Do rats have a prefrontal cortex?

Behavioural Brain Research

Volumn 146, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 3-17

  Uylings, Harry B M ^a   Groenewegen, Henk J ^a   Kolb, Bryan ^b  

^a VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LETHBRIDGE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Basal ganglia; Mesocortical dopaminergic system; Monoamines; Parallel circuits; Prefrontal cortex; Primates; Rat

Indexed keywords

BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; COMPARATIVE STUDY; MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIMATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; RAT; REVIEW; THALAMUS;

EID: 0345257034     PISSN: 01664328     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2003.09.028     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Akert K., Hartmann-Von Monakov K. Relationships of precentral, premotor, and prefrontal cortex to the mediodorsal and intralaminar nuclei of the monkey thalamus. Acta Neurol. Exp. 40:1980;7-25.
2. Alexander GE, Crutcher MD, DeLong MR. Basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits: parallel substrates for motor, oculomotor, 'prefrontal' and 'limbic' functions. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Feenstra MPG, editors. The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research, vol. 85. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 119-46.
3. Alexander G.E., DeLong M.R., Strick P. Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 9:1986;357-381.
4. Alvarez P., Eichenbaum H. Representations of odors in the rat orbitofrontal cortex change during and after learning. Behav. Neurosci. 116:2002;421-433.
5. Amaral D.G., Price J.L. Amygdalo-cortical projections in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). J. Comp. Neurol. 230:1984;465-496.
6. Arnsten A.F.T. Catecholamine regulation of the prefrontal cortex. J. Psychopharmacol. 11:1997;151-162.
7. Barbas H. Architecture and cortical connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Adv. Neurol. 57:1992;91-115.
8. Barbas H. Anatomic basis of cognitive-emotional interactions in the primate prefrontal cortex. Neurosci. Biobehavior. Rev. 19:1995;499-510.
9. Barbas H., Blatt G.J. Topographically specific hippocampal projections target functionally distinct prefrontal areas in the rhesus monkey. Hippocampus. 5:1995;511-533.
10. Barbas H., Pandya D.N. Architecture and intrinsic connections of the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 286:1989;353-375.
11. Barbas H., Henion T.H., Dermon C.R. Diverse thalamic projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 313:1991;65-94.
12. Barbas H, Ghasghaei HT, Rempel-Clower NL, Xiao D. Anatomic basis of functional specialization in prefrontal cortices in primates. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002. p. 1-27.
13. Baxter M.G., Parker A., Lindner C.C.C., Izquierdo A.D., Murray E.A. Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;4311-4319.
14. Benton AL. The prefrontal region: its early history. In: Levin HS, Eisenberg HM, Benton AL, editors. Frontal lobe function and dysfunction. New York: Oxford University Press; 1991. p. 3-32.
15. Berendse H.W., Groenewegen H.J. Restricted cortical terminal fields of the midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience. 42:1991;73-102.
16. Birrel J.M., Brown V.J. Medial frontal cortex mediates perceputal attentional set shifting in the rat. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;4320-4324.
17. Brodmann K. Vergleichende Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnhinde. Barth: Leipzig. Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde. Leipzig: Barth-Verlag; 1909. p. 324.
18. Broersen L.M., Uylings H.B.M. Visual attention task performance in Wistar and Lister hooded rats: response inhibition deficits after medial prefrontal cortex lesions. Neuroscience. 94:1999;47-57.
19. Broersen L.M., Heinsbroek R.P.W., de Bruin J.P.C., Uylings H.B.M., Olivier B. The role of the medial prefrontal cortex of rats in short-term memory functioning: further support for involvement of cholinergic, rather than dopaminergic mechanisms. Brain Res. 674:1995a;221-229.
20. Broersen L.M., Heinsbroek R.P.W., de Bruin J.P.C., Laan J.B., Joosten R.N.J.M.A., Olivier B. Local pharmacological manipulations of prefrontal dopamine affect conflict behaviour in rats. Behav. Pharmacol. 6:1995b;395-404.
21. Brown V.J., Bowman E.M. Rodent models of prefrontal cortical function. Trends Neurosci. 25:2002;340-343.
22. Butter C.M., Snyder D.R. Alterations in aversive and aggressive behaviors following orbital frontal lesions in rhesus monkeys. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 32:1972;115-156.
23. Carmichael S.T., Price J.L. Architectonic subdivision of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 346:1994;366-402.
24. Carmichael S.T., Price J.L. Limbic connections of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 363:1995;615-641.
25. Carr D.B., Sesack S.R. Projections from the rat prefrontal cortex to the ventral tegmental area: target specificity in the synaptic associations with mesoaccumbens and mesocortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;3864-3873.
26. Cavada C., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Posterior parietal cortex in rhesus monkey. II. Evidence for segregated corticocortical networks linking sensory and limbic areas with the frontal lobe. J. Comp. Neurol. 287:1989;422-445.
27. Cavada C., Company T., Tejedor J., Cruz-Rizzolo R.J., Reinoso-Suárez F. The anatomical connections of the macaque monkey orbitofrontal cortex. A review. Cereb. Cortex. 10:2000;220-242.
28. Condé F., Audinat E., Maire-Lepoivre E., Crépel F. Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. A study using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes. I. Thalamic Afferents. Brain Res. Bull. 24:1990;341-354.
29. Condé F., Maire-Lepoivre E., Audinat E., Crépel F. Afferent connections of the medial frontal cortex of the rat. II. Cortical and subcortical afferent. J. Comp. Neurol. 352:1995;567-593.
30. Corwin J.V., Fussinger M., Meyer R.C., King V.R., Reep R.L. Bilateral destruction of the ventrolateral orbital cortex produces allocentric but not egocentric spatial deficits in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 61:1994;79-86.
31. Damasio AR. Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: Grosset/Putnam; 1994. p. 312.
32. De Bruin JPC. Social behavior and the prefrontal cortex. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Feenstra MPG, editors. The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research, vol. 85. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 485-96.
33. De Bruin JPC, Feenstra MPG, Broersen LM, Van Leeuwen M, Arens C, De Vries S, et al. Role of the prefrontal cortex of the rat in learning and decision making: effects of transient inactivation. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Feenstra MGP, Pennartz CMA, editors. Cognition, emotion and autonomic responses: the integrative role of the prefrontal cortex and limbic structures. Progress in brain research, vol. 126. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2000. p. 103-13.
34. DeCoteau W.E., Kesner R.P., Williams J.M. Short-term memory for food reward magnitude: the role of the prefrontal cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 88:1997;239-249.
35. Dermon C.R., Barbas H. Contralateral thalamic projections predominantly reach transitional cortices in the rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 344:1994;508-531.
36. Devinsky O., Morrell M.J., Vogt B.A. Contributions of anterior cingulate cortex to behavior. Brain. 118:1995;279-306.
37. Dinopoulos A., Karamanlidis A.N., Papadopoulos G., Antonopoulos J., Michaloudi H. Thalamic projections to motor, prefrontal and somatosensory cortex in the sheep studied by means of the horseradish peroxidase transport method. J. Comp. Neurol. 241:1985;63-81.
38. Divac I. Frontal lobe system and spatial reversal in the rat. Neuropsychologia. 9:1971;171-183.
39. Donoghue J.P., Wise S.P. The motor cortex of the rat: cytoarchitecture and microstimulation mapping. J. Comp. Neurol. 212:1982;76-88.
40. Dunnett S.B. Role of the prefrontal cortex and striatal output systems in short-term memory deficits associated with ageing, basal forebrain lesions, and cholinergic-rich grafts. Can. J. Psychol. 44:1990;210-232.
41. Feenstra MGP, De Bruin JPC. Strategy switching and the rat prefrontal cortex. In: Otani S, editor. Prefrontal cortex: from synaptic plasticity to cognition. Dordrecht: Wolters-Kluwer; 2003, in press.
42. Frysztak R.J., Neafsey E.J. The effect of medial frontal cortex lesions on cardiovascular conditioned emotional responses in the rat. Brain Res. 643:1994;181-193.
43. Frysztak R.J., Neafsey E.J. The effect of medial frontal cortex lesions on respiration, 'freezing', and ultrasonic vocalizations during conditioned emotional responses in rat. Cereb. Cortex. 1:1991;418-425.
44. Fuster JM. The prefrontal cortex: anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe, 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1997. p. 333.
45. Fuster J.M. Linkage at the top. Neuron. 21:1998;1223-1224.
46. Gallagher M., McMahan R.W., Schoenbaum G. Orbitofrontal cortex and representations of incentive value in associative learning. J. Neurosci. 19:1999;6610-6614.
47. Gaspar P., Stepniewska I., Kaas J.H. Topography and collateralization of the dopaminergic projections to motor and lateral prefrontal cortex in owl monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 325:1992;1-21.
48. Gaykema R.P.A., Van Weeghel R., Hersh L.B., Luiten P.G.M. Prefrontal cortical projections to the cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 303:1991;563-583.
49. Ghashghaei H.T., Barbas H. Neural interaction between the basal forebrain and functionally distinct prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience. 103:2001;593-614.
50. Giguere M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Mediodorsal nucleus areal, laminar, and tangential distribution of afferents and efferents in the frontal lobe of rhesus monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 277:1988;195-213.
51. Gisquet-Verrier P., Winocur G., Delatour B. Functional dissociation between dorsal and ventral regions of the medial prefrontal cortex in rats. Psychobiology. 28:2000;248-260.
52. Goldman-Rakic PS. Circuitry of the primate prefrontal cortex and regulation of behavior by representational memory. In: Plum F, editor. Handbook of physiology: the nervous system. Vol. 5. Higher functions of the brain, Part 1. Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society; 1987. p. 373-417.
53. Granon S., Poucet B. Involvement of the rat prefrontal cortex in cognitive functions: a central role for the prelimbic area. Psychobiology. 28:2000;229-237.
54. Groenewegen H.J. Organization of the afferent connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat, related to mediodorsal-prefrontal topography. Neuroscience. 24:1988;379-431.
55. Groenewegen H.J., Berendse H.W. The specificity of the non-specific midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;52-57.
56. Groenewegen HJ, Witter MP. Thalamus. In: Paxinos G, editor. The rat nervous system, 3rd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2004. p. 407-453.
57. Groenewegen H.J., Wright C.I., Uylings H.B.M. The anatomical relationships of the prefrontal cortex with limbic structures and the basal ganglia. J. Psychopharmacol. 11:1997;99-106.
58. Groenewegen HJ, Berendse HW, Wolters JG, Lohman AHM. The anatomical relationship of the prefrontal cortex with the striatopallidal system, the thalamus and the amygdala: evidence for a parallel organization. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Feenstra MPG, editors. The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research, vol. 85. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 95-118.
59. Guandalini P. The efferent connections to the thalamus and brainstem of the physiologically defined eye field in the rat medial frontal cortex. Brain Res. Bull. 54:2001;175-186.
60. Hajos M., Richards C.D., Szekely A.D., Sharp T. An electrophysiological and neuroanatomical study of the medial prefrontal cortical projection to the midbrain raphe nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience. 87:1998;95-108.
61. Heidbreder CA, Groenewegen HJ. The medical prefrontal cortex in the rat: evidence for a dorso-ventral distinction based upon functional and anatomical characteristics. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2003, in press.
62. Iwaniuk A., Whishaw I.Q. On the origin of skilled forelimb movements. Trends Neurosci. 23:2000;372-376.
63. Jay T., Witter M.P. Distribution of hippocampal CA1 and subicular efferents in the prefrontal cortex of the rat studied by means of anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin. J. Comp. Neurol. 313:1991;574-586.
64. Jodo E., Aston-Jones G. Activation of locus coeruleus by prefrontal cortex is mediated by excitatory amino acid inputs. Brain Res. 768:1997;327-332.
65. Jodo E., Chiang C., Aston-Jones G. Potent excitatory influence of prefrontal cortex on noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons. Neuroscience. 83:1998;63-79.
66. Jones EG. Thalamus. New York: Plenum Press; 1985. p. 935.
67. Jones EG. A description of the human thalamus. In: Steriade M, Jones EG, McCormick DA, editors. Thalamus, vol. 2. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1997. p. 425-99.
68. Jones E.G., Leavitt R.Y. Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of non-specific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 154:1974;349-378.
69. Kaas J.H. The organization of neocortex in mammals: implications for theories of brain function. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 38:1987;129-151.
70. Kalsbeek A., Buijs R.M., Hofman M.A., Matthijssen M.A.H., Pool C.W., Uylings H.B.M. Effects of neonatal thermal lesioning of mesocortical dopaminergic projection on the development of the rat prefrontal cortex. Dev. Brain Res. 32:1987;123-132.
71. Kesner R.P. Subregional analysis of mnemonic functions of the prefrontal cortex in the rat. Psychobiology. 28:2000;219-228.
72. Kesner R.P., Holbrook T. Dissociation of item and order spatial memory in rats following medial prefrontal cortex lesions. Neuropsychologia. 25:1987;653-664.
73. Kievit J., Kuypers H.G.J.M. Organization of the thalamo-cortical connexions to the frontal lobe in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 29:1977;299-322.
74. King V., Corwin J.V. Neglect following unilateral ablation of the caudal but not the rostral portion of medial agranular cortex of the rat and the therapeutic effect of apomorphine. Behav. Brain Res. 37:1990;169-184.
75. Kolb B. Dissociation of the effects of lesions of the orbital or medial aspect of the prefrontal cortex of the rat with respect to activity. Behav. Biol. 10:1974a;329-343.
76. Kolb B. Prefrontal lesions alter eating and hoarding behavior in rats. Physiol. Behav. 12:1974b;507-511.
77. Kolb B. Some tests of response habituation in rats with prefrontal lesions. Can. J. Psychol. 28:1974c;260-267.
78. Kolb B. The social behavior of rats with chronic prefrontal lesions. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 87:1974d;466-474.
79. Kolb B. Functions of the frontal cortex of the rat: a comparative review. Brain Res. Rev. 8:1984;65-98.
80. Kolb B. Animal models for human PFC-related disorders. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Corner MA, Feenstra MPG, editors. The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research, vol. 85. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 501-19.
81. Kolb B., Whishaw I.Q. Dissociation of the contributions of the prefrontal, motor and parietal cortex to the control of movement in the rat. Can. J. Psychol. 37:1983a;211-232.
82. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. Generalizing in neuropsychology: problems and principles underlying cross-species comparisons. In: Robinson TE, editor. Behavioral contributions to brain research. New York: Oxford University Press; 1983b. p. 237-64.
83. Kolb B., Whishaw I.Q. Neonatal frontal lesions in the rat: sparing of learned but not species-typical behavior in the presence of reduced brain weight and cortical thickness. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 95:1981;863-879.
84. Kolb B., Whishaw I.Q. Brain plasticity and behavior. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 49:1998;43-64.
85. Kolb B, Whishaw IQ. Fundamentals of human neuropsychology, 5th ed. New York: Worth; 2003.
86. Kolb B., Buhrmann K., MacDonald R., Sutherland R.J. Dissociation of the medial prefrontal, posterior parietal, and posterior temporal cortex for spatial navigation and recognition memory in the rat. Cereb. Cortex. 4:1994;15-34.
87. Kolb B., Nonneman A.J., Singh R. Double dissociation of spatial impairment and perseveration following selective prefrontal lesions in the rat. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 87:1974;772-780.
88. Krettek J.E., Price J.L. The cortical projections of the mediodorsal nucleus and adjacent thalamic nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 171:1977;157-191.
89. Leonard C.M. The prefrontal cortex of the rat. I. Cortical projection of the mediodorsal nucleus. II. Efferent connections. Brain Res. 12:1969;321-343.
90. Lewis DA, Sesack SR. Dopamine systems in the primate brain. In: Björklund A, Hökfelt T, Bloom FE, editors. Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy, Vol. 13. The primate nervous system, Part I. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1997. p. 363-75.
91. Lopez-Bendito G., Molnár Z. Thalamocortical development: how are we going to get there? Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 4:2003;276-289.
92. Loughlin S.E., Fallon J.H. Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area projection to cortex: topography and collateralization. Neuroscience. 11:1984;425-435.
93. Markow-Rajkowska G., Kosmal A. Organization of cortical afferents to the frontal association cortex in dogs. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 47:1987;137-161.
94. McDonald A.J. Organization of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex and associated striatum in the rat. Neuroscience. 44:1991;1-14.
95. McFarland N.R., Haber S.N. Thalamic relay nuclei of the basal ganglia form both reciprocal and nonreciprocal cortical connections, linking multiple frontal cortical areas. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;8117-8132.
96. Mesulam M.-M. Spatial attention and neglect: parietal, frontal and cingulate contributions to the mental representation and attentional targeting of salient extrapersonal events. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B: Biol. Sci. 354:1999;1325-1346.
97. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. The temporal lobe is a target of output from the basal ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:1996;8683-8687.
98. Middleton F.A., Strick P.L. Basal-ganglia 'projections' to the prefrontal cortex of the primate. Cereb. Cortex. 12:2000;926-935.
99. Middleton FA, Strick PL. A revised neuroanatomy of frontal-subcortical circuits. In: Lichter DG, Cummings JL, editors. Frontal-subcortical circuits in psychiatric and neurological disorders. New York: Guildford Press; 2001. p. 44-58.
100. Miller EK, Wallis JD. The prefrontal cortex and executive brain functions. In: Squire LR, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Zigmond MJ, editors. Fundamental of neuroscience. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Elsevier; 2003. p. 1353-76.
101. Morán A.M., Reinoso-Suárez F. Topographical organization of the thalamic afferent connections to the motor cortex in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 270:1988;64-85.
102. Morgan MA, Schulkin J, LeDoux JE. Ventral medial prefrontal cortex and emotional perseveration: the memory for prior extinction training. Behav Brain Res 2003, in press.
103. Muir J.L., Everitt B.J., Robbins T.W. The cerebral cortex of the rat and visual attentional function: dissociable effects of mediofrontal, cingulate, anterior dorsolateral and parietal cortex lesions on a five-choice serial reaction time task. Cereb. Cortex. 6:1996;470-481.
104. Nauta W.J.H. Neural associations of the amygdaloid complex in the monkey. Brain. 85:1962;505-520.
105. Neafsey E.J., Hurley-Gius K.M., Arvanitis D. The topographical organization of neurons in the rat medial frontal, insular and olfactory cortex to the solitary tract nucleus, olfactory bulb, periaqueductal gray and superior colliculus. Brain Res. 377:1986;261-270.
106. Northcutt R.G., Kaas J.H. The emergence and evolution of mammalian neocortex. Trends Neurosci. 18:1995;373-379.
107. Öngür D., Price J.L. The organization of networks within the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex of rats. Cereb. Cortex. 10:2000;206-219.
108. Otto T., Eichenbaum H. Complementary roles of the orbital prefrontal cortex and the perirhinal-entorhinal cortices in an odor-guided delayed-nonmatching-to-sample task. Behav. Neurosci. 106:1992;762-775.
109. Pandya DN, Yeterian EH. Prefrontal cortex in relation to other cortical areas in rhesus monkey: architecture and connections. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Corner MA, Feenstra MPG, editors. The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research, vol. 85. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 63-94.
110. Passingham R. The frontal lobes and voluntary action. Oxford psychology series, vol. 21. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1993. p. 299.
111. Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1998.
112. Preuss T.M. Do rats have a prefrontal cortex? The Rose-Woolsey-Akert program reconsidered. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 7:1995;1-24.
113. Preuss T.M. Taking the measure of diversity: comparative alternatives to the model-animal paradigm in cortical neuroscience. Brain Behav. Evol. 55:2000;287-299.
114. Preuss T.M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Connections of the ventral granular frontal cortex of macaques with perisylvian premotor and somatosensory areas: anatomical evidence for somatic representation in primate frontal association cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 282:1989;293-316.
115. Preuss TM, Kaas JH. Human brain evolution. In: Zigmond MJ, Bloom FE, Landis SC, Roberts JL, Squire LR, editors. Fundamental of neuroscience. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1999. p. 1283-311.
116. Pribram K.H., Wilson W.A., Connors J. Effects of lesions of the medial forebrain on alternation behavior of rhesus monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 6:1962;36-47.
117. Quirk G.J., Russo G.K., Barron J.L., Lebron K. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the recovery of extinguished fear. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;6225-6231.
118. Ragozzino M.E., Kesner R.P. The role of the agranular insular cortex in working memory for food reward value and allocentric space in rats. Behav. Brain Res. 98:1999;103-112.
119. Ragozzino M.E. The contribution of cholinergic and dopaminergic afferents in the rat prefrontal cortex to learning, memory, and attention. Psychobiology. 28:2000;238-247.
120. Rajkowska G, Kosmal A. Intrinsic connections and cytoarchitectonic data of the frontal association cortex in the dog. Acta Neurobiol Exp 48:169-92.
121. Ramus S.J., Eichenbaum H. Neural correlates of olfactory recognition memory in the rat orbitofrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;8199-8208.
122. Ray J.P., Price J.L. The organization of the thalamocortical connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat, related to the ventral forebrain-prefrontal cortex topography. J. Comp. Neurol. 323:1992;167-197.
123. Ray J.P., Price J.L. The organization of projections from the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus to orbital and medial prefrontal cortex in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 337:1993;1-31.
124. Reep R.L., Corwin J.V., King V.R. Neural connections of orbital cortex in rats: topography of cortical and thalamic afferents. Exp. Brain Res. 111:1996;215-232.
125. Reep R.L., Corwin J.V. Topographic organization of the striatal and thalamic connections of rat medial agranular cortex. Brain Res. 841:1999;43-52.
126. Rolls ET. The functions of the orbitofrontal cortex. In: Stuss DT, Knight RT, editors. Principles of frontal lobe function. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. p. 354-75.
127. Rose J.E., Woolsey C.N. The orbitofrontal cortex and its connections with the mediodorsal nucleus in rabbit, sheep and cat. Res. Publ. Assoc. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 27:1948;210-232.
128. Russchen F.T., Amaral D.G., Price J.L. The afferent connections of the substantia innominata in the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 242:1985;1-27.
129. Saddoris MP, Setlow B, Nugent S, Schoenbaum G. A reexamination of the role of orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala in acquisition and reversal of odor-guided go, no go discrimination task. Soc Neurosci Abstr 2000;23.
130. Sawaguchi T., Goldman-Rakic P.S. The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. J. Neurophysiol. 71:1994;515-528.
131. Schoenbaum G., Setlow B. Integrating orbitofrontal cortex into prefrontal theory: common processing themes across species and subdivisions. Learn. Mem. 8:2002;134-147.
132. Schoenbaum G., Chiba A.A., Gallagher M. Changes in functional connectivity in orbitofrontal cortex and basolateral amygdala during learning and reversal training. J. Neurosci. 20:2000;5179-5189.
133. Sherman SM, Guillery RW. Exploring the thalamus. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2001. p. 312.
134. Shibata H. Topographic organization of subcortical projections to the anterior thalamic nuclei in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 323:1992;117-127.
135. Shipley J.E., Kolb B. Neural correlates of species typical behavior in the Syrian Golden hamster. J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 91:1977;1056-1073.
136. Stepniewska I., Kosmal A. Distribution of mediodorsal thalamic nucleus afferents originating in the prefrontal association cortex of the dog. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 46:1986;311-322.
137. Stepniewska I., Kosmal A. Differential projection from the motor and limbic cortical regions to the mediodorsal thalmic nucleus in the dog. Acta Neurobiol. Exp. 49:1989;23-37.
138. Swanson LW. Brain maps: structure of the rat brain. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1992. p. 240.
139. Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of the prefrontal cortex in rat and in primates, including humans. In: Uylings HBM, Van Eden CG, De Bruin JPC, Corner MA, Feenstra MPG, editors. The prefrontal cortex: its structure, function and pathology. Progress in brain research, vol. 85. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1990. p. 31-62.
140. Uylings H.B.M. About assumptions in estimation of density of neurons and glial cells. Biol. Psychiat. 51:2002;840-842.
141. Van Eden C.G. Development of connections between the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and the prefrontal cortex in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 244:1986;349-359.
142. Van Eden C.G., Uylings H.B.M. Ctyoarchitectonic development of the prefronal cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 241:1885;253-267.
143. Van Eden C.G., Lamme V.A.F., Uylings H.B.M. Heterotopic cortical afferents to the medial prefrontal cortex in the rat. A combined retrograde and anterograde tracer study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4:1992;77-97.
144. Vertes R.P. Analysis of projections from the medial prefrontal cortex to the thalamus in the rat, with emphasis on nucleus reuniens. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:2002;163-187.
145. Verwer R.W., Van Vulpen E.H., Van Uum J.F. Postnatal development of amygdaloid projections to the prefrontal cortex in the rat studied with retrograde and anterograde tracers. J. Comp. Neurol. 376:1996;75-96.
146. Verwer R.W.H., Meijer R.J., Van Uum H.F.M., Witter M.P. Collateral projections from the rat hippocampal formation to the lateral and medial prefrontal cortex. Hippocampus. 7:1997;397-402.
147. Warren JM, Kolb B. Generalizations in neuropsychology. In: Finger S, editor. Brain damage, behavior and the concept of recovery of function. New York: Plenum Press; 1978.
148. Whishaw IQ. Change in sensory control related to behavioural and anatomical evolution of primate skilled reaching. Behav Brain Res, in press.
149. Whishaw I.Q., Pellis S.M., Gorny B.P. Skilled reaching in rats and humans: evidence of parallel development or homology. Behav. Brain Res. 47:1992;59-70.
150. Whishaw I.Q., Pellis S.M., Gorny B.P. Medial frontal cortex lesions impair the aiming component of rat reaching. Behav. Brain Res. 50:1992;93-104.
151. Whishaw I.Q., Tomie J., Kolb B. Ventrolateral frontal cortex lesions in rats impair the acquisition and retention of a tactile-olfactory configural task. Behav. Neurosci. 106:1992;597-603.
152. Wikmark R.G.E., Divac I., Weiss R. Retention of spatial delayed alternation in rats with lesions of the frontal lobes: implications for a comparative neuropsychology of the prefrontal system. Brain Behav. Evol. 8:1973;329-339.
153. Williams S.M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Widespread origin of the primate mesofrontal dopamine system. Cereb. Cortex. 8:1998;321-345.
154. Woolsey CN. Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex. In: Harlow HF, Woolsey CN, editors. Biological and biochemical bases of behavior. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press; 1957.
155. Wouterlood F.G., Steinbusch H.W., Luiten P.G., Bol J.G. Projection from the prefrontal cortex to histaminergic cell groups in the posterior hypothalamic region of the rat. Anterograde tracing with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin ombined with immunocytochemistry of histidine decarboxylase. Brain Res. 406:1987;330-336.
156. Yoshida A., Dostrovsky J.O., Chiang C.Y. The afferent and efferent connections of the nucleus submedius in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;115-133.
157. Zaborsky L., Gaykema R.P.A., Swanson D.J., Culliman W.E. Cortical input to the basal forebrain. Neuroscience. 79:1997;1051-1078.
158. Zilles K. The cortex of the rat. A stereotaxic atlas. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1985. p. 121.