Mitral valve prolapse

Annual Review of Medicine

Volumn 63, Issue , 2012, Pages 277-292

  Guy, T Sloane ^a   Hill, Arthur C ^b  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Echocardiography; Leaflet coaptation; Myxomatous; Regurgitation; Remodeling

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; EHLERS DANLOS SYNDROME; ENDOCARDITIS; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; MARFAN SYNDROME; MITRAL VALVE; MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE; MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION; OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT INDICATION; X CHROMOSOME;

GENETIC DISEASES, X-LINKED; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE;

EID: 84855979819     PISSN: 00664219     EISSN: 1545326X     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-med-022811-091602     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Kolibash AJ. 1988. Progression of mitral regurgitation in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Herz 13:309-17
2. Kolibash AJ Jr, Kilman JW, Bush CA, et al. 1986. Evidence for progression from mild to severe mitral regurgitation in mitral valve prolapse. Am. J. Cardiol. 58:762-67 (Pubitemid 17004240)
3. Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. 1999. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N. Engl. J. Med. 341:1-7 (Pubitemid 29293713)
4. Clemens JD, Horwitz RI, Jaffe CC, et al. 1982. A controlled evaluation of the risk of bacterial endocarditis in persons with mitral-valve prolapse. N. Engl. J. Med. 307:776-81 (Pubitemid 12016226)
5. Baddour LM, Bisno AL. 1986. Mitral valve prolapse: multifactorial etiologies and variable prognosis. Am. Heart J. 112:1359-62
6. Baddour LM, Phillips TN, Bisno AL. 1986. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal endocarditis. Occurrence in patients with mitral valve prolapse. Arch. Intern. Med. 146:119-21 (Pubitemid 16158639)
7. Baddour LM, Bisno AL. 1986. Infective endocarditis complicating mitral valve prolapse: epidemiologic, clinical, and microbiologic aspects. Rev. Infect. Dis. 8:117-37
8. Savage DD, Devereux RB, Garrison RJ, et al. 1983. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 2. Clinical features: the Framingham Study. Am. Heart J. 106:577-81 (Pubitemid 13050631)
9. Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Devereux RB, et al. 1983. Mitral valve prolapse in the general population. 1. Epidemiologic features: the Framingham Study. Am. Heart J. 106:571-76 (Pubitemid 13050630)
10. Shah PM. 2010. Current concepts in mitral valve prolapse-diagnosis and management. J. Cardiol. 56:125-33
11. Virmani R, Atkinson JB, Forman MB. 1988. The pathology of mitral valve prolapse. Herz 13:215-26
12. Virmani R, Atkinson JB, Forman MB, et al. 1987. Mitral valve prolapse. Hum. Pathol. 18:596-602 (Pubitemid 17097828)
13. Pedersen HD, Mow T. 1998. Hypomagnesemia and mitral valve prolapse in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. Zentralbl. Fur Veterinarmed. Reihe A 45:607-14 (Pubitemid 128530627)
14. Zdrojewski TR, Wyrzykowski B, Krupa-Wojciechowska B. 1995. Renin-aldosterone regulation during upright posture in young men with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. J. Heart Valve Dis. 4:236-41
15. Di Salvo G, Pergola V, Ratti G, et al. 2001. Atrial natriuretic factor and mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Minerva Cardioangiol. 49:317-25 (Pubitemid 33706112)
16. Gaffney FA, Bastian BC, Lane LB, et al. 1983. Abnormal cardiovascular regulation in the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Am. J. Cardiol. 52:316-20 (Pubitemid 13076476)
17. Gaffney FA, Karlsson ES, Campbell W, et al. 1979. Autonomic dysfunction in women with mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Circulation 59:894-901 (Pubitemid 9163946)
18. Lichodziejewska B, Klos J, Rezler J, et al. 1997. Clinical symptoms of mitral valve prolapse are related to hypomagnesemia and attenuated by magnesium supplementation. Am. J. Cardiol. 79:768-72 (Pubitemid 27152334)
19. Coghlan HC, Natello G. 1991. Erythrocyte magnesium in symptomatic patients with primarymitral valve prolapse: relationship to symptoms, mitral leaflet thickness, joint hypermobility and autonomic regulation. Magnes. Trace Elem. 10:205-14
20. Levine RA, Weyman AE, Handschumacher MD. 1992. Three-dimensional echocardiography: techniques and applications. Am. J. Cardiol. 69:121H-30H; discussion 31H-34H
21. Levine RA, Handschumacher MD, Sanfilippo AJ, et al. 1989. Three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction of the mitral valve, with implications for the diagnosis of mitral valve prolapse. Circulation 80:589-98 (Pubitemid 19231393)
22. Valocik G, Kamp O, Visser CA. 2005. Three-dimensional echocardiography in mitral valve disease. Eur. J. Echocardiogr. 6:443-54 (Pubitemid 41708554)
23. Ryan LP, Jackson BM, Enomoto Y, et al. 2007. Description of regional mitral annular nonplanarity in healthy human subjects: a novel methodology. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 134:644-48 (Pubitemid 47301949)
24. Mahmood F, Gorman JH 3rd, Subramaniam B, et al. 2010. Changes in mitral valve annular geometry after repair: saddle-shaped versus flat annuloplasty rings. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 90:1212-20
25. Mahmood F, Subramaniam B, Gorman JH 3rd, et al. 2009. Three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of changes in mitral valve geometry after valve repair. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 88:1838-44
26. Ryan LP, Jackson BM, Hamamoto H, et al. 2008. The influence of annuloplasty ring geometry on mitral leaflet curvature. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 86:749-60; discussion 60
27. Carpentier A. 1983. Cardiac valve surgery-the "French correction. " J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 86:323-37 (Pubitemid 13002097)
28. Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, et al. 2005. A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in TGFBR1 or TGFBR2. Nat. Genet. 37:275-81 (Pubitemid 41716254)
29. Oyama MA, Chittur SV. 2006. Genomic expression patterns of mitral valve tissues from dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease. Am. J. Vet. Res. 67:1307-18 (Pubitemid 44275484)
30. Weiss AN, Mimbs JW, Ludbrook PA, et al. 1975. Echocardiographic detection of mitral valve prolapse. Exclusion of false positive diagnosis and determination of inheritance. Circulation 52:1091-96
31. Strahan NV, Murphy EA, Fortuin NJ, et al. 1983. Inheritance of the mitral valve prolapse syndrome. Discussion of a three-dimensional penetrance model. Am. J. Med. 74:967-72 (Pubitemid 13101576)
32. Zuppiroli A, Roman MJ, O'Grady M, et al. 1998. A family study of anterior mitral leaflet thickness and mitral valve prolapse. Am. J. Cardiol. 82:823-26, A10
33. Glesby MJ, Pyeritz RE. 1989. Association ofmitral valve prolapse and systemic abnormalities of connective tissue. A phenotypic continuum. JAMA 262:523-28 (Pubitemid 19181261)
34. Wordsworth P, Ogilvie D, Akhras F, et al. 1989. Genetic segregation analysis of familial mitral valve prolapse shows no linkage to fibrillar collagen genes. Br. Heart J. 61:300-6 (Pubitemid 19088480)
35. Rabkin E, Aikawa M, Stone JR, et al. 2001. Activated interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix remodeling in myxomatous heart valves. Circulation 104:2525-32 (Pubitemid 33104788)
36. Kimura N, Shukunami C, Hakuno D, et al. 2008. Local tenomodulin absence, angiogenesis, and matrix metalloproteinase activation are associated with the rupture of the chordae tendineae cordis. Circulation 118:1737-47
37. Anne W, Willems R, Roskams T, et al. 2005. Matrix metalloproteinases and atrial remodeling in patients with mitral valve disease and atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc. Res. 67:655-66 (Pubitemid 41033361)
38. Fornes P, Heudes D, Fuzellier JF, et al. 1999. Correlation between clinical and histologic patterns of degenerative mitral valve insufficiency: a histomorphometric study of 130 excised segments. Cardiovasc. Pathol. 8:81-92 (Pubitemid 29176911)
39. Baker PB, Bansal G, Boudoulas H, et al. 1988. Floppy mitral valve chordae tendineae: histopathologic alterations. Hum. Pathol. 19:507-12
40. Lucas RV Jr, Edwards JE. 1982. The floppy mitral valve. Curr. Probl. Cardiol. 7:1-48
41. Cole WG, Chan D, Hickey AJ, et al. 1984. Collagen composition of normal and myxomatous human mitral heart valves. Biochem. J. 219:451-60 (Pubitemid 14136721)
42. Gupta V, Werdenberg JA, Blevins TL, et al. 2007. Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in differently loaded regions of collagen gels seeded with valvular interstitial cells. Tissue Eng. 13:41-49 (Pubitemid 46178380)
43. Grande-Allen KJ, Calabro A, Gupta V, et al. 2004. Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in normal mitral valve leaflets and chordae: association with regions of tensile and compressive loading. Glycobiology 14:621-33 (Pubitemid 38923644)
44. Grande-Allen KJ, Griffin BP, Ratliff NB, et al. 2003. Glycosaminoglycan profiles of myxomatous mitral leaflets and chordae parallel the severity of mechanical alterations. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 42:271-77 (Pubitemid 36851417)
45. Grande-Allen KJ, Griffin BP, Calabro A, et al. 2001. Myxomatous mitral valve chordae. II: Selective elevation of glycosaminoglycan content. J. Heart Valve Dis. 10:325-32; discussion 32-33
46. Mills WR, Barber JE, Ratliff NB, et al. 2004. Biomechanical and echocardiographic characterization of flail mitral leaflet due to myxomatous disease: further evidence for early surgical intervention. Am. Heart J. 148:144-50 (Pubitemid 38900494)
47. Mills WR, Barber JE, Skiles JA, et al. 2002. Clinical, echocardiographic, and biomechanical differences in mitral valve prolapse affecting one or both leaflets. Am. J. Cardiol. 89:1394-99 (Pubitemid 34607780)
48. Barber JE, Kasper FK, Ratliff NB, et al. 2001. Mechanical properties of myxomatous mitral valves. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 122:955-62
49. Grande-Allen KJ, Barber JE, Klatka KM, et al. 2005. Mitral valve stiffening in end-stage heart failure: evidence of an organic contribution to functionalmitral regurgitation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 130:783-90 (Pubitemid 41265720)
50. Barber JE, Ratliff NB, Cosgrove DM 3rd, et al. 2001. Myxomatous mitral valve chordae. I: Mechanical properties. J. Heart Valve Dis. 10:320-24 (Pubitemid 32454754)
51. Enriquez-Sarano M, Akins CW, Vahanian A. 2009. Mitral regurgitation. Lancet 373:1382-94
52. Enriquez-Sarano M, Freeman WK, Tribouilloy CM, et al. 1999. Functional anatomy of mitral regurgitation: accuracy and outcome implications of transesophageal echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34:1129-36 (Pubitemid 29500550)
53. Gelfand EV, Hughes S, Hauser TH, et al. 2006. Severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: optimizing correlation with Doppler echocardiography. J. Cardiovasc. Magn. Reson. 8:503-7
54. Biner S, Rafique A, Rafii F, et al. 2010. Reproducibility of proximal isovelocity surface area, vena contracta, and regurgitant jet area for assessment of mitral regurgitation severity. JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging 3:235-43
55. Matsumura Y, Saracino G, Sugioka K, et al. 2008. Determination of regurgitant orifice area with the use of a new three-dimensional flow convergence geometric assumption in functional mitral regurgitation. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 21:1251-56
56. Buck T, Plicht B, Kahlert P, et al. 2008. Effect of dynamic flow rate and orifice area on mitral regurgitant stroke volume quantification using the proximal isovelocity surface area method. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 52:767-78
57. Matsumura Y, Fukuda S, Tran H, et al. 2008. Geometry of the proximal isovelocity surface area in mitral regurgitation by 3-dimensional color Doppler echocardiography: difference between functional mitral regurgitation and prolapse regurgitation. Am. Heart J. 155:231-38
58. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. 2006. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 48:e1-148
59. Detaint D, Messika-Zeitoun D, Chen HH, et al. 2006. Association of B-type natriuretic peptide activation to left ventricular end-systolic remodeling in organic and functional mitral regurgitation. Am. J. Cardiol. 97:1029-34
60. Detaint D, Messika-Zeitoun D, Avierinos JF, et al. 2005. B-type natriuretic peptide in organic mitral regurgitation: determinants and impact on outcome. Circulation 111:2391-97 (Pubitemid 40647075)
61. Nagatsu M, Spinale FG, Koide M, et al. 2000. Bradycardia and the role of beta-blockade in the amelioration of left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 101:653-59 (Pubitemid 30094737)
62. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. 2008. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care andOutcomes Research InterdisciplinaryWorking Group. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 139(Suppl):3S-24S
63. Wilson W, Taubert KA, Gewitz M, et al. 2007. Prevention of infective endocarditis: guidelines from the American Heart Association: a guideline from the American Heart Association Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis and Kawasaki Disease Committee, Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, and the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and the Quality of Care andOutcomes Research InterdisciplinaryWorking Group. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 138:739-45, 47-60
64. Feldman T, Foster E, Glower DG, et al. 2011. Percutaneous repair or surgery for mitral regurgitation. N. Engl. J. Med. 364:1395-406
65. Feldman T, Kar S, Rinaldi M, et al. 2009. Percutaneous mitral repair with theMitraClip system: safety and midterm durability in the initial EVEREST (Endovascular Valve Edge-to-Edge REpair Study) cohort. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 54:686-94
66. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. 2008. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 118:e523-661
67. Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Kanu C, et al. 2006. ACC/AHA2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing committee to revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease): developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists: endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation 114:e84-231 (Pubitemid 44268973)
68. Bonow RO, Carabello B, de Leon AC, et al. 1998. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. Executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart AssociationTaskForce on Practice Guidelines (Committee onmanagement of patientswith valvular heart disease). J. Heart Valve Dis. 7:672-707
69. Ling LH, Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, et al. 1997. Early surgery in patients with mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflets: a long-term outcome study. Circulation 96:1819-25 (Pubitemid 27400739)
70. Michelena HI, Bichara VM, Margaryan E, et al. 2010. Progress in the treatment of severe mitral regurgitation. Rev. Esp. Cardiol. 63:820-31
71. Topilsky Y, Suri R, Schaff HV, et al. 2010. When to intervene for asymptomatic mitral valve regurgitation. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 22:216-24
72. Enriquez-Sarano M, Sundt TM 3rd. 2010. Early surgery is recommended for mitral regurgitation. Circulation 121:804-11; discussion 12
73. Gillam LD, Schwartz A. 2010. Primum non nocere: the case for watchful waiting in asymptomatic "severe" degenerative mitral regurgitation. Circulation 121:813-21; discussion 21
74. Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Ling LH, et al. 1999. Sudden death in mitral regurgitation due to flail leaflet. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 34:2078-85 (Pubitemid 30002668)
75. Avierinos JF, Gersh BJ, Melton LJ 3rd, et al. 2002. Natural history of asymptomatic mitral valve prolapse in the community. Circulation 106:1355-61 (Pubitemid 35013038)
76. Enriquez-Sarano M, Avierinos JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, et al. 2005. Quantitative determinants of the outcome of asymptomatic mitral regurgitation. N. Engl. J. Med. 352:875-83 (Pubitemid 40300296)
77. Stulak JM, Suri RM, Dearani JA, et al. 2011. Does early surgical intervention improve left ventricular mass regression after mitral valve repair for leaflet prolapse? J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 141:122-29
78. Suri RM, Schaff HV, Dearani JA, et al. 2008. Determinants of early decline in ejection fraction after surgical correction of mitral regurgitation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 136:442-47
79. Murphy DA, Miller JS, Langford DA. 2007. Endoscopic robotic mitral valve surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 133:1119-20; author reply 20 (Pubitemid 46435941)
80. Atluri P, Woo YJ. 2011. Minimally invasive robotic mitral valve surgery. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 8:115-20
81. Mihaljevic T, Jarrett CM, Gillinov AM, et al. 2011. Robotic repair of posterior mitral valve prolapse versus conventional approaches: potential realized. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 141:72-80, e1-4
82. Masroor S, Plambeck C, Dahnert M. 2010. Complex repair of a Barlow's valve using the Da Vinci robotic surgical system. J. Heart Valve Dis. 19:593-95
83. Perier P, Hohenberger W, Lakew F, et al. 2008. Toward a new paradigm for the reconstruction of posterior leaflet prolapse: midterm results of the "respect rather than resect" approach. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 86:718-25; discussion 25
84. Bizzarri F, Tudisco A, Ricci M, et al. 2010. Different ways to repair themitral valve with artificial chordae: a systematic review. J. Cardiothoracic. Surg. 5:22
85. Tesler UF, Cerin G, Novelli E, et al. 2009. Evolution of surgical techniques for mitral valve repair. Texas Heart Inst. J./Texas Heart Inst. St. Luke's Episcopal Hosp. Texas Children's Hosp. 36:438-40
86. Dreyfus GD, Corbi P, Rubin S, et al. 2006. Posterior leaflet preservation in mitral valve prolapse: a new approach to mitral repair. J. Heart Valve Dis. 15:528-30 (Pubitemid 44122685)
87. Lawrie GM, Earle EA, Earle N. 2011. Intermediate-term results of a nonresectional dynamic repair technique in 662 patients with mitral valve prolapse and mitral regurgitation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 141:368-76
88. Lawrie GM. 2010. Structure, function, and dynamics of the mitral annulus: importance in mitral valve repair for myxamatous mitral valve disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc. J. 6:8-14
89. Lawrie GM, Earle EA, Earle NR. 2009. Nonresectional repair of the Barlow mitral valve: importance of dynamic annular evaluation. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 88:1191-96