Programs for optimizing the use of antibiotics (PROA) in Spanish hospitals: GEIH-SEIMC, SEFH and SEMPSPH consensus document;Programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) en hospitales españoles: documento de consenso GEIH-SEIMC, SEFH y SEMPSPH

Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiologia Clinica

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2012, Pages

  Rodríguez Baño, Jesús ^a   Paño Pardo, José Ramón ^b   Alvarez Rocha, Luis ^c   Asensio, Ángel ^d   Calbo, Esther ^e   Cercenado, Emilia ^f   Cisneros, José Miguel ^g   Cobo, Javier ^h   Delgado, Olga ⁱ   Garnacho Montero, José ^g   Grau, Santiago ^j   Horcajada, Juan Pablo ^j   Hornero, Ana ^k   Murillas Angoiti, Javier ⁱ   Oliver, Antonio ⁱ   Padilla, Belén ^f   Pasquau, Juan ^l   Pujol, Miquel ^k   Ruiz Garbajosa, Patricia ^h   San Juan, Rafael ^m   Sierra, Rafael ⁿ   more..

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN MACARENA   (Spain)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO LA PAZ IDIPAZ   (Spain)

^c HOSPITAL JUAN CANALEJO   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO PUERTA DE HIERRO   (Spain)

^e HOSPITAL MÚTUA DE TERRASSA   (Spain)

^f HOSPITAL GENERAL UNIVERSITARIO GREGORIO MARAÑÓN   (Spain)

^g HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DEL ROCÍO   (Spain)

^h HOSPITAL RAMÓN Y CAJAL   (Spain)

ⁱ HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SON ESPASES   (Spain)

^j HOSPITAL DEL MAR   (Spain)

^k HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI DE BELLVITGE   (Spain)

^l HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DE LAS NIEVES   (Spain)

^m HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO 12 DE OCTUBRE   (Spain)

ⁿ HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO PUERTA DEL MAR   (Spain)

more..

Author keywords

Antibiotic stewardship; Antimicrobial resistance; Consensus document; Recommendations; Use of antimicrobials

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; DRUG PROGRAM; DRUG USE; HOSPITAL;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; DRUG UTILIZATION; HOSPITALS; HUMANS; MEDICAL AUDIT; QUALITY INDICATORS, HEALTH CARE; SPAIN;

EID: 84856002116     PISSN: 0213005X     EISSN: 15781852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2011.09.018     Document Type: Article

References (162)

1. G.L. Armstrong, L.A. Conn, and R.W. Pinner Trends in infectious disease mortality in the United States during the 20th Century JAMA 281 1999 61 66 (Pubitemid 29025101)
2. B. Spellberg, R. Guidos, D. Gilbert, J. Bradley, H.W. Boucher, and M. Scheldet The epidemic of antibiotic-resistant infections: a call to action for the medical community from the Infectious Diseases Society of America Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 155 164 (Pubitemid 351269151)
3. M.H. Kollef, G. Sherman, S. Ward, and V.J. Fraseet Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients Chest 115 1999 462 474 (Pubitemid 29083057)
4. A. Kumar, D. Roberts, K.E. Wood, B.E. Light, J.E. Parrillo, and S. Sharmaet Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock Crit Care Med 34 2006 1589 1596 (Pubitemid 43810035)
5. M. Paul, V. Shani, E. Muchtar, G. Kariv, E. Robenshtok, and L. Leibovici Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for sepsis Antimicrob Agents Chemother 54 2010 4851 4863
6. A.E. Clatworthy, E. Pierson, and D.T. Hunget Targeting virulence: a new paradigm for antimicrobial therapy Nat Chem Biol 3 2007 541 548 (Pubitemid 47294400)
7. M. Lipsitch, and M.H. Samore Antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance: a population perspective Emerging Infect Dis 8 2002 347 354 (Pubitemid 34415194)
8. L. Martínez-Martínez, and J. Calvo Development of resistance to antibiotic drugs: causes, consequences, and importance to the public health system Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 Suppl. 4 2010 4 9
9. H.W. Boucher, G.H. Talbot, J.S. Bradley, J.E. Edwards, D. Gilbert, and L.B. Rice Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! An update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America Clin Infect Dis 48 2009 1 12
10. J. Vila, J. Rodríguez-Baño, and D. Gargallo-Viola Prudent use of antibacterial agents: are we entering in an era of infections with no effective antibacterial agents? What can we do? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 577 579
11. European Center for Diseases Control. The bacterial Challenge: time to react. A call to narrow the gap between multidrug-resistant bacteria in the EU and the development of new antibacterial agents. 2009 [consultado 27 Nov 2010]. Disponible en: http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/0909-TER- The-Bacterial-Challenge-Time-to-React.pdf
12. D.L. Livermore Has the era of untreatable infections arrived? J Antimicrob Chemother 64 Suppl 1 2009 i29 i36
13. Infectious Diseases Society of America The 10 x '20 Initiative: pursuing a global commitment to develop 10 new antibacterial drugs by 2020 Clin Infect Dis 50 2010 1081 1083
14. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work [consultado 27 Nov 2010]. Disponible en: http://www.cdc.gov/ getsmart/
15. Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. Campaña Uso Prudente del Antibiótico [consultado 27 Nov 2010]. Disponible en: http://www.seimc. org/noticias/index.asp?apV=noticias&apV1=noticias&apnv0= noticias-usoprudenteantimicrobianos.htm
16. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Combating Antimicrobial Resistance: Policy Recommendations to Save Lives Clin Infect Dis 52 Suppl 5 2011 S397 S428
17. Infome EPINE (Estudio de Prevalencia de las Infecciones Nosocomiales en España). Sociedad Española de Medicina Preventiva Salud Pública e Higiene [consultado 11 Mar 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.sempsph.com. Last accessed: March 11th 2010.
18. M.J. Otero, P. Alonso, J.A. Maderuelo, B. Garrido, A. Domínguez, and A. Sánchez Acontecimientos adversos prevenibles causados por medicamentos en pacientes hospitalizados Med Clin (Barc) 126 2006 81 87
19. N. Shehab, P.R. Patel, A. Srinivasan, and D.S. Budnitz Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events Clin Infect Dis 47 2008 735 743
20. J.F. John, and N.O. Fishman Programmatic role of the infectious diseases physician in controlling antimicrobial costs in the hospital Clin Infect Dis 24 1997 471 485 (Pubitemid 27096806)
21. W.E. Scheckler, and J.V. Bennett Antibiotic usage in seven community hospitals JAMA 213 1970 264 267
22. A. Apisarnthanarak, S. Danchaivijitr, T. Khawcharoenporn, L. Limsrivilai, B. Warachan, and T.C. Bailey Effectiveness of Education and an Antibiotic-Control Program in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Thailand Clin Infect Dis 42 2006 768 775 (Pubitemid 43363930)
23. M.T. Hecker, D.C. Aron, N.P. Patel, M.K. Lehmann, and C.J. Donskey Unnecessary use of antimicrobials in hospitalized patients: current patterns of misuse with an emphasis on the antianaerobic spectrum of activity Arch Intern Med 163 2003 972 978 (Pubitemid 36519743)
24. M.E.J.L. Hulscher, R.P.T.M. Grol, and J.W.M. van der Meer Antibiotic prescribing in hospitals: a social and behavioural scientific approach Lancet Infect Dis 10 2010 167 175
25. J.H. Powers Risk perception and inappropriate antimicrobial use: yes, it can hurt Clin Infect Dis 48 2009 1350 1353
26. Wikipedia contributors. Stewardship [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia [consultado 27 Nov 2010]. Disponible en: http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Stewardship
27. P. Davey, E. Brown, L. Fenelon, R. Finch, I. Gould, and G. Hartman Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 19 2005 CD003543
28. T.H. Dellit, R.C. Owens, J.E. McGowan, D.N. Gerding, R.A. Weinstein, and J.P. Burke Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 159 177 (Pubitemid 46084814)
29. J.R. Paño-Pardo, B. Padilla, M. Romero-Gómez, F. Moreno-Romero, A. Rico-Nieto, and M. Mora-Rillo Actividades de monitorización y mejora del uso de antibióticos en hospitales españoles: resultado de una encuesta nacional Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 29 2011 19 25
30. B. Almirante, J. Campos, R. Cantón, F. Gudiol, J. Pachón, and A. Pascual Prudent use of antimicrobials. Have we done the best we can? The SEIMC and REIPI statement Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 485 486
31. C. MacDougall, and R.E. Polk Antimicrobial stewardship programs in health care systems Clin Microbiol Rev 18 2005 638 656 (Pubitemid 41504509)
32. F.M. MacKenzie, M.J. Struelens, K.J. Towner, and I.M. Gould Report of the Consensus Conference on Antibiotic Resistance; Prevention and Control (ARPAC) Clin Microbiol Infect 11 2005 937 954
33. D. Patel, W. Lawson, and B.J. Guglielmo Antimicrobial stewardship programs: interventions and associated outcomes Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6 2008 209 222
34. J.M. Cisneros, C. Ortiz-Leyba, J.A. Lepe, I. Obando, M. Conde, and A. Cayuela Uso prudente de antibióticos y propuestas de mejora desde la medicina hospitalaria Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 Suppl 4 2010 28 31
35. C. Marwick, E. Watts, J. Evans, and P. Davey Quality of care in sepsis management: development and testing of measures for improvement J Antimicrob Chemother 60 2007 694 697 (Pubitemid 47299894)
36. N. Fishman Antimicrobial stewardship Am J Med 119 Suppl 1 2006 S53 S61
37. L. Sourdeau, M.J. Struelens, W.E. Peetermans, M. Costers, C. Suetens Hospital Care Working Group of Belgian Antibiotic Policy Coordination Committee (BAPCOC) Implementation of antibiotic management teams in Belgian hospitals Acta Clin Belg 61 2006 58 63 (Pubitemid 43759911)
38. C. Bantar, B. Sartori, E. Vesco, C. Heft, M. Saúl, and F. Salamone A hospitalwide intervention program to optimize the quality of antibiotic use: impact on prescribing practice, antibiotic consumption, cost savings, and bacterial resistance Clin Infect Dis 37 2003 180 186 (Pubitemid 36930347)
39. S. Saizy-Callaert, R. Causse, C. Furhman, M.F. Le Paih, A. Thébault, and C. Chouaïd Impact of a multidisciplinary approach to the control of antibiotic prescription in a general hospital J Hosp Infect 53 2003 177 182 (Pubitemid 38002051)
40. M.E. van Kasteren, I.E. Gyssens, B.J. Kullberg, H.A. Bruining, E.E. Stobberingh, and R.J. Goris [Optimizing antibiotics policy in the Netherlands VSWAB guidelines for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis. Foundation Antibiotics Policy Team] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 144 2000 2049 2055
41. R. Causse, C. Chouaid, S. Callaert, M.F. Le Paih, R. Cohen, and A. Thebault Impact of a multidisciplinary approach for monitoring prescribing of antibiotics in a hospital Presse Med 27 1998 1371 1375
42. D.W. Bates, D.J. Cullen, N. Laird, L.A. Petersen, S.D. Small, and D. Servi Incidence of adverse drug events and potential drug events. Implications for prevention JAMA 274 1995 29 34
43. T.W. Nolan System changes to improve patient safety Br Med J 320 2000 771 773 (Pubitemid 30179430)
44. National Quality Forum. Safe Practices for Better Healthcare-2009 Update: A consensus report. Washington: NQF; 2003. p. 20096.
45. J.E. McGowan Minimizing Antimicrobial Resistance: The Key Role of the Infectious Diseases Physician Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 939 942
46. D.P. McQuillen, R.M. Petrak, R.B. Wasserman, R.G. Nahass, J.A. Scull, and M.P. Martinelli The value of Infectious Diseases Specialists: non-patient care activities Clin Infect Dis 47 2008 1051 1063
47. E. Power Impact of antibiotic restrictions: the pharmaceutical perspective Clin Microbiol Infect 12 Suppl 5 2006 25 34
48. D.L. Paterson The role of antimicrobial management programs in optimizing antibiotic prescribing within hospitals Clin Infect Dis 42 Suppl 2 2006 S90 S95
49. M.H. Kollef Broad-spectrum antimicrobials and the treatment of serious bacterial infection: getting it right up front Clin Infect Dis 47 Suppl 1 2008 S3 S13
50. S. Deresinski Principles of antibiotic therapy in severe infections: optimizing the therapeutic approach by use of laboratory and clinical data Clin Infect Dis 45 2007 S177 S183
51. O. Delgado Sánchez, J. Bautista Paloma, M. Sora Ortega, and F. Moranta Ribas Uso prudente de antibióticos y propuestas de mejora desde la farmacia comunitaria y hospitalaria Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 s4 2010 36 39
52. R.E. Isturiz Optimizing antimicrobial prescribing Int J Antimicrob Agents 36 Suppl 3 2010 S19 S22
53. P. Rattanaumpawan, P. Sutha, and V. Thamlikitkul Effectiveness of drug use evaluation and antibiotic authorization on patients' clinical outcomes, antibiotic consumption, and antibiotic expenditures Am J Infect Control 38 2010 38 43
54. A. Donabedian Evaluating the quality of medical care Milbank Q 4 1966 155 164
55. C. Ramsay, E. Brown, G. Hartman, and P. Davey Room for improvement: a systematic review of the quality of evaluations of interventions to improve hospital antibiotic prescribing J Antimicrob Chemother 52 2003 764 771 (Pubitemid 37407802)
56. R.H. Vander Stichele, M.M. Elseviers, M. Ferech, S. Blot, H. Goossens European Surveillance of Antibiotic Comsuption (ESAC) Project Group Hospital consumption of antibiotics in 15 European countries: results of the ESAC Retrospective Data Collection (1997-2002) J Antimicrob Chemother 58 2006 159 167 (Pubitemid 44295000)
57. R.E. Polk, C. Fox, A. Mahoney, J. Letcavage, and C. MacDougall Measurement of adult antibacterial drug use in 130 US hospitals: comparison of defined daily dose and days of therapy Clin Infect Dis 44 2007 664 670
58. K. de With, L. Maier, M. Steib-Bauert, P. Kern, and W.V. Kern Trends in antibiotic use at a university hospital: defined or prescribed daily doses? Patient days or admissions as denominator? Infection 34 2006 91 94
59. R. Cantón, and J. Cobo Consumo de antimicrobianos y resistencia en el hospital: una relación difícil de medir y compleja de interpretar Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 27 2009 437 440
60. F. Baquero Low-level antibacterial resistance: a gateway to clinical resistance Drug Resist Update 4 2001 93 105 (Pubitemid 32619567)
61. A.L. Cohen, D. Calfee, S.K. Fridkin, S.S. Huang, J.A. Jernigan, and E. Lautenbach Recommendations for metrics for multidrug-resistant organisms in healthcare settings: SHEA/HICPAC Position paper Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29 2008 901 913
62. P.P. Cook, P.G. Catrou, J.D. Christie, P.D. Young, and R.E. Polk Reduction in broad-spectrum antimicrobial use associated with no improvement in human antibiogram J Antimicrob Chemoter 53 2004 853 859 (Pubitemid 38660291)
63. R.G. Masterson Antibiotic policies and the role of strategic hospital leadership J Hosp Infect 42 Suppl 1999 261S 264S
64. P. Davey, E. Brown, L. Fenelon, R. Finch, I. Gould, and A. Holmes Systematic review of antimicrobial drug prescribing in hospitals Emerg Infect Dis 12 2006 211 216
65. B.C. Camins, M.D. King, and J.B. Wells The impact of an antimicrobial utilization program on antimicrobial use at a large teaching hospital: a Randomized controlled trial Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30 2009 931 938
66. M. Paul, S. Andreassen, E. Taconelli, A.D. Nielsen, N. Almanasreh, and U. Frank Improving empirical antibiotic treatment using TREAT, a computerized decision support system: cluster randomized trial J Antimicrob Chemother 58 2006 1238 1245 (Pubitemid 44884144)
67. D.N. Schwartz, U.S. Wu, R.D. Lyles, Y. Xiang, P. Kieszkowski, and B. Hota Lost in translation? Reliability of assessing inpatient antimicrobial appropriateness with use of computerized case vignettes Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 30 2009 163 171
68. P.L. Ho, J.C.F. Cheng, P.T.Y. Ching, J.K.C. Kwan, W.W.L. Lim, and W.C.Y. Tong Optimising antimicrobial prescription in hospitals by introducing an antimicrobial stewardship programme in Hong Kong: consensus statement Hong Kong Med J 12 2006 141 148
69. H. Honda, M.J. Krauss, J.C. Jones, M.A. Olsen, and D.K. Warren The value of infectious diseases consultation in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia Am J Med 123 2010 631 637
70. T. Lahey, R. Shah, J. Gittzus, J. Schwartzman, and K. Kirkland Infectious diseases consultation lowers mortality from Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia Medicine 88 2009 263 267
71. M. Nagao, Y. Iinuma, T. Saito, Y. Matsumura, M. Shirano, and A. Matsushima Close cooperation between infectious disease physicians and attending physicians can result in better management and outcome for patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia Clin Microbiol Infect 16 2010 1783 1788
72. M. Patel, D.F. Kunz, V.M. Trivedi, M.G. Jones, S.A. Moser, and J.W. Baddley Initial management of candidemia at an academic medical center: evaluation of the IDSA guidelines Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 52 2005 29 34 (Pubitemid 40692736)
73. B. Byl, P. Clevenbergh, F. Jacobs, M.J. Struelens, F. Zech, and A. Kentos Impact of infectious diseases specialists and microbiological data on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy for bacteremia Clin Infect Dis 29 1999 60 66 (Pubitemid 29336802)
74. M. Girardis, L. Rinaldi, L. Donno, M. Marietta, M. Codeluppi, and P. Marchegiano Effects on management and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in patients admitted to the intensive care unit after implementation of a sepsis program: a pilot study Crit Care 13 2009 R143
75. D. Nathwani, K. Grayy, and H. Borlandz Quality indicators for antibiotic control programmes J Hosp Infect 50 2002 165 169 (Pubitemid 37554869)
76. WHO Global Strategy for Antimicrobial Resistance Containment 'consultado 7 Ene 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.who.int/drugresistance/WHO-Global- Strategy-English.pdf
77. J.A. Sbarbaro Can we influence prescribing patterns? Clin Infect Dis 33 Suppl 3 2001 S240 S244
78. Navarro C, Rodríguez-Baño J, Cobo J, de Gea-García JH, Vañó S, Moreno-Ramos F et al. Perceptions and knowledge about antimicrobial resistance among junior and senior residents of 5 Spanish hospitals. 21st European Conference of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID), P1279.
79. D. Davis, M.A. O'Brien, N. Freemantle, F.M. Wolf, P. Mazamanian, and A. Taylor-Vaisey Impact of formal continuing medical education: do conferences, workshops, rounds and other continuing education activities change physician behaviour or health outcomes JAMA 282 1999 867 874 (Pubitemid 29408939)
80. G. Scwartzberg, and R. Guttman Effect of training on physicians attitudes and practices in home and community care of the elderly Arch Fam Med 6 1997 439 444 (Pubitemid 127440388)
81. PAUSE. Prudent Antibiotic User Web Page [consultado 28 Nov 2010]. Disponible en: http://www.pause-online.org.uk/
82. L. Pagani, I.C. Gyssens, B. Huttner, D. Nathwani, and S. Harbarth Navigating the Web in search of resources on antimicrobial stewardship in health care institutions Clin Infect Dis 48 2009 626 632
83. J.E. McGowan Jr., and M. Finland Usage of antibiotics in a general hospital: effect of requiring justification J Infect Dis 130 1974 165 168
84. R.S. Woodward, G. Medoff, M.D. Smith, and J.L. Gray 3rd Antibiotic cost savings from formulary restrictions and physician monitoring in a medical-school-affiliated hospital Am J Med 83 1987 817 823 (Pubitemid 18098153)
85. R.W. Coleman, L.C. Rodondi, S. Kaubisch, N.B. Granzella, and P.D. O'Hanley Cost-effectiveness of prospective and continuous parenteral antibiotic control: experience at the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center from 1987 to 1989 Am J Med 90 1991 439 444
86. A.C. White Jr., R.L. Atmar, J. Wilson, T.R. Cate, C.E. Stager, and S.B. Greenberg Effects of requiring prior authorization for selected antimicrobials: expenditures, susceptibilities, and clinical outcomes Clin Infect Dis 25 1997 230 239 (Pubitemid 127775484)
87. D.R. Linkin, S. Paris, N.O. Fishman, J.P. Metlay, and E. Lautenbach Inaccurate communications in telephone calls to an antimicrobial stewardship program Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 27 2006 688 694 (Pubitemid 44271949)
88. L.A. LaRosa, N.O. Fishman, E. Lautenbach, R.J. Koppel, K.H. Morales, and D.R. Linkin Evaluation of antimicrobial therapy orders circumventing an antimicrobial stewardship program: investigating the strategy of "stealth dosing" Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28 2007 551 556 (Pubitemid 46814544)
89. S.L. Pestotnik Expert clinical decision support systems to enhance antimicrobial stewardship programs: insights from the society of infectious diseases pharmacists Pharmacotherapy 25 2005 1116 1125 (Pubitemid 41099447)
90. K.L. Buising, K.A. Thursky, M.B. Robertson, J.F. Black, A.C. Street, and M.J. Richards Electronic antibiotic stewardship - reduced consumption of broad-spectrum antibiotics using a computerized antimicrobial approval system in a hospital setting J Antimicrob Chemother 62 2008 608 616
91. A.L. Agwu, C.K. Lee, S.K. Jain, K.L. Murray, J. Topolski, and R.E. Miller A World Wide Web-based antimicrobial stewardship program improves efficiency, communication, and user satisfaction and reduces cost in a tertiary care pediatric medical center Clin Infect Dis 47 2008 747 753
92. D.M. Connor, S. Binkley, N.O. Fishman, L.B. Gasink, D. Linkin, and E. Lautenbach Impact of automatic orders to discontinue vancomycin therapy on vancomycin use in an antimicrobial stewardship program Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 28 2007 1408 1410 (Pubitemid 351412094)
93. J. Quale, D. Landman, G. Saurina, E. Atwood, V. DiTore, and K. Patel Manipulation of a hospital antimicrobial formulary to control an outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci Clin Infect Dis 23 1996 1020 1025 (Pubitemid 26367487)
94. J.J. Rahal, C. Urban, D. Horn, K. Freeman, S. Segal-Maurer, and J. Maurer Class restriction of cephalosporin use to control total cephalosporin resistance in nosocomial Klebsiella JAMA 280 1998 1233 1237 (Pubitemid 28469228)
95. C. Peña, M. Pujol, C. Ardanuy, A. Ricart, R. Pallares, and J. Liñares Epidemiology and successful control of a large outbreak due to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 1998 53 58 (Pubitemid 28053326)
96. J.P. Burke Antibiotic resistance - squeezing the balloon? JAMA 280 1998 1270 1271
97. P. Toltzis, T. Yamashita, L. Vilt, M. Green, A. Morrissey, and S. Spinner-Block Antibiotic restriction does not alter endemic colonization with resistant gram-negative rods in a pediatric intensive care unit Crit Care Med 26 1998 1893 1899 (Pubitemid 28527704)
98. E. Lautenbach, L.A. LaRosa, A.M. Marr, I. Nachamkin, W.B. Bilker, and N.O. Fishman Changes in the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in response to antimicrobial formulary interventions: impact of progressive restrictions on use of vancomycin and third-generation cephalosporins Clin Infect Dis 36 2003 440 446 (Pubitemid 36241309)
99. J.J. Rahal, C. Urban, and S. Segal-Maurer Nosocomial antibiotic resistance in multiple gram-negative species: experience at one hospital with squeezing the resistance balloon at multiple sites Clin Infect Dis 34 2002 499 503 (Pubitemid 34112271)
100. W.E. Sanders, and C.C. Sanders Cycling of antibiotics: an approach to circumvent resistance in specialized units of the hospital Clin Microbiol Infect 1 1996 223 225
101. M.H. Kollef Is there a role for antibiotic cycling in the intensive care unit? Crit Care Med 29 Suppl 4 2001 N135 N142
102. D.N. Gerding, T.A. Larson, R.A. Hughes, M. Weiler, C. Shanholtzer, and L.R. Peterson Aminoglycoside resistance and aminoglycoside usage: ten years of experience in one hospital Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35 1991 1284 1290
103. E.A. Dominguez, T.L. Smith, E. Reed, C.C. Sanders, and W.E. Sanders Jr. A pilot study of antibiotic cycling in a hematology-oncology unit Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21 Suppl 1 2000 S4 S8
104. M.H. Kollef, J. Vlasnik, L. Sharpless, C. Pasque, D. Murphy, and V. Fraser Scheduled change of antibiotic classes: a strategy to decrease the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156 1997 1040 1048
105. J.A. Martínez, J.M. Nicolás, F. Marco, J.P. Horcajada, G. Garcia-Segarra, and A. Trilla Comparison of antimicrobial cycling and mixing strategies in two medical intensive care units Crit Care Med 34 2006 329 336 (Pubitemid 43145609)
106. M.H. Kollef Is antibiotic cycling the answer to preventing the emergence of bacterial resistance in the intensive care unit? Clin Infect Dis 43 Suppl 2 2006 S82 S88
107. R. Menéndez, D. Ferrando, J.M. Vallés, and J. Vallterra Influence of deviation from guidelines on the outcome of community-acquired pneumonia Chest 122 2002 612 617 (Pubitemid 35002144)
108. C. McCabe, C. Kirchner, H. Zhang, J. Daley, and D.N. Fisman Guideline-concordant therapy and reduced mortality and length of stay in adults with community-acquired pneumonia: playing by the rule Arch Intern Med 169 2009 1525 1531
109. F.W. Arnold, A.S. LaJoie, G.N. Brock, P. Peyrani, J. Rello, and R. Menéndez Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) Investigators. Improving outcomes in elderly patients with community-acquired pneumonia by adhering to national guidelines: Community-acquired Pneumonia Organization International cohort study results Arch Intern Med 169 2009 1515 1524
110. M. Bodí, A. Rodríguez, J. Solé-Violán, M.C. Gilavert, J. Garnacho, and J. Blanquer Antibiotic prescription for community-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: impact of adherence to Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines on survival Clin Infect Dis 41 2005 1709 1716 (Pubitemid 41759852)
111. C.R. Frei, R.T. Attridge, E.M. Mortensen, M.I. Restrepo, Y. Yu, and C.U. Oramasionwu Guideline-concordant antibiotic use and survival among patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the intensive care unit Clin Ther 32 2010 293 299
112. H. Georges, A. Chiche, S. Alfandari, P. Devos, N. Boussekey, and O. Leroy Adult community-acquired bacterial meningitis requiring ICU admission: epidemiological data, prognosis factors and adherence to IDSA guidelines Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 28 2009 1317 1325
113. D. Kett, E. Cano, A.A. Quartin, J.E. Mangino, M.J. Zervos, and P. Peyrani Implementation of guidelines for management of possible multidrug-resistant pneumonia in intensive care: an observational, multicentre cohort study Lancet Infect Dis 11 2011 181 189
114. C. Ochoa Diseño y evaluación de protocolos clínicos Nuevo Hospital 2 2002 1 21
115. E.H. Ibrahim, S. Ward, G. Sherman, R. Schaiff, V.J. Fraser, and M.H. Kollef Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia Crit Care Med 29 2001 1109 1115 (Pubitemid 32554320)
116. T.H. Dellit, J.D. Chan, S.J. Skerrett, and A.B. Nathens Development of a guideline for the management of ventilator-associated pneumonia based on local microbiologic findings and impact of the guideline on antimicrobial use practices Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29 2008 525 533 (Pubitemid 351918031)
117. K. Miliani, F. L'Hériteau, P. Astagneau INCISO Network Study Group Non-compliance with recommendations for the practice of antibiotic prophylaxis and risk of surgical site infection: results of a multilevel analysis from the INCISO Surveillance Network J Antimicrob Chemother 64 2009 1307 1315
118. C. Rioux, B. Grandbastien, and P. Astagneau Impact of a six-year control programme on surgical site infections in France: results of the INCISO surveillance J Hosp Infect 66 2007 217 223 (Pubitemid 46979846)
119. Carratalá J, Navas E, San Juan R, Soriano F, Rodríguez V. Guía de recomendaciones en la terapia secuencial antibiótica (TSA). Guías clínicas SEIMC 2006 [consultado 13 Feb 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.seimc.org/documentos/guias/2006/Guia3-2006-TS.A.pdf
120. J. Cobo Reinoso, J. Oliva Domínguez, M. Soler Vigil, J. Martínez-Beltrén, L. Pedraza Cezon, and S. Moreno Guillén Evaluación de un programa de asesoramiento en tratamiento antibiótico Rev Clin Esp 202 2002 78 83
121. F. Lopez-Medrano, R. San Juan, O. Serrano, F. Chaves, C. Lumbreras, and M. Lizasoain PACTA: efecto de un programa no impositivo de control y asesoramiento del tratamiento antibiótico sobre la disminución de los costes y el descenso de ciertas infecciones nosocomiales Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 23 2005 186 190 (Pubitemid 40562578)
122. G.L. Fraser, P. Stogsdill, J.D. Dickens Jr., D.E. Wennberg, R.P. Smith Jr., and B.S. Prato Antibiotic optimization. An evaluation of patient safety and economic outcomes Arch Intern Med 157 1997 1689 1694 (Pubitemid 27327405)
123. L.L. Briceland, C.H. Nightingale, R. Quintiliani, B.W. Cooper, and K.S. Smith Antibiotic streamlining from combination therapy to monotherapy utilizing an interdisciplinary approach Arch Intern Med 148 1988 2019 2022
124. S. Rüttimann, B. Keck, C. Hartmeier, A. Maetzel, and H.C. Bucher Long-term antibiotic cost savings from a comprehensive intervention program in a medical department of a university-affiliated teaching hospital Clin Infect Dis 38 2004 348 356 (Pubitemid 38200110)
125. U. Fluckiger, W. Zimmmerli, H. Sax, R. Frei, and A. Widmer Clinical impact of an infectious disease service on the management of bloodstream infection Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19 2000 493 500 (Pubitemid 30611990)
126. T.C. Jenkins, C.S. Price, A.L. Sabel, P.S. Mehler, and W.J. Burman Impact of routine infectious diseases service consultation on the evaluation, management, and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia Clin Infect Dis 46 2008 1000 1008 (Pubitemid 351589864)
127. S. Rieg, G. Peyerl-Hoffmann, K. de With, C. Theilacker, D. Wagner, and J. Hübner Mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and infectious diseases specialist consultation: a study of 521 patients in Germany J Infect 59 2009 232 239
128. A. Sutepvarnon, A. Apisarnthanarak, B. Camins, K. Mondy, and V.J. Fraser Inappropriate use of antifungal medications in a tertiary care center in Thailand: a prospective study Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29 2008 370 373 (Pubitemid 351416991)
129. S.W. Lemmen, H. Hafner, S. Kotterik, R. Lutticken, and R. Topper Influence of an infectious disease service on antibiotic prescription behaviour and selection of multiresistant pathogens Infection 28 2000 384 387
130. I. Ukay, N. Vernaz-Hegi, S. Harbarth, R. Stern, L. Legout, and L. Vauthey Activity and impact on antibiotic use and costs of a dedicated infectious diseases consultant on a septic orthopaedic unit J Infect 58 2009 205 212
131. S. Diamantis, C. Rioux, C. Bonnal, E. Papy, É. Farfour, and A. Andremont Evaluation of initial antibiotic therapy for bacteremia and role of an antibiotic management team for antibiotic stewardship Med Mal Infect 40 2010 637 643
132. M.H. Scheetz, M.K. Bolon, M. Postelnick, G.A. Noskin, and T.A. Lee Cost-effectiveness analysis of an antimicrobial stewardship team on bloodstream infections: a probabilistic analysis J Antimicrob Chemother 63 2009 816 825
133. J. Rodríguez-Baño, M. de Cueto, P. Retamar, and J. Gálvez Current management of bloodstream infections Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 8 2010 815 829
134. R.S. Evans, S.L. Pestotnik, D.C. Classen, T.P. Clemmer, L.K. Weaver, and J.F. Orme A computer-assisted management program for antibiotics and other antiinfective agents N Engl J Med 338 1998 232 238 (Pubitemid 28047578)
135. J.P. Burke, and R. Mehta Role of computer assisted programs in optimizing the use of antimicrobial agents R.C. Owens, P.G. Ambrose, C.H. Nightingale, Antibiotic optimization. Concepts and Strategies in Clinical Practice 2005 Editorial Mercel Dekker New York 327 352
136. K. Kawamoto, C.A. Houlihan, E.A. Balas, and D.F. Lobach Improving clinical practice using clinical decision support systems: a systematic review of trials to identify features critical to success Br Med J 330 2005 765
137. K. Thursky Use of computerized decision support systems to improve antibiotic prescribing Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 4 2006 491 507 (Pubitemid 43905470)
138. st informational supplement. M100-S20. vol. 31, no. 1. Wayne 2011 Pa. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
139. European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Testing. EUCAST Definitive Document E. DEF 2. 1, August 2000: Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 1. 3 [consultado 20 Abr 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.eucast.org 2011.
140. R. Cantón Lectura interpretada del antibiograma: una necesidad clínica Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 375 385
141. J.I. Alós, and J. Rodríguez-Baño ¿Qué antibióticos debemos informar en el antibiograma y cómo? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 737 741
142. D.M. Wolk, E. Picton, D. Johnson, T. Davis, P. Pancholi, and C.C. Ginocchio Multicenter evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) test as a rapid screening method for detection of MRSA in nares J Clin Microbiol 47 2009 758 764
143. J. Garnacho-Montero, J.L. Garcia-Garmendia, A. Barrero-Almodovar, F.J. Jimenez-Jimenez, C. Perez-Paredes, and C. Ortiz-Leyba Impact of adequate empirical antibiotic therapy on the outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit with sepsis Crit Care Med 31 2003 2742 2751 (Pubitemid 38010630)
144. J. Garnacho-Montero, C. Ortiz Leyba, I. Herrera Melero, T. Aldabó-Pallás, A. Cayuela-Domínguez, and J.A. Márquez-Vacaro Mortality and morbidity attributable to inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy in patients admitted to the ICU by sepsis: a matched cohort study J Antimicrob Chemother 61 2008 436 441
145. A.C. Heffner, J.M. Horton, M.R. Marchick, and A.E. Jones Etiology of illness in patients with severe sepsis admitted to the hospital from the emergency department Clin Infect Dis 50 2010 814 820
146. F. Álvarez Lerma, R. Sierra Camerino, L. Álvarez Rocha, and O. Rodríguez Colomo Política de antibióticos en pacientes criíticos Med Intensiva 34 2010 600 608
147. R. Kaki, M. Elligsen, S. Walker, A. Simor, L. Palmay, and N. Daneman Impact of antimicrobial stewardship in critical care: a systematic review J Antimicrob Chemother 66 2011 1223 1230
148. E. Raineri, A. Pan, P. Mondello, A. Acquarolo, A. Candiani, and L. Crema Role of the infectious diseases specialist consultant on the appropriateness of antimicrobial therapy prescription in an intensive care unit Am J Infect Control 36 2008 283 290 (Pubitemid 351622018)
149. C. Pulcini, C. Pradier, C. Samat-Long, H. Hyvernat, G. Bernardin, and C. Ichai Factors associated with adherence to infectious diseases advice in two intensive care units J Antimicrob Chemother 57 2006 546 550 (Pubitemid 43240208)
150. S.T. Micek, N. Roubinian, T. Heuring, M. Bode, J. Williams, and C. Harrison Before-after study of a standardized hospital order set for the management of septic shock Crit Care Med 34 2006 2707 2713 (Pubitemid 44610934)
151. R. Ferrer, A. Artigas, M. Levy, J. Blanco, G. Gonzalez Diaz, and J. Garnacho-Montero Improvement in process of care and outcome after a multicenter severe sepsis educational program in Spain JAMA 299 2008 2294 2303 (Pubitemid 351724396)
152. J. Morel, J. Casoetto, R. Jospe, G. Aubert, R. Terrana, and A. Dumont De-escalation as part of a global strategy of empiric antibiotherapy management. A retrospective study in a medico-surgical intensive care unit Crit Care 14 2010 R225
153. F. Alvarez-Lerma, B. Alvarez, P. Luque, F. Ruiz, J.M. Dominguez-Roldan, E. Quintana ADANN Study Group Empiric broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy of nosocomial pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a prospective observational study Crit Care 10 2006 R78
154. S.R. Eachempati, L.J. Hydo, J. Shou, and P.S. Barie Does de-escalation of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneumonia affect the likelihood of recurrent pneumonia or mortality in critically ill surgical patients? J Trauma 66 2009 1343 1348
155. J. Rello, L. Vidaur, A. Sandiumenge, A. Rodríguez, B. Gualis, and C. Boque De-escalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia Crit Care Med 32 2004 2183 2190 (Pubitemid 39491796)
156. D. Gruson, G. Hilbert, F. Vargas, R. Valentino, N. Bui, and S. Pereyre Strategy of antibiotic rotation: long-term effect on incidence and susceptibilities of Gram-negative bacilli responsible for ventilator-associated pneumonia Crit Care Med 31 2003 1908 1914 (Pubitemid 36900743)
157. E. Raineri, L. Crema, S. Dal Zoppo, A. Acquarolo, A. Pan, and G. Carnevale Rotation of antimicrobial therapy in the intensive care unit: impact on incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 29 2010 1015 1024
158. L.R. Merz, D.K. Warren, M.H. Kollef, S.K. Fridkin, and V.J. Fraser The impact of an antibiotic cycling program on empirical therapy for gram-negative infections Chest 130 2006 1672 1678 (Pubitemid 46033418)
159. D.W. Bates, D.J. Cullen, and N. Laird Incidence of adverse drug events and potential drug events. Implications for prevention JAMA 274 1995 29 34
160. National Qualty Forum. Safe Practices for Better Healthcare-2009 Update: A consensus report. Washington, DC: NQF; 20096. 2003.
161. F. Baquero, and J. Garau Prudent use of antimicrobial agents: revisiting concepts and estimating perspectives in a global world Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 28 2010 487 488
162. F. Ansari, K. Gray, D. Nathwani, G. Phillips, S. Ogston, and C. Ramsay Outcomes of an intervention to improve hospital antibiotic prescribing: interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis J Antimicrob Chemother 52 2003 842 848 (Pubitemid 37407814)