Cellular mechanisms of working memory and its modulation by dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of primates and rats

Monoaminergic Modulation of Cortical Excitability

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 125-152

  Gonzalez Burgos, Guillermo ^a   Kröner, Sven ^b   Seamans, Jeremy K ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84856031118     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-72256-6_8     Document Type: Chapter

References (160)

1. Alexander, G. E., Crutcher, M. D., and De Long, M. R. (1990). Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, "prefrontal" and "limbic" functions. Prog Brain Res 85, 119-146.
2. Amemori, K. and Sawaguchi, T. (2006) Contrasting effects of reward expectation on sensory and motor memories in primate prefrontal neurons. Cereb Cortex 16, 1002-1015.
3. Anderson, S. A., Classey, J. D., Conde, F., Lund, J. S., and Lewis, D. A. (1995) Synchronous development of pyramidal neuron dendritic spines and parvalbumin-immunoreactive chandelier neuron axon terminals in layer III of monkey prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 67, 7-22.
4. 4 dopamine receptor protein in the CNS using anti-receptor antisera. Brain Res 752, 26-34.
5. Baeg, E. H., Kim, Y. B., Huh, K., Mook-Jung, I., Kim, H. T., and Jung, M. W. (2003) Dynamics of population code for working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Neuron 40, 177-188.
6. Barch, D. M. (2006) What can research on schizophrenia tell us about the cognitive neuroscience of working memory? Neuroscience 139, 73-84.
7. Batuev, A. S., Kursina, N. P., and Shutov, A. P. (1990) Unit activity of the medial wall of the frontal cortex during delayed performance in rats. Behav Brain Res 41, 95-102.
8. Berendse, H. W., Galis-De Graaf, Y., and Groenewegen, H. J. (1992) Topographical organization and relationship with ventral striatal compartments of prefrontal corticostriatal projections in the rat. J Comp Neurol 316, 314-347.
9. Berger, B., Gaspar, P., and Verney, C. (1991) Dopaminergic innervation of the cerebral cortex: unexpected differences between rodents and primates. Trends Neurosci 14, 21-27.
10. 1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate brain. J Neurosci 15, 7821-7836.
11. Berridge, K. C. (2006) The debate over dopamine's role in reward: the case for incentive salience. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 191(3):391-431.
12. Brozoski, T. J., Brown, R. M., Rosvold, H. E., and Goldman, P. S. (1979) Cognitive deficit caused by regional depletion of dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkey. Science 205, 929-932.
13. Brunel, N. and Wang, X. J. (2001) Effects of neuromodulation in a cortical network model of object working memory dominated by recurrent inhibition. J Comp Neurosci 11, 63-85.
14. Carr, D. B. and Sesack, S. R. (1996) Hippocampal afferents to the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic targets and relation to dopamine terminals. J Comp Neurol 369, 1-15.
15. Chafee, M. V. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998) Matching patterns of activity in primate prefrontal area 8a and parietal area 7ip neurons during a spatial working memory task. J Neurophysiol 79, 2919-2940.
16. Chang, J. Y., Chen, L., Luo, F., Shi, L. H., and Woodward, D. J. (2002) Neuronal responses in the frontal cortico-basal ganglia system during delayed matching-to-sample task: ensemble recording in freely moving rats. Exp Brain Res 142, 67-80.
17. Chang, Y. M., Rosene, D. L., Killiany, R. J., Mangiamele, L. A., and Luebke, J. I. (2005) Increased action potential firing rates of layer 2/3 pyramidal cells in the prefrontal cortex are significantly related to cognitive performance in aged monkeys. Cereb Cortex 15, 409-418.
18. Compte, A., Brunel, N., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., and Wang, X. J. (2000) Synaptic mechanisms and network dynamics underlying spatial working memory in a cortical network model. Cereb Cortex 10, 910-923.
19. Conde, F., Lund, J. S., Jacobowitz, D. M., Baimbridge, K. G., and Lewis, D. A. (1994) Local circuit neurons immunoreactive for calretinin, calbindin D-28k or parvalbumin in monkey prefrontal cortex: distribution and morphology. J Comp Neurol 341, 95-116.
20. Conde, F., Maire-Lepoivre, E., Audinat, E., and Crepel, F. (1995) Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. II. Cortical and subcortical afferents. J Comp Neurol 352, 567-593.
21. Constantinidis, C. and Procyk, E. (2004) The primate working memory networks. Cogn Affect. Behav Neurosci 4, 444-465.
22. Constantinidis, C. and Steinmetz, M. A. (1996) Neuronal activity in posterior parietal area 7a during the delay periods of a spatial memory task. J Neurophysiol 76, 1352-1355.
23. Constantinidis, C., Franowicz, M. N., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2001) Coding specificity in cortical microcircuits: a multiple-electrode analysis of primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 21, 3646-3655.
24. De Felipe, J., Alonso-Nanclares, L., and Arellano, J. I. (2002) Microstructure of the neocortex: comparative aspects. J Neurocytol 31, 299-316.
25. Degenetais, E., Thierry, A. M., Glowinski, J., and Gioanni, Y. (2002) Electrophysiological properties of pyramidal neurons in the rat prefrontal cortex: an in vivo intracellular recording study. Cereb Cortex 12, 1-16.
26. Duan, H., Wearne, S. L., Rocher, A. B., Macedo, A., Morrison, J. H., and Hof, P. R. (2003) Agerelated dendritic and spine changes in corticocortically projecting neurons in macaque monkeys. Cereb Cortex 13, 950-961.
27. Durstewitz, D., Kelc, M., and Gunturkun, O. (1999) A neurocomputational theory of the dopaminergic modulation of working memory functions. J Neurosci 19, 2807-2822.
28. Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J. K., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2000a) Dopamine-mediated stabilization of delay-period activity in a network model of prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 83, 1733-1750.
29. Durstewitz, D., Seamans, J. K., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2000b) Neurocomputational models of working memory. Nature Neurosci 3, 1184-1191.
30. Elston, G. N., Benavides-Piccione, R., and De Felipe, J. (2001) The pyramidal cell in cognition: a comparative study in human and monkey. J Neurosci 21, RC163.
31. Erickson, S. L. and Lewis, D. A. (2004) Cortical connections of the lateral mediodorsal thalamus in cynomolgus monkeys. J Comp Neurol 473, 107-127.
32. Fisk, G. D. and Wyss, J. M. (1999) Associational projections of the anterior midline cortex in the rat: intracingulate and retrosplenial connections. Brain Res 825, 1-13.
33. Friedman, H. R. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1994) Coactivation of prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex in working memory tasks revealed by 2DG functional mapping in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 14, 2775-2788.
34. Funahashi, S., Bruce, C. J., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1989) Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61, 331-349.
35. Fuster, J. M. (1973) Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: neuronal correlates of transient memory. J Neurophysiol 36, 61-78.
36. Fuster, J. M. (1997) The Prefrontal Cortex: anatomy, physiology and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe, 3rd ed. Raven Press, New York, NY.
37. Fuster, J. M. and Alexander, G. E. (1971) Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science 173, 652-654.
38. Fuster, J. M., Bodner, M., and Kroger, J. K. (2000) Cross-modal and cross-temporal association in neurons of frontal cortex. Nature 405, 347-351.
39. Gabbott, P. L. and Bacon, S. J. (1996) Local circuit neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (areas 24a, b, c, 25 and 32) in the monkey: I. Cell morphology and morphometrics. J Comp Neurol 364, 567-608.
40. Gabbott, P. L., Jays, P. R., and Bacon, S. J. (1997) Calretinin neurons in human medial prefrontal cortex (areas 24a, b, c, 32', and 25) J Comp Neurol 381, 389-410.
41. Gabbott, P. L., Warner, T. A., Jays, P. R., and Bacon, S. J. (2003) Areal and synaptic interconnectivity of prelimbic (area 32), infralimbic (area 25) and insular cortices in the rat. Brain Res 993, 59-71.
42. Gabbott, P. L., Warner, T. A., Jays, P. R., Salway, P., and Busby, S. J. (2005) Prefrontal cortex in the rat: projections to subcortical autonomic, motor, and limbic centers. J Comp Neurol 492, 145-177.
43. Gao, W. J. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2003) Selective modulation of excitatory and inhibitory microcircuits by dopamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100, 2836-2841.
44. 1 receptors in prefrontal circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 295-300.
45. Gao, W. J., Wang, Y., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2003) Dopamine modulation of perisomatic and peridendritic inhibition in prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 23, 1622-1630.
46. Garris, P. A., Collins, L. B., Jones, S. R., and Wightman, R. M. (1993) Evoked extracellular dopamine in vivo in the medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 61, 637-647.
47. 2 receptor gene expression in the rat frontal cortex: cellular localization in different classes of efferent neurons. Eur J Neurosci 7, 1050-1063.
48. Geijo-Barrientos, E. and Pastore, C. (1995) The effects of dopamine on the subthreshold electrophysiological responses of rat prefrontal cortex neurons in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 7, 358-366.
49. Giguere, M. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988) Mediodorsal nucleus: areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys. J Comp Neurol 277, 195-213.
50. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Cellular basis of working memory. Neuron 14, 477-485.
51. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Leranth, C., Williams, S. M., Mons, N., and Geffard, M. (1989) Dopamine synaptic complex with pyramidal neurons in primate cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86, 9015-9019.
52. Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Lidow, M. S., and Gallager, D. W. (1990) Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their subtypes in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 10, 2125-2138.
53. Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Barrionuevo, G., and Lewis, D. A. (2000) Horizontal synaptic connections in monkey prefrontal cortex: an in vitro electrophysiological study. Cereb Cortex 10, 82-92.
54. Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Krimer, L. S., Povysheva, N. V., Barrionuevo, G., and Lewis, D. A. (2005a) Functional properties of fast spiking interneurons and their synaptic connections with pyramidal cells in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 93, 942-953.
55. Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Krimer, L. S., Urban, N. N., Barrionuevo, G., and Lewis, D. A. (2004) Synaptic efficacy during repetitive activation of excitatory inputs in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 14, 530-542.
56. Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Kroener, S., Krimer, L. S., Seamans, J. K., Urban, N. N., Henze, D. A., Lewis, D. A., and Barrionuevo, G. (2002) Dopamine modulation of neuronal function in the monkey prefrontal cortex. Physiol Behav 77, 537-543.
57. Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Kroener, S., Seamans, J. K., Lewis, D. A., and Barrionuevo, G. (2005b) Dopaminergic modulation of short-term synaptic plasticity in fast-spiking interneurons of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 94, 4168-4177.
58. Gorelova, N., Seamans, J. K., and Yang, C. R. (2002) Mechanisms of dopamine activation of fast-spiking interneurons that exert inhibition in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 88, 3150-3166.
59. Gulledge, A. T. and Jaffe, D. B. (2001) Multiple effects of dopamine on layer V pyramidal cell excitability in rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 86, 586-595.
60. Gulledge, A. T. and Stuart, G. J. (2003) Action potential initiation and propagation in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the rat prefrontal cortex: absence of dopamine modulation. J Neurosci 23, 11363-11372.
61. Gulledge, A. T., and Jaffe, D. B. (1998) Dopamine decreases the excitability of layer V pyramidal cells in the rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 18, 9131-9151.
62. Hempel, C. M., Hartman, K. H., Wang, X. J., and Turrigiano, G. G. (2000) Multiple forms of short-term plasticity at excitatory synapses in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 83, 3031-3041.
63. Henze, D. A., Gonzalez-Burgos, G. R., Urban, N. N., Lewis, D. A., and Barrionuevo, G. (2000) Dopamine increases excitability of pyramidal neurons in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 84, 2799-2809.
64. Howard, A., Tamas, G., and Soltesz, I. (2005) Lighting the chandelier: new vistas for axoaxonic cells. Trends Neurosci 28, 310-316.
65. Inoue, M., Oomura, Y., Aou, S., Nishino, H., and Sikdar, S. K. (1985) Reward related neuronal activity in monkey dorsolateral pre frontal cortex during feeding behavior. Brain Res 326, 307-312.
66. Jacobs, B., Schall, M., Prather, M., Kapler, E., Driscoll, L., Baca, S., Jacobs, J., Ford, K., Wainwright, M., and Treml, M. (2001) Regional dendritic and spine variation in human cerebral cortex: a quantitative golgi study. Cereb Cortex 11, 558-571.
67. 2 receptors: Similar organization in the basal ganglia of the rat, cat and human and disparate organization in the cortex and limbic system. In D1:D2 Dopamine Receptor Interactions, ed. Waddington, J. L., pp. 23-49. Academic press, London.
68. Jung, M. W., Qin, Y., McNaughton, B. L., and Barnes, C. A. (1998) Firing characteristics of deep layer neurons in prefrontal cortex in rats performing spatial working memory tasks. Cereb Cortex 8, 437-450.
69. Kawaguchi, Y. (1995) Physiological subgroups of nonpyramidal cells with specific morphological characteristics in layer II/III of rat frontal cortex. J Neurosci 15, 2638-2655.
70. Kawaguchi, Y. and Kubota, Y. (1997) GABAergic cell subtypes and their synaptic connections in rat frontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 7, 476-486.
71. Kobayashi, S., Nomoto, K., Watanabe, M., Hikosaka, O., Schultz, W., and Sakagami, M. (2006) Influences of rewarding and aversive outcomes on activity in macaque lateral prefrontal cortex. Neuron 51, 861-870.
72. Krimer, L. S., Jakab, R. L., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1997) Quantitative three-dimensional analysis of the catecholaminergic innervation of identified neurons in the macaque prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 17, 7450-7461.
73. Krimer, L. S., Zaitsev, A. V., Czanner, G., Kroener, S., Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Povysheva, N. V., Iyengar, S., Barrionuevo, G., and Lewis, D. A. (2005) Cluster analysis-based physiological classification and morphological properties of inhibitory neurons in layers 2-3 of monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 94, 3009-3022.
74. Kritzer, M. F. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1995) Intrinsic circuit organization of the major layers and sublayers of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 359, 131-143.
75. Kroener, S., Krimer, L. S., Lewis, D. A., and Barrionuevo, G. (2006) Dopamine increases inhibition in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex through cell type-specific modulation of interneurons. Cereb Cortex Epub June 13, 2006. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhl012.
76. Kubota, K. and Niki, H. (1971) Prefrontal cortical unit activity and delayed alternation performance in monkeys. J Neurophysiol 34, 337-347.
77. Kuroda, M., Yokofujita, J., and Murakami, K. (1998) An ultrastructural study of the neural circuit between the prefrontal cortex and the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Prog Neurobiol 54, 417-458.
78. 2 dopamine receptor subtypes. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 58, 231-236.
79. Letinic, K., Zoncu, R., and Rakic P. (2002) Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature 417, 645-649.
80. Levitt, J. B., Lewis, D. A., Yoshioka, T., and Lund, J. S. (1993) Topography of pyramidal neuron intrinsic connections in macaque monkey prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46) J Comp Neurol 338, 360-376.
81. Lewis, D. A. and Sesack, S. R. (1997) Dopamine systems in the primate brain. In Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 13 The Primate Nervous System, eds. Bloom, F. E., Bjorklund, A., and Hokfelt, T., pp. 263-375. Elsevier, New York.
82. Lewis, D. A., Melchitzky, D. S., Sesack, S. R., Whitehead, R. E., Auh, S., and Sampson, A. R. (2001) Dopamine transporter immunoreactivity in monkey cerebral cortex: regional, laminar, and ultrastructural localization. J Comp Neurol 432, 119-136.
83. Lidow, M. S., Goldman-Rakic, P. S., Gallager, D. W., Rakic P. (1991) Distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: quantitative autoradiographic analysis using [3H]raclopride, [3H]spiperone and [3H]SCH23390. Neuroscience 40, 657-671.
84. Lidow, M. S., Wang, F., Cao, Y., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998) Layer V neurons bear the majority of mRNAs encoding the five distinct dopamine receptor subtypes in the primate prefrontal cortex. Synapse 28, 10-20.
85. Ljungberg, T., Apicella, P., and Schultz, W. (1992) Responses of monkey dopamine neurons during learning of behavioral reactions. J Neurophysiol 67, 145-163.
86. Lund, J. S. and Lewis, D. A. (1993) Local circuit neurons of developing and mature macaque prefrontal cortex: Golgi and immunocytochemical characteristics. J Comp Neurol 328, 282-312.
87. Mainen, Z. F., Joerges, J., Huguenard, J. R., and Sejnowski, T. J. (1995) A model of spike initiation in neocortical pyramidal neurons. Neuron 15, 1427-1439.
88. Melchitzky, D. S., Sesack, S. R., Pucak, M. L., and Lewis, D. A. (1998) Synaptic targets of pyramidal neurons providing intrinsic horizontal connections in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 390, 221-224.
89. Miller, E. K., Erickson, C. A., and Desimone, R. (1996) Neural mechanisms of visual working memory in prefrontal cortex of the macaque. J Neurosci 16, 5154-5167.
90. Missale, C., Nass, S. R., Robinson, S. W., Jaber, M., and Caron, M. G. (1998) Dopamine receptors: From structure to function. Physiol Rev 78, 189-225.
91. 4 receptors in GABAergic neurons of the primate brain. Nature 381, 245-248.
92. Muly, E. C., Szigeti, K., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998) D1 receptor in interneurons of macaque prefrontal cortex: distribution and subcellular localization. J Neurosci 18, 10553-10565.
93. Mushiake, H., Saito, N., Sakamoto, K., Itoyama, Y., and Tanji, J. (2006) Activity in the lateral prefrontal cortex reflects multiple steps of future events in action plans. Neuron 50, 631-641.
94. Orlov, A. A., Kurzina, N. P., and Shutov, A. P. (1988) Activity of medial wall neurons in frontal cortex of rat brain during delayed response reactions. Neurosci and Behav Physiol 18, 31-37.
95. Pandya, D. N. and Yeterian, E. H. (1990) Prefrontal cortex in relation to other cortical areas in rhesus monkey: architecture and connections. Prog Brain Res 85, 63-94.
96. Parent, A. and Hazrati, L. N. (1995) Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The corticobasal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 20, 91-127.
97. Paspalas, C. D. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2004) Microdomains for dopamine volume neurotransmission in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 24, 5292-5300.
98. 1 dopamine receptors in primate prefrontal cortex: target-specific expression in the glutamatergic synapse. J Neurosci 25, 1260-1267.
99. Petrides, M. (2000) Impairments in working memory after frontal cortical excisions. Adv Neurol 84, 111-118.
100. Petrides, M. and Pandya, D. N. (1999) Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis in the human and the macaque brain and corticocortical connection patterns. Eur J Neurosci 11, 1011-1036.
101. Povysheva, N. V., Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Zaitsev, A. V., Kroener, S., Barrionuevo, G., Lewis, D. A., and Krimer, L. S. (2006) Properties of excitatory synaptic responses in fast-spiking interneurons and pyramidal cells from monkey and rat prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 16, 541-552.
102. Povysheva, N. V., Zaitsev, A. V., Kroener, S., Krimer, O. A., Rotaru, D. C., Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Lewis, D. A., and Krimer, L. S. (2007) Electrophysiological differences between neurogliaform cells from monkey and rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 97(2):1030-9.
103. Pratt, W. E. and Mizumori, S. J. (2001) Neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex show anticipatory rate changes to predictable differential rewards in a spatial memory task. Behav Brain Res 123, 165-183.
104. Preuss, T. M. (1995) Do rats have prefrontal cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert program reconsidered. J Cog Neurosci 7, 1-24.
105. Pucak, M. L., Levitt, J. B., Lund, J. S., and Lewis, D. A. (1996) Patterns of intrinsic and associational circuitry in monkey prefrontal cortex. J Comp Neurol 376, 614-630.
106. Quintana, J. and Fuster, J. M. (1999) From perception to action: temporal integrative functions of prefrontal and parietal neurons. Cereb Cortex 9, 213-221.
107. Quintana, J., Yajeya, J., and Fuster, J. M. (1988) Prefrontal representation of stimulus attributes during delay tasks. I. Unit activity in cross-temporal integration of sensory and sensory-motor information. Brain Res 474, 211-221.
108. Rainer, G. and Miller, E. K. (2002) Timecourse of object-related neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex during a short-term memory task. Eur J Neurosci 15, 1244-1254.
109. Rainer, G., Asaad, W. F., and Miller, E. K. (1998) Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95, 15008-15013.
110. Rainer, G., Rao, S. C., and Miller, E. K. (1999) Prospective coding for objects in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 19, 5493-5505.
111. Rao, S. C., Rainer, G., and Miller, E. K. (1997) Integration of what and where in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 276, 821-824.
112. Rao, S. G., Williams, G. V., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1999) Isodirectional tuning of adjacent interneurons and pyramidal cells during working memory: evidence for microcolumnar organization in PFC. J Neurophysiol 81, 1903-1916.
113. Repovs, G. and Baddeley, A. (2006) The multi-component model of working memory: explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience 139, 5-21.
114. Roesch, M. R. and Olson, C. R. (2003) Impact of expected reward on neuronal activity in prefrontal cortex, frontal and supplementary eye fields and premotor cortex. J Neurophysiol 90, 1766-1789.
115. Romo, R., Brody, C. D., Hernandez, A., and Lemus, L. (1999) Neuronal correlates of parametric working memory in the prefrontal cortex. Nature 399, 470-473.
116. Rotaru, D. C., Barrionuevo, G., and Sesack, S. R. (2005) Mediodorsal thalamic afferents to layer III of the rat prefrontal cortex: synaptic relationships to subclasses of interneurons. J Comp Neurol 490, 220-238.
117. Salamone, J. D., Correa, M., Mingote, S. M., and Weber, S. M. (2005) Beyond the reward hypothesis: alternative functions of nucleus accumbens dopamine. Curr Opin Pharmacol 5, 34-41.
118. Sawaguchi, T. (2001) The effects of dopamine and its antagonists on directional delay-period activity of prefrontal neurons in monkeys during an oculomotor delayed-response task. Neurosci Res 41, 115-128.
119. Sawaguchi, T. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1991) D1 dopamine receptors in prefrontal cortex: involvement in working memory. Science 251, 947-950.
120. Schultz, W. (1997) Dopamine neurons and their role in reward mechanisms. Curr Opin Neurobiol 7, 191-197.
121. Schultz, W. and Romo, R. (1990) Dopamine neurons of the monkey midbrain: contingencies of responses to stimuli eliciting immediate behavioral reactions. J Neurophysiol 63, 607-624.
122. Seamans, J. K. and Yang, C. R. (2004) The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog Neurobiol 74, 1-58.
123. Seamans, J. K., Durstewitz, D., Christie, B., Stevens, C. F., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2001a) Dopamine D1/D5 receptor modulation of excitatory synaptic inputs to layer V prefrontal cortex neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98, 301-306.
124. Seamans, J. K., Gorelova, N., Durstewitz, D., and Yang, C. R. (2001b) Bidirectional dopamine modulation of GABAergic inhibition in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons. J Neurosci 21, 3628-3638.
125. Seamans, J. K., Nogueira, L., and Lavin, A. (2003) Synaptic basis of persistent activity in prefrontal cortex in vivo and in organotypic cultures. Cereb Cortex 13, 1242-1250.
126. Seguela, P., Watkins, K. C., and Descarries, L. (1988) Ultrastructural features of dopamine axon terminals in the anteromedial and the suprarhinal cortex of adult rat. Brain Res 442, 11-22.
127. Sesack, S. R., Hawrylak, V. A., Matus, C., Guido, M. A., and Levey, A. I. (1998a) Dopamine axon varicosities in the prelimbic division of the rat prefrontal cortex exhibit sparse immunoreactivity for the dopamine transporter. J Neurosci 18, 2697-2708.
128. Sesack, S. R., Hawrylak, V. A., Melchitzky, D. S., and Lewis, D. A. (1998b) Dopamine innervation of a subclass of local circuit neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex: ultrastructural analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase and parvalbumin immunoreactive structures. Cereb Cortex 8, 614-622.
129. Shallice, T. and Burgess, P. (1996) The domain of supervisory processes and temporal organization of behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 351, 1405-1411.
130. Smiley, J. F. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1993) Heterogeneous targets of dopamine synapses in monkey prefrontal cortex demonstrated by serial section electron microscopy: a laminar analysis using the silver-enhanced diaminobenzidine sulfide (SEDS) immunolabeling technique. Cereb Cortex 3, 223-238.
131. Smiley, J. F., Levey, A. I., Ciliax, B. J., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1994) D1 dopamine receptor immunoreactivity in human and monkey cerebral cortex: predominant and extrasynaptic localization in dendritic spines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 5720-5724.
132. Soloway, A. S., Pucak, M. L., Melchitzky, D. S., and Lewis, D. A. (2002) Dendritic morphology of callosal and ipsilateral projection neurons in monkey prefrontal cortex. Neuroscience 109, 461-471.
133. Somogyi, P., Kisvarday, Z. F., Freund, T. F., and Cowey, A. (1984) Characterization by Golgi impregnation of neurons that accumulate 3H-GABA in the visual cortex of monkey. Exp Brain Res 53, 295-303.
134. Steriade, M. (2001) Impact of network activities on neuronal properties in corticothalamic systems. J Neurophysiol 86, 1-39.
135. 2 dopamine receptor regulation of inhibition in prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 24, 10652-10659.
136. Tseng, K. Y. and O'Donnell, P. (2006) Dopamine modulation of prefrontal cortical interneurons changes during adolescence. Cereb Cortex 17(5):1235-40.
137. Tsujimoto, S. and Sawaguchi, T. (2005) Neuronal activity representing temporal prediction of reward in the primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 93, 3687-3692.
138. Urban, N. N., Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Henze, D. A., Lewis, D. A., and Barrionuevo, G. (2002) Selective reduction by dopamine of excitatory synaptic inputs to pyramidal neurons in primate prefrontal cortex. J Physiol 539, 707-712.
139. Uylings, H. B., Groenewegen, H. J., and Kolb, B. (2003) Do rats have a prefrontal cortex? Behav Brain Res 146, 3-17.
140. Van Eden, C. G., Hoorneman, E. M., Buijs, R. M., Matthijssen, M. A., Geffard, M., and Uylings, H. B. (1987) Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the rat at the light and electron microscopical level. Neuroscience 22, 849-862.
141. Van Eden, C. G., Lamme, V. A., and Uylings, H. B. (1992) Heterotopic cortical afferents to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. A combined retrograde and anterograde tracer study. Eur J Neurosci 4, 77-97.
142. 2 receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 13, 2551-2564.
143. Vysokanov, A., Flores-Hernandez, J., and Surmeier, D. J. (1998) mRNAs for clozapinesensitive receptors co-localize in rat prefrontal cortex neurons. Neurosci Lett 258, 179-182.
144. Wallis, J. D. and Miller, E. K. (2003) Neuronal activity in primate dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal cortex during performance of a reward preference task. Eur J Neurosci 18, 2069-2081.
145. Wang, Y., Markram, H., Goodman, P. H., Berger, T. K., Ma, J., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2006) Heterogeneity in the pyramidal network of the medial prefrontal cortex. Nat Neurosci 9, 534-542.
146. Watanabe, M. (1990) Prefrontal unit activity during associative learning in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 80, 296-309.
147. Watanabe, M. (1996) Reward expectancy in primate prefrontal neurons. Nature 382, 629-632.
148. Watanabe, M., Hikosaka, K., Sakagami, M., and Shirakawa, S. (2002) Coding and monitoring of motivational context in the primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 22, 2391-2400.
149. Watanabe, M., Hikosaka, K., Sakagami, M., and Shirakawa, S. (2005) Functional significance of delay-period activity of primate prefrontal neurons in relation to spatial working memory and reward/omission-of-reward expectancy. Exp Brain Res 166, 263-276.
150. Waters, J. and Helmchen, F. (2006) Background synaptic activity is sparse in neocortex. J Neurosci 26, 8267-8277.
151. Wayment, H. K., Schenk, J. O., and Sorg, B. A. (2001) Characterization of extracellular dopamine clearance in the medial prefrontal cortex: role of monoamine uptake and monoamine oxidase inhibition. J Neurosci 21, 35-44.
152. 1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376, 572-575.
153. Williams, S. M. and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998) Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system. Cereb Cortex 8, 321-345.
154. Wilson, F. A., O'Scalaidhe, S. P., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1994) Functional synergism between putative gamma-aminobutyrate-containing neurons and pyramidal neurons in prefrontal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 4009-4013.
155. Xu, Q., Cobos, I., De La, C. E., Rubenstein, J. L., and Anderson, S. A. (2004) Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes. J Neurosci 24, 2612-2622.
156. Yajeya, J., Quintana, J., and Fuster, J. M. (1988) Prefrontal representation of stimulus attributes during delay tasks. II. The role of behavioral significance. Brain Res 474, 222-230.
157. Yanez, I. B., Munoz, A., Contreras, J., Gonzalez, J., Rodriguez-Veiga, E., and De Felipe, J. (2005) Double bouquet cell in the human cerebral cortex and a comparison with other mammals. J Comp Neurol 486, 344-360.
158. 1 receptor actions in layers V-VI rat prefrontal cortex neurons in vitro: modulation of dendritic-somatic signal integration. J Neurosci 16, 1922-1935.
159. Yang, C. R., Seamans, J. K., and Gorelova, N. (1996) Electrophysiological and morphological properties of layers V-VI principal pyramidal cells in rat prefrontal cortex in vitro. J Neurosci 16, 1904-1921.
160. Zaitsev, A. V., Gonzalez-Burgos, G., Povysheva, N. V., Kroener, S., Lewis, D. A., and Krimer, L. S. (2005) Localization of calcium-binding proteins in physiologically and morphologically characterized interneurons of monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 15, 1178-1186.