Co-occurrence of social anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescence: Differential links with implicit and explicit self-esteem?

Psychological Medicine

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 475-484

  De Jong, P J ^a   Sportel, B E ^a,b   De Hullu, E ^a   Nauta, M H ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adolescence; anxiety; automatic associations; depression; implicit association test; implicit self esteem

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; NETHERLANDS; PHOBIA; PHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; REACTION TIME; SELF CONCEPT; SEX RATIO;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; NETHERLANDS; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; REACTION TIME; SELF CONCEPT; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

EID: 84856041773     PISSN: 00332917     EISSN: 14698978     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291711001358     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Acarturk C, Smit F, de Graaf R, van Straten A, ten Have M, Cuijpers P (2009). Incidence of social phobia and identification of its risk indicators : a model for prevention. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 119, 62-70.
2. Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL (1996). Cognitive therapy for the evaluation anxieties. In Handbook of the Treatment of the Anxiety Disorders (ed. C. G. Lindemann), pp. 235-260. Northvale: Aronson.
3. Bos AER, Huijding J, Muris P, Vogel LRR, Biesheuvel J (2010). Global contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences 48, 311-316.
4. Bos AER, Muris P, Mulkens S, Schaalma HP (2006). Changing self-esteem in children and adolescents : a roadmap for future interventions. Netherlands Journal of Psychology 62, 26-32.
5. Bosson JK, Brown RP, Zeigler-Hill V, Swann WB (2003). Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem : the moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity 2, 169-187.
6. Bosson JK, Swann WB, Pennebaker JW (2000). Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem : the blind man and the elephant revisited ? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79, 631-643.
7. Bouvard M, Guerin J, Rion AC, Bouchard C, Ducottet E, Sechaud M, Mollard E, Grillet P, Cottraux J (1999). Psychometric study of the social self-esteem inventory of Lawson et al. (1979). European Review of Applied Psychology 49, 165-172.
8. Brown GW, Harris TO, Eales MJ (1996). Social factors and comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry 168 (Suppl. 30), 50-57. (Pubitemid 26179806)
9. Chorpita BF, Moffitt CE, Gray J (2005). Psychometric properties of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale in a clinical sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy 43, 309-322. (Pubitemid 40169980)
10. Clark DA, Beck AT, Alford BA (1999). Scientific Foundations of Cognitive Theory and Therapy of Depression. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. : Hoboken, NJ.
11. Clark DM, Wells A (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In Social Phobia : Diagnosis Assessment and Treatment (ed. R. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope and F. R. Schneier), pp. 69-93. Guilford Press : New York.
12. Clerkin EM, Teachman BA (2010). Training implicit social anxiety associations : an experimental intervention. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 24, 300-308.
13. De Houwer J (2001). A structural and process analysis of the implicit association test. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 37, 443-451. (Pubitemid 33098493)
14. De Houwer J (2006). What are implicit measures and why are we using them? In Handbook of Implicit Cognition and Addiction (ed. R. W. Wiers and A. W. Stacy), pp. 11-28. Sage Publications, Inc. : Thousand Oaks, CA.
15. de Jong PJ (2002). Implicit self-esteem and social anxiety : differential self-favouring effects in high and low anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40, 501-508. (Pubitemid 34270461)
16. de Jong PJ, van den Hout MA, Rietbroek H, Huijding J (2003). Dissociations between implicit and explicit attitudes toward phobic stimuli. Cognition and Emotion 17, 521-545. (Pubitemid 36869161)
17. De Raedt R, Schacht R, Franck E, De Houwer J (2006). Self-esteem and depression revisited : implicit positive self-esteem in depressed patients ? Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, 1017-1028. (Pubitemid 43850422)
18. Fiedler K, Messner C, Bluemke M (2006). Unresolved problems with the ' I ' the 'A' and the 'T' : a logical and psychometric critique of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). European Review of Social Psychology 17, 74-147.
19. Franck E, De Raedt R, Barbez C, Rosseel Y (2008). Psychometric properties of the Dutch Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Psychologica Belgica 48, 25-36.
20. Franck E, De Raedt R, Dereu M, Van den Abbeele D (2007). Implicit and explicit self-esteem in currently depressed individuals with and without suicidal ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 38, 75-85. (Pubitemid 44827986)
21. Gawronski B, Bodenhausen GV (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation : an integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin 132, 692-731. (Pubitemid 44306752)
22. Gemar MC, Segal ZV, Sagrati S, Kennedy SJ (2001). Mood-induced changes on the Implicit Association Test in recovered depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110, 282-289. (Pubitemid 32423033)
23. Ginsburg GS, La-Greca AM, Silverman WK (1998). Social anxiety in children with anxiety disorders : relation with social and emotional functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 26, 175-185. (Pubitemid 28272921)
24. Glashouwer KA, de Jong PJ (2010). Disorder-specific automatic self-associations in anxiety and depression : results of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Psychological Medicine 40, 1101-1011.
25. Greenwald AG, McGhee DE, Schwartz JLK (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition : the implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, 1464-1480. (Pubitemid 128658112)
26. Greenwald AG, Nosek BA, Banaji MR (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test : I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, 197-216. (Pubitemid 37394958)
27. Hermans D, De Houwer J (1994). Affective and subjective familiarity ratings of 740 Dutch words. Psychologica Belgica 34, 115-139.
28. Huijding J, de Jong PJ (2006). Specific predictive power of automatic spider-related affective associations for controllable and uncontrollable fear responses toward spiders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, 161-176. (Pubitemid 43028478)
29. Huijding J, Wiers RW, Field AP (2010). The assessment of fear-related automatic associations in children and adolescents In Information Processing Biases and Anxiety : A Developmental Perspective (ed. J. A. Hadwin and A. Field), pp. 151-182. Wiley: Chichester.
30. Koster EHW, De Raedt R, Goeleven E, Franck E, Crombez G (2005). Mood-congruent attentional bias in dysphoria : maintained attention to and impaired disengagement from negative information. Emotion 5, 446-455. (Pubitemid 43011143)
31. Leyman L, De Raedt R, Schacht R, Koster EHW (2007). Attentional biases for angry faces in unipolar depression. Psychological Medicine 37, 393-402.
32. Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF (2010). Social phobia and depression : prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 68, 235-243.
33. Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Vollebergh W (2004). Vulnerability before, during and after a major depressive episode. Archives of General Psychiatry 61, 990-996.
34. Orth U, Robins RW, Trzesniewski KH, Maes J, Schmitt M (2009). Low self-esteem is a risk factor for depressive symptoms from young adulthood to old age. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 118, 472-478.
35. Pacini R, Epstein S (1999). The relation of rational and experiential information processing styles to personality basic beliefs and the ratio-bias phenomenon. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76, 972-987.
36. Pelham BW, Koole SL, Hardin CD, Hetts JJ, Seah E, DeHart T (2005). Gender moderates the relation between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41, 84-89. (Pubitemid 40019344)
37. Penninx BWJH, Beekman ATF, Smit JH, Zitman FG, Nolen WA, Spinhoven P, Cuijpers P, de Jong PJ, van Marwijck HWJ, Assendelft WJJ, van der Meer K, Verhaak P, Wensing M, de Graaf R, Hoogendijk WJ, Ormel J, van Dyck R, (2008). The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA): Rationale, objectives and methods. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 17, 121-140.
38. Rapee RM, Heimberg RG (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35, 741-756. (Pubitemid 27336908)
39. Reijneveld SA, Veenstra R, de Winter AF, Verhulst FC, Ormel J, de Meer G (2010). Area deprivation affects behavioral problems of young adolescents in mixed urban and rural areas : the TRAILS study. Journal of Adolescent Health 46, 189-196.
40. Risch AK, Buba A, Birk U, Morina N, Steffens MC, Stangier U (2010). Implicit self-esteem in recurrently depressed patients. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41, 199-206.
41. Rosenberg M (1965). Society and the Adolescent Self-Image. Princeton University Press : Princeton, NJ.
42. Schröder-Abé M, Rudolph A, Schüz A (2007). High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous : discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. European Journal of Personality 21, 319-339.
43. Spalding LR, Hardin CD (1999). Unconscious unease and self-handicapping : behavioral consequences of individual differences in implicit and explicit self-esteem. Psychological Science 10, 535-539.
44. Strack F, Deutsch R (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8, 220-247. (Pubitemid 39288823)
45. Tanner RJ, Stopa L, De Houwer J (2006). Implicit views of the self in social anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, 1397-1409. (Pubitemid 44414759)
46. Vater A, Schröder-Abé M, Schü tz A, Lammers C-H, Roepke S (2010). Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem are linked to symptom severity in borderline personality disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 41, 357-364.
47. Vervoort L, Prins PJM, Wolters LH, Hogendoorn SM, de Haan E, Nauta MH, Boer F (2010). Automatic evaluations in clinically anxious and non-anxious children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 39, 481-491.