Repaglinide: A review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Drugs

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 249-272

  Scott, Lesley J ^a  

^a Adis ^*  (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Adis Drug Evaluations; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; BARBITURIC ACID DERIVATIVE; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CLARITHROMYCIN; CYCLOSPORIN; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR; ERYTHROMYCIN; GEMFIBROZIL; GLIBENCLAMIDE; GLICLAZIDE; GLIMEPIRIDE; GLIPIZIDE; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE; INSULIN DERIVATIVE; ITRACONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; MEGLITINIDE; METFORMIN; MONTELUKAST; NATEGLINIDE; PIOGLITAZONE; REPAGLINIDE; RIFAMPICIN; SULFONYLUREA; SUREPOST; THEOPHYLLINE; TRIMETHOPRIM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ALOPECIA; AMINOTRANSFERASE BLOOD LEVEL; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANGINA PECTORIS; ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTERY BLOOD FLOW; ARTHRALGIA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BACKACHE; BINDING SITE; BLOOD FLOW; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; BRONCHITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE; DIABETES CONTROL; DIARRHEA; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG BINDING; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG TOLERABILITY; ECG ABNORMALITY; EDEMA; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; EVENING DOSAGE; FIBRINOGEN BLOOD LEVEL; FRACTURE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENE MUTATION; GENOTYPE; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART INFARCTION PREVENTION; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART PALPITATION; HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN LIKE ACTIVITY; INSULIN RELEASE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; MAXIMUM PLASMA CONCENTRATION; MONOTHERAPY; MORNING DOSAGE; MORTALITY; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NAUSEA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS ISLET BETA CELL; PANCREATITIS; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RHINITIS; SIDE EFFECT; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; SINUSITIS; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; THORAX PAIN; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION; VASCULAR ACCESS; VIRUS INFECTION;

CARBAMATES; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; PIPERIDINES; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84856104937     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: 11791950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/11207600-000000000-00000     Document Type: Review

References (91)

1. International Diabetes Federation. Types of diabetes [online]. Available from URL: http://www.idf.org/types-diabetes [Accessed 2011 Jul 25]
2. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabet Care 2009; 32 Suppl. 1: S62-7
3. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabet Care 2004; 27 (5): 1047-53 (Pubitemid 38579764)
4. Bonora E, Muggeo M. Postprandial blood glucose as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in type II diabetes: the epidemiological evidence. Diabetologia 2001; 44 (12): 2107-14 (Pubitemid 34015463)
5. Dornhorst A. Insulinotropic meglitinide analogues. Lancet 2001; 358 (9294): 1709-16 (Pubitemid 33124335)
6. Pratley RE, Gilbert M. Targeting incretins in type 2 diabetes: role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors. Rev Diabet Stud 2008; 5 (2): 73-94
7. Del Prato S, LaSalle J, Matthaei S, et al. Tailoring treatment to the individual in type 2 diabetes practical guidelines from the Global Partnership for Effective Diabetes Management. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64 (3): 295-304
8. Nathan DM, Buse DM, Davidson MB, et al. Medical management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy. Diabet Care 2009; 32 (1): 193-203
9. Stolar M. Glycemic control and complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2010; 123: S3-11
10. Johansen OE, Birkeland KI. Defining the role of repaglinide in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2007; 7 (5): 319-35 (Pubitemid 47624536)
11. Gerich JE. Clinical significance, pathogenesis, and management of postprandial hyperglycaemia. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163 (11): 1306-16 (Pubitemid 36676195)
12. Stolar M. Addressing cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes: focus on primary care. Am J Med Sci 2011; 341 (2): 132-40
13. Culy CR, Jarvis B. Repaglinide: a review of its therapeutic use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2001; 61 (11): 1625-60 (Pubitemid 32905281)
14. Hatorp V. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacokinet 2002; 41 (7): 471-83 (Pubitemid 34804160)
15. Landgraf R. Meglitinide analogues in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs Aging 2000; 17 (5): 411-25
16. Fuhlendorff J, Rorsman P, Kofod H, et al. Stimulation of insulin release by repaglinide and glibenclamide involves both common and distinct processes. Diabetes 1998; 47 (3): 345-51 (Pubitemid 28104194)
17. Dabrowski M, Wahl P, Holmes WE, et al. Effect of repaglinide on cloned beta cell, cardiac and smooth muscle types of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. Diabetologia 2001; 44 (6): 747-56 (Pubitemid 32846030)
18. Stephan D, Winkler M, Kü hner P, et al. Selectivity of repaglinide and glibenclamide for the pancreatic over the cardiovascular KATP channels. Diabetologia 2006; 49 (9): 2039-48 (Pubitemid 44168470)
19. Mark M, Grell W. Hypoglycaemic effects of the novel antidiabetic agent repaglinide in rats and dogs. Br J Pharmacol 1997 Aug; 121 (8): 1597-604 (Pubitemid 27343385)
20. Ladriere L, Malaisse-Lagae F, Fuhlendorff J, et al. Repaglinide, glibenclamide and glimepiride administration to normal and hereditarily diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1997; 335 (2-3): 227-34 (Pubitemid 27450490)
21. Hu S, Wang S, Dunning BE. Glucose-dependent and glucosesensitizing insulinotropic effect of nateglinide: comparison to sulfonylureas and repaglinide. Int J Exp Diabetes Res 2001; 2 (1): 63-72
22. Strange P, Schwartz SL, Graf RJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and dose-response relationship of repaglinide in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 1999; 1 (3): 247-56
23. Cozma LS, Luzio SD, Dunseath GJ, et al. b-cell response during a meal test: a comparative study of incremental doses of repaglinide in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (5): 1001-7 (Pubitemid 40616603)
24. Rosenstock J, Hassman DR, Madder RD, et al. Repaglinide versus nateglinide monotherapy: a randomized, multicenter study. Diabetes Care 2004; 27 (6): 1265-70 (Pubitemid 38679968)
25. Landgraf R, Bilo HJG, Muller PG. A comparison of repaglinide and glibenclamide in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients previously treated with sulphonylureas. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55 (3): 165-71 (Pubitemid 29244642)
26. Marbury T, Huang W-C, Strange P, et al. Repaglinide versus glyburide: a one-year comparison trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999; 43 (3): 155-66 (Pubitemid 29202125)
27. Wolffenbuttel BHR, Landgraf R. A 1-year multicenter randomized double-blind comparison of repaglinide and glyburide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Dutch and German Repaglinide Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999; 22 (3): 463-7 (Pubitemid 29106906)
28. Madsbad S, Kilhovd B, Lager I, et al. Comparison between repaglinide and glipizide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 1-year multicentre study. Diabet Med 2001; 18 (5): 395-401 (Pubitemid 32679389)
29. Derosa G, Mugellini A, Ciccarelli L, et al. Comparison of glycaemic control and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with type 2 diabetes during treatment with either repaglinide or metformin. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 60 (3): 161-9 (Pubitemid 36561617)
30. Li J, Tian H, Li Q, et al. Improvement of insulin sensitivity and b-cell function by nateglinide and repaglinide in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized controlled double-blind and double-dummy multicentre clinical trial. Diabetes Obes Metab 2007; 9 (4): 558-65 (Pubitemid 47018519)
31. Raskin P, Klaff L, McGill J, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination therapy: repaglinide plus metformin versus nateglinide plus metformin. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (7): 2063-8 (Pubitemid 41184253)
32. Qin W, Zhang R, Hu C, et al. A variation in NOS1AP gene is associated with repaglinide efficacy on insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes of Chinese. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010; 31 (4): 450-4
33. He J, Qiu Z, Li N, et al. Effects of SLCO1B1 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide in healthy Chinese volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2011; 67: 701-7
34. Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, et al. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2004; 110 (2): 214-9 (Pubitemid 38924590)
35. Lund SS, Tarnow L, Stehouwer CDA, et al. Impact of metformin versus repaglinide on non-glycaemic cardiovascular risk markers related to inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 158 (5): 631-41 (Pubitemid 351639600)
36. Hueb W, Uchida AH, Gersh BJ, et al. Effect of a hypoglycemic agent on ischemic preconditioning in patients with type 2 diabetes and stable angina pectoris. Coron Artery Dis 2007; 18 (1): 55-9 (Pubitemid 44973757)
37. Yngen M, Ö stenson CG, Hjemdahl P, et al. Meal-induced platelet activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: effects of treatment with repaglinide and glibenclamide. Diabet Med 2006; 23 (2): 134-40
38. Manzella D, Grella R, Abbatecola AM, et al. Repaglinide administration improves brachial reactivity in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (2): 366-71 (Pubitemid 40170941)
39. Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Grella R, et al. Repaglinide has more beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors than glimepiride: data from meal-test study. Diabetes Metab 2005; 31 (3 Pt 1): 255-60 (Pubitemid 40961522)
40. Jovanovic L,HassmanDR, Gooch B, et al. Treatment of type 2 diabetes with a combination regimen of repaglinide plus pioglitazone. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004; 63 (2): 127-34 (Pubitemid 38096358)
41. Novo Nordisk. Prandinrepaglinide tablets 0.5, 1, and 2 mg: US prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/ drugsatfda-docs/label/2009/020741s035lbl.pdf [Accessed 2011 Dec 18]
42. Meneilly GS. Effect of repaglinide versus glyburide on postprandial glucose and insulin values in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther 2011; 13 (1): 63-5
43. Dimitriadis G, Boutati E, Lambadiari V, et al. Restoration of early insulin secretion after a meal in type 2 diabetes: effects on lipid and glucose metabolism. Eur J Clin Invest 2004; 34 (7): 490-7 (Pubitemid 39049854)
44. Schmitz O, Lund S, Andersen PH, et al. Optimizing insulin secretagogue therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized double-blind study with repaglinide. Diabetes Care 2002; 25 (2): 342-6 (Pubitemid 41079633)
45. Derosa G, Mugellini A, Ciccarelli L, et al. Comparison between repaglinide and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a one-year, randomized, double-blind assessment of metabolic parameters and cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Ther 2003; 25 (2): 472-84 (Pubitemid 36286914)
46. Hatorp V, Huang W-C, Strange P. Repaglinide pharmacokinetics in healthy young adult and elderly subjects. Clin Ther 1999; 21 (4): 702-10 (Pubitemid 29252092)
47. Hatorp V, Huang W-C, Strange P. Pharmacokinetic profiles of repaglinide in elderly subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84 (4): 1475-8 (Pubitemid 30644418)
48. Hatorp V, Oliver S, Su CAPF. Bioavailability of repaglinide, a novel antidiabetic agent, administered orally in tablet or solution form or intravenously in healthy male volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 36 (12): 636-41 (Pubitemid 28562887)
49. Thomsen MS, Chassard D, Evè ne E, et al. Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2003; 43 (1): 23-8 (Pubitemid 36015439)
50. Hatorp V, Walther KH, Christensen MS, et al. Single-dose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with chronic liver disease. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40 (2): 142-52
51. Marbury TC, Ruckle JL, Hatorp V, et al. Pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in subjects with renal impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 67 (1): 7-15 (Pubitemid 30078382)
52. European Medicines Agency. NovoNorm 0.5mg tablets: summary of product characteristics [online]. Available from URL: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en- GB/document-library/EPAR-Product-Information/human/000187/WC 500029905.pdf [Accessed 2011 Nov 24]
53. van Heiningen PN, Hatorp V, Kramer Nielsen K, et al. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of a single oral dose of 14C-repaglinide during repaglinide multiple dosing. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999; 55 (7): 521-5 (Pubitemid 29446553)
54. Schumacher S, Abbasi I,Weise D, et al. Single-and multipledose pharmacokinetics of repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 57 (2): 147-52 (Pubitemid 32449136)
55. Kalliokoski A, Neuvonen M, Neuvonen PJ, et al. The effect of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on repaglinide pharmacokinetics persists over a wide dose range. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2008; 66 (6): 818-25
56. Niemi M, Backman JT, Kajosaari LI, et al. Polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 is a major determinant of repaglinide pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 77 (6): 468-78 (Pubitemid 40824960)
57. Niemi M, Kajosaari LI, Neuvonen M, et al. The CYP2C8 inhibitor trimethoprim increases the plasma concentrations of repaglinide in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 57 (4): 441-7 (Pubitemid 38519649)
58. Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ, Kivistö KT. The cytochrome P4503A4 inhibitor clarithromycin increases the plasma concentrations and effects of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001; 70 (1): 58-65 (Pubitemid 32678803)
59. Bidstrup TB, Stilling N, Damkier P, et al. Rifampicin seems to act as both an inducer and an inhibitor of the metabolism of repaglinide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 60 (2): 109-14 (Pubitemid 38626440)
60. Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, et al. Rifampin decreases the plasma concentrations and effects of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000; 68 (5): 495-500
61. Niemi M, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, et al. Effects of gemfibrozil, itraconazole, and their combination on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide: potentially hazardous interaction between gemfibrozil and repaglinide. Diabetologia 2003; 46 (3): 347-51 (Pubitemid 36547589)
62. Hatorp V, Thomsen MS. Drug interaction studies with repaglinide: repaglinide on digoxin or theophylline pharmacokinetics and cimetidine on repaglinide pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40 (2): 184-92
63. Kajosaari LI, Jaakkola T, Neuvonen PJ, et al. Pioglitazone, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, does not increase the plasma concentrations of the CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 substrate repaglinide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006; 62 (3): 217-23 (Pubitemid 43357580)
64. Kajosaari LI, Niemi M, Neuvonen M, et al. Cyclosporine markedly raises the plasma concentrations of repaglinide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005; 78 (4): 388-99 (Pubitemid 41393674)
65. Kajosaari LI, Backman JT, Neuvonen M, et al. Lack of effect of bezafibrate and fenofibrate on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of repaglinide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004; 58 (4): 390-6 (Pubitemid 39312462)
66. Wang W, Ning G, Su Q, et al. Randomized study of repaglinide alone and in combination with metformin in Chinese subjects with type 2 diabetes naive to oral antidiabetes therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12 (18): 2791-9
67. Jovanovic L, Dailey 3rd G, Huang WC, et al. Repaglinide in type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, fixed-dose efficacy and safety study. J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 40 (1): 49-57
68. Kawamori R, Kaku K, Hanafusa T, et al. Efficacy and safety of repaglinide versus nateglinide for treatment of Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabet Invest. Epub 2011 Dec 22
69. Moses RG, Gomis R, Frandsen KB, et al. Flexible mealrelated dosing with repaglinide facilitates glycemic control in therapy-naive type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001; 24 (1): 11-5 (Pubitemid 32104212)
70. Bech P, Moses R, Gomis R. The effect of prandial glucose regulation with repaglinide on treatment satisfaction, wellbeing and health status in patients with pharmacotherapy naive type 2 diabetes: a placebo-controlled,multicentre study. Qual Life Res 2003; 12 (4): 413-25 (Pubitemid 36609886)
71. Schramm TK, Gislason GH, Vaag A, et al. Mortality and cardiovascular risk associated with different insulin secretagogues compared with metformin in type 2 diabetes, with or without a previous myocardial infarction: a nationwide study. Eur Heart J 2011; 32 (15): 1900-8
72. Papa G, Fedele V, Rizzo MR, et al. Safety of type 2 diabetes treatment with repaglinide compared with glibenclamide in elderly people: a randomized, open-label, two-period, cross-over trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29 (8): 1918-20 (Pubitemid 44156653)
73. Hasslacher C, Multinational Repaglinide Renal Study Group. Safety and efficacy of repaglinide in type 2 diabetic patients with and without impaired renal function. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (3): 886-91 (Pubitemid 36929360)
74. Turk T, Pietruck F, Dolff S, et al. Repaglinide in the management of new-onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2006; 6 (4): 842-6 (Pubitemid 43345023)
75. He Y-Y, Zhang R, Shao X-Y, et al. Association of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genetic polymorphisms with response to repaglinide in Chinese diabetic patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29 (8): 983-9
76. Yu M, Xu X-J, Yin J-Y, et al. KCNJ11 Lys23Glu and TCF7L2 rs290487(C/T) polymorphisms affect therapeutic efficacy of repaglinide in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87 (3): 330-5
77. Huang Q, Yin J-Y, Dai X-P, et al. Association analysis of SLC30A8 rs13266634 and rs16889462 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes mellitus and repaglinide response in Chinese patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 66 (12): 1207-15
78. Hermans MP, D'Hooge D. Switch from metformin monotherapy to bitherapy with metformin and repaglinide to achieve glycated haemoglobin target in type 2 diabetes (REPAMET Study). Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev 2009; 3 (4): 224-7
79. Landgraf R, Frank M, Bauer C, et al. Prandial glucose regulation with repaglinide: its clinical and lifestyle impact in a large cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Obes 2000; 24 Suppl. 3: S38-44
80. Jaiswal S, Mehta R, Musuku M, et al. Repaglinide induced acute hepatotoxicity. J Nepal Med Assoc 2009; 48 (174): 162-4
81. López-García F, Borrás J, Verdú C, et al. Cholestatic hepatitis associated with repaglinide. Diabetes Care 2005; 28 (3): 752-3 (Pubitemid 40315345)
82. Surepost-(repaglinide 0.25 mg, and 0.5 mg tablet): Japanese prescribing information. Osaka: Dianippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd, 2011
83. International Diabetes Federation. Global guideline for type 2 diabetes [online]. Available from URL: http://www.idf. org/webdata/docs/IDF%20GGT2D.pdf [Accessed 2011 May 23]
84. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: newer agents for blood glucose control in type 2 diabetes. NICE short clinical guideline 87 [online]. Available from URL: http://www.nice.org.uk/nicemedia/ live/12165/44318/44318.pdf [Accessed 2011 May 23]
85. Blonde L. Current antihyperglycaemic treatment guidelines and algorithms for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2010; 123: S12-8
86. RodbardHW, Jellinger PS,Davidson JA, et al. Statement by an American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology Consensus Panel on type 2 diabetes mellitus: an algorithm for glycaemic control. Endocr Pract 2009; 15 (6): 540-59
87. Abe M, Okada K, Soma M. Antidiabetic agents in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease on dialysis: metabolism and clinical practice. Curr Drug Metab 2011; 12 (1): 57-69
88. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011; 34 Suppl. 1: S11-61
89. Novo Nordisk Inc. PrandiMet(repaglinide/meformin HCl) tablets: US prescribing information [online]. Available from URL: http://www.novo-pi.com/ prandimet.pdf [Accessed 2011 Dec 18]
90. Krentz AJ. Rosiglitazone: trials, tribulations and termination. Drugs 2011; 71 (2): 123-30
91. Loke YK, Kwok CS, Singh S. Comparative cardiovascular effects of thiazolidinediones: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. Epub 2011 Mar 17