., and Harris, M. O. 1992. Foliar chemicals of wheat and related grasses influencing oviposition by Hessian fly, Mayetolia destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 18: 1965-1980.
34. Foster, S. P., and Harris, M. O. 1997. Behavioral manipulation methods for insect pest-management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 123-146.
35. Foster, S. P., Harris, M. O., and Millar, J. G. 1991a. Identification of the sex pheromone of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). Naturwissenschaften. 78: 130-131.
36. Foster, S. P., Bergh, J. C. Rose, S., and Harris. M. O. 1991b. Aspects of pheromone biosynthesis in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say). J. Insect Physiol. 37: 899-906.
37. Gagné, R. J. 1989. The Plant-feeding Gall midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 356 p.
38. Gagné, R. J. 1994. The Gall midges of the Neotropical Region. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 356 p.
39. Galanihe, L. D., and Harris, M. O. 1997. Plant volatiles mediate host-finding behaviour of the apple leaf curling midge. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 2639-2655.
40. Garthwaite, D. G., Wall, C., and Wardlow, L. R. 1986. Further evidence for a female sex pheromone in the blackcurrant leaf midge Dasineura tetensi. Proceedings of the British Crop Prot. Conference - Pests and Diseases 1: 355-357.
41. Gordon, S. C., and Williamson, B. 1991. Raspberry cane midge, pp. 75-76, in M. A. Ellis, R. H. Converse, R. N. Williams, and B. Williamson (eds.), Compendium of Raspberry and Blackberry Diseases and Insects. APS Press, St Paul, Minnesota.
42. Gordon, S. C., Barrie, I. A., and Woodford, J. A. T. 1989. Predicting spring oviposition by raspberry cane midge from accumulated derived soil temperatures. Ann. Appl. Biol. 114: 419-427.
43. Gries, R., Gries, G. Khaskin, G., King, S., Olfert, O., Kaminski, L., Lamb, R., and Bennett, R. 2000. Sex pheromone of orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana. Naturwissenschaften. 87: 450-454.
44. Gries, R., Khaskin, G., Gries, G., Bennett, R. G., King, S. G. G., Morewood, P., Slessor, K. N., and Morewood W. D. 2002. (Z, Z)-4, 7-Tridecadien-(S)-2-yl acetate: sex pheromone of Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis. J. Chem. Ecol. 28: 2283-2297.
45. Gries, R., Khaskin, G., Bennett, R. G., Miroshnychenko, A., Burden, K., and Gries, G. 2005. (S, S)-2, 12-, (S, S)-2, 13- and (S, S)-2, 14-Diacetoxyheptadecanes: sex pheromone components of red cedar cone midge, Mayetiola thujae. J. Chem. Ecol. 31: 2933-2946.
46. Gries, R., Khaskin, G., Daroogheh, H., Mart, C., Karadag, S., Kubilay Er, M., Britton, R., and Gries, G. 2006. (2S, 12Z)-2-Acetoxy-12-heptadecene: major sex pheromone component of pistachio twig borer, Kermania pistaciella. J. Chem. Ecol. 32: 2667-2677.
47. Griffiths, D. W., Robertson, G. W., Birch, A. N. E., and Brennan, R. M. 1999. Evaluation of thermal desorption and solvent elution combined with polymer entrainment for the analysis of volatiles released by leaves from midge (Dasineura tetensi) resistant and susceptible blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars. Phytochem. Anal. 10: 328-334.
48. Hall, D. R., Farman, D. I., Cross, J. V., Pope, T. W., Ando, T., and Yamamoto, M. 2009. (S)-2-Acetoxy-5-undecanone, female sex pheromone of raspberry cane midge, Resseliella theobaldi (Barnes). J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 230-242.
49. Hall, D., Shepherd, T., Fountain, M., Vétek, G., Birch, N., Jorna, C., Farman, D., and Cross, J. 2010. Investigation of attraction of raspberry cane midge, Resseliella theobaldi, to volatiles from wounded raspberry primocanes. Abstracts of Meeting of IOBC Working Group "Integrated Plant Protection in Fruit Crops", Budapest, Hungary. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 68: 1-7.
50. Hallberg, E., and Hansson, B. 1999. Arthropod sensilla: morphology and phylogenetic considerations. Microscopy Res. Tech. 47: 428-439.
51. Hallett, R. H., Goodfellow, S. A., and Heal, J. D. 2007. Monitoring and detection of the swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Can. Entomol. 139: 700-712.
52. Hallett, R. H., Chen, M., Sears, M. K., and Shelton, A. M. 2009. Insecticide management strategies for control of swede midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on cole crops. J. Econ. Entomol. 102: 2241-2254.
53. Hansson, B. S. 1995. Olfaction in Lepidoptera. Experentia 51: 1003-1027.
54. Harris, M. O., and Foster, S. P. 1991. Wind tunnel studies of sex pheromone mediated behavior of the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 17: 2421-2435.
55. Harris, M. O., and Foster, S. P. 1999. Gall Midges, pp. 27-49, in J. Hardie, and A. K. Minks (eds.), Pheromones of Non-lepidopteran Insects Associated with Agricultural Plants. CABI Publishing.
56. Harris, M. O., and Rose, S. 1989. Temporal changes in the egglaying behavior of the Hessian fly. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 53: 17-29.
57. Harris, M. O., and Rose, S. 1990. Chemical, color, and tactile cues influencing oviposition behavior of the Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Environ. Entomol. 19: 303-308.
58. Harris, M. O., Foster, K. A., and Dhana, S. 1996. Sex pheromone communication in the apple leaf curling midge (Dasineura mali) Proc. 49th N. Z. Plant Protection Conf. 52-58.
59. Harris, M. O., Stuart, J. J., Mohan, S., Nair, S. Lamb, R. J., and Rohfritsch, O. 2003. Grasses and gall midges: plant defense and insect adaptation. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48: 549-77.
60. Heath, J. J., Gaul, S. O., Nash, D. M., Smith, R. F., and Kukal, O. 1998. Evidence for a female-produced sex pheromone in the apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali (Kieffer) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Can. Entomol. 130: 109-110.
61. Heath, J. J., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W. L., and Smith, R. F. 2005. Flight activity and further evidence for a female-produced sex pheromone of the apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali, in Nova Scotia. Northeast. Nat. 12: 93-102.
62. Hillbur, Y., Anderson, P., Arn, H., Bengtsson, M., Löfqvist, J., Biddle, A. J., Smitt, O., Högberg, H. -E., Plass, E., Franke, S., and Francke, W. 1999. Identification of sex pheromone components of the pea midge, Contarinia, pisi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Naturwissenschaften 86: 292-294.
63. Hillbur, Y., El-Sayed, A., Bengtsson, M., Löfqvist, J., Biddle, A., Plass, E., and Francke, W. 2000. Laboratory and field study of the attraction of male pea midges, Contarinia pisi, to synthetic sex pheromone components. J. Chem. Ecol. 26: 1941-1951.
64. Hillbur, Y., Bengtsson, M., Löfqvist, J., Biddle, A., Pillon, O., Plass, E., Francke, W., and Hallberg, E. 2001. A chiral sex pheromone system in the pea midge, Contarinia pisi. J. Chem. Ecol. 27: 1391-1407.
65. Hillbur, Y., Celander, M., Baur, R., Rauscher, S., Haftmann, J., Franke, S., and Francke, W. 2005. Identification of the sex pheromone of the Swede midge, Contarinia nasturtii. J. Chem. Ecol. 31: 1807-1828.
66. Hooper, A. M., Dufour, S., and Willaert, S. 2007. Synthesis of (2S, 7S)-dibutyroxynonane, the sex pheromone of the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Gehin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), by diastereoselective silicon-tethered ring-closing metathesis. Tetrahedron Lett. 34: 5991-5994.
67. Keil, T. 1999. Morphology and development of the peripheral olfactory organs, pp. 6-47, in B. Hansson (ed.), Insect Olfaction. Springer, Berlin.
68. Lee, C., and Lee, H. P. 1985. Studies on the sex pheromone and antennal ultrastructure of the pine gall midge, (Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye). Korean J. Entomol. 15: 31-40.
69. Lerin, J. 1984. Effet des deux isothiocyanates sur les niveaux de capture en cuvettes jaunes d'insectes ravageurs de colza. Acta Oecol. 5: 61-70.
70. Liu, Y., He, X. -K., Hall, D., Farman, D., Amarawardana, L., Cross, J., and Liu, Q. -R. 2009. (2S, 8Z)-2-Butyroxy-8-heptadecene: major component of the sex pheromone of chrysanthemum gall midge, Rhopalomyia longicauda. J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 715-723.
71. Mamaev, B. M., and Krivosheina, N. P. 1965. The larvae of the gall midges (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae). A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 278 p.
72. McKay, P. A., and Hatchett, J. H. 1984. Mating behavior and evidence of a female sex pheromone in the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 616-620.
73. Miller, G. E., and Borden, J. H. 1984. Reproductive behavior of the Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Can. Entomol. 116: 607-618.
74. Mitchell, C., Brennan, R. M., Cross, J. V., and Johnson, S. N. 2011. Arthropod pests of currant and gooseberry crops in the U. K.: their biology, management and future prospects. Agric. For. Entomol. 13: 221-237.
75. Molnár, B., Kárpáti, Z., Szöcs, G., and Hall, D. R. 2009. Identification of female-produced sex pheromone of the honey locust gall midge, Dasineura gleditchiae, a new urban pest in Europe. J. Chem. Ecol. 35: 706-714.
76. Morris, B. D., Foster, S. P., and Harris, M. O. 2000. Identification of 1-octacosanal and 6-methoxy-2-benzoxazolinone from wheat as ovipositional stimulants for Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor. J. Chem. Ecol. 26: 859-873.
77. Murchie, A. K., and Hume, K. D. 2003. Evidence for monogeny in the brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 107: 237-241.
78. Murchie, A. K., Smart, L. E., and Williams, I. H. 1997. Responses of Dasineura brassicae and its parasitoids Platygaster subuliformis and Omphale clypealis to field traps baited with organic isothiocyanates. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 917-926.
79. Nijveldt, W., Labruyere, R. E., and Engels, G. M. M. T. 1963. The stem disease problem of the raspberry. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 69: 221-257.
80. Oakley, J. N. 1994. Orange blossom midge: a literature review and survey of the 1993 outbreak. HGCA Research Review No. 28.
81. Oakley, J. N., Cumbleton, P. C., Corbett, S. J., Saunders, P., Green, D. I., and Young, J. E. B. 1998. Prediction of orange wheat blossom midge activity and risk of damage. Crop Prot. 17: 145-149.
82. Ochieng, S. A., Hallberg, E., and Hansson, B. S. 1998. Fine structure and distribution of antennal sensilla of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Cell Tissue Res. 291: 525-536.
83. Olfert, O., Mukerji, M. K., and Doane, J. F. 1985. Relationship between infestation and levels and yield loss caused by wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in wheat. Can. Entomol. 120: 497-505.
84. Pasalu, I. C., Huang, B.-C., Zang, Y., and Tan, Y. -J. 2004. Current status of rice gall midge biotypes in India and China. pp. 131-138, in J. Bennett, J. S. Bentur, I. C. Pasalu and K. Krishnaiah (eds.), New Approaches to Gall Midge Resistance in Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines.
85. Passlow, T. 1965. Bionomics of sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola Coq.) in Queensland, with particular reference to diapause. Queensl. J. Agr. Anim. Sci. 22: 149-167.
86. Pettersson, J. 1976. Ethology of Dasyneura brassicae Winn. (Dipt. Cecidomyiidae). I. Laboratory studies of olfactory reactions to the host plant. Symp. Biol. Hung. 16: 203-208.
87. Pitcher, R. S. 1952. Observations on the raspberry cane midge (Thomasiiniana theobaldi Barnes). I. Biology. J. Hort. Sci. 27: 71-94.
88. Pivnick, K. A. 1993. Response of males to female sex pheromone in the orange wheat blossom midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 19: 1677-1689.
89. Qin, X. -R., Ando, T., Yamamoto, M., Yamashita, M., Kusano, K., and Abe, H. 1997. Resolution of pheromonal epoxydienes by chiral HPLC, stereochemistry of separated enantiomers, and their field evaluation. J. Chem. Ecol. 23: 1403-1417.
90. Raina, A. K. 1993. Neuroendocrine control of sex pheromone biosynthesis in Lepidoptera. Annu Rev Entomol. 38: 329-349.
91. Riolo, P., Hillbur, Y., Isidora, N., Peri, E., Haftmann, J., Franke, S., and Francke, W. 2006. Electrophysiological response of sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, to candidate sex pheromone compounds. Abstracts of 22nd ISCE Annual Meeting, Barcelona, Spain. 81 pp.
92. Sain, M., and Kalode, M. B. 1985. Traps to monitor gall midge populations in rice. Curr. Sci. 54: 876-877.
93. Sauer, C. 2008. Infoblatt für den Gartenbau in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, pp 122-127, in J. Brüggemann (ed.), LMS Landwirstchaftsberatung Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Schleswig-Holstein. Vol. 2.
94. Sharma, H. C., and Franzmann, B. A. 2001a. Orientation of sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorgicola, females (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) to colour and host-odor stimuli. J. Agr. Urban Entomol. 18: 237-248.
95. Sharma, H. C., and Franzmann, B. A. 2001b. Host-plant preference and oviposition responses of the sorghum midge, Stenodiplosis sorghicola (Coquillett) (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae) towards wild relatives of sorghum. J. Appl. Entomol. 125: 109-114.
96. Sharma, H. C., and Vidyasagar, P. 1992. Orientation of males of sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, to sex pheromones from virgin females in the field. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 64: 23-29.
97. Sipos, K., Madár, S., and Pénzes, B. 2010. A possibility of automated prediction of pests. Abstracts of Meeting of IOBC Working Group "Integrated Plant Protection in Fruit Crops", Budapest, Hungary, September 2010, p. 36.
98. Slessor, K. N., King, G. G. S., Miller, D. R., Winston, M. L., and Cutforth, T. L. 1985. Determination of chirality of alcohol or latent alcohol semiochemicals in individual insects. J. Chem. Ecol. 11: 1659-1667.
99. Slifer, E. H., and Sekhon, S. S. 1971. Circumfila and other sense organs on the antenna of the sorghum midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). J. Morph. 133: 281-302.
100. Solinas, M., and Nuzzaci, G. 1987. Antennal sensilla of Mycodiplosis erysiphes Ruebs. (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera). Bolletino dell'Istituto de entomologia 'Guido Grandi' della Università di Bologna 41: 173-194.
101. Sosa, O. 1981. Biotypes J and L of Hessian fly discovered in an Indiana wheat field. J. Econ. Entomol. 74: 180-182.
102. Stuart, J. J., and Hatchett, J. H. 1991. Genetics of sex determination in the Hessian fly. J. Heredity 83: 43-52.
103. Suckling, D. M., Walker, J. T. S., Shaw, P. W., Manning, L., Lo, P., Wallis, R., Bell, V., Sandanayaka, W. R. M., Hall, D. R., Cross, J. V., and El-Sayed, A. M. 2007. Trapping Dasineura mali (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in apples. J. Econ. Entomol. 100: 745-751.
104. Sylvén, E. 1970. Field movement of radioactively-labelled adults of Dasyneura brassicae Winn. (Dipt., Cecidomyiidae). Ent. Scand. 1: 161-187.
105. Tanasković, S., and Milenković, S. 2010. Monitoring the flight dynamics of raspberry cane midge Resseliella theobaldi Barnes by pheromone traps in Western Serbia. Abstracts of Meeting of IOBC Working Group "Integrated Plant Protection in Fruit Crops", Budapest, Hungary, September 2010, p. 18.
106. Tokunaga, M., Larrow, J. F., Kakiuchi, F., and Jacobsen, E. N. 1997. Asymmetric catalysis with water: efficient kinetic resolution of terminal epoxides by means of catalytic hydrolysis. Science 277: 936-938.
107. Wall, C., Pickett, J. A., Garthwaite, D. G., and Morris, N. 1985. A female sex pheromone in the pea midge, Contarinia pisi. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 35: 11-14.
108. Wicker-Thomas, C. 2007. Pheromonal communication involved in courtship behavior in Diptera. J. Ins. Physiol. 53: 1089-1100.
109. Williams, I. H., and Martin, A. P. 1986. Evidence for a female sex pheromone in the brassica pod midge Dasineura brassicae. Phys. Entomol. 11: 353-356.
110. Williams, I. H., Martin, A. P., and Kelm, M. 1987. The phenology of the emergence of brassica pod midge (Dasineura brassicae Winn.) and its infestation of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica nupus L.). J. Agric. Sci. Cambridge 108: 579-589.
111. Witzgall, P., Kirsch, P., and Cork, A. 2010. Sex pheromones and their impact on pest management. J. Chem. Ecol. 36: 80-100.
112. Wu, Y. Q., Jiang, Y. L., and Duan, Y. 2008. Monitoring methods of wheat blossom midge. Henan J. Agric. Sci. 8: 98-100.
113. Yukawa, J. 2000. Synchronization of gallers with host plant phenology. Popul. Ecol. 42: 105-113.
114. Yukawa, J., and Rohfritsch, O. 2005. Biology and Ecology of Gall-inducing Cecidomyiidae (Diptera), pp. 273-304, in A. Raman, C. W. Schaefer and T. M. Withers (eds.), Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Gall-inducing Arthropods, Science Publishers Inc., Enfield, NH, USA.