The arbitration-extension hypothesis: A hierarchical interpretation of the functional organization of the basal ganglia

Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue MARCH 2011, 2011, Pages

  Sarvestani, Iman Kamali ^a,b   Lindahl, Mikael ^a,b   Hellgren Kotaleski, Jeanette ^a,b,c   Ekeberg, Örjan ^a,b  

^a ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b Stockholm Brain Institute   (Sweden)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Action selection; Basal ganglia; Boolean logic; Brain stem; Centromedian parafascicular thalamus; Motor synergies; Pedunculopontine nucleus; Winner take all

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BASAL GANGLION; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN STEM; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; LEARNING; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); NEUROANATOMY; NONHUMAN; PEDUNCULOPONTINE TEGMENTAL NUCLEUS; SENSORY STIMULATION; SIMULATION; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS;

EID: 84855971284     PISSN: 16625137     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2011.00013     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Afsharpour, S. (1985). Topographical projections of the cerebral cortex to the subthalamic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 236, 14-28.
2. Albin, R. L., Young A. B., and Penney J. B. (1989). The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Trends Neurosci. 12, 366-375.
3. Alexander, G. E., DeLong, M. R., and Strick, P. L. (1986). Parallel organization of functionally segregated circuits linking basal ganglia and cortex. Annu. Re v. Neurosci. 9, 357-381.
4. Bar-Gad, I., and Bergman, H. (2001). Stepping out of the box: information processing in the neural networks of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 689-695.
5. Barto, A. (1995). "Adaptive critics and the basal ganglia," in Models of Information Processing in the Basal Ganglia, eds J. C. Houk, J. L. Davis, and D. G. Beiser (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), 215-232.
6. Bateup, H. S., Santini, E., Shen, W., Birnbaum, S., Valjent, E., Surmeier, D. J., Fisone, G., Nestler, E. J., and Greengard, P. (2010). Distinct subclasses of medium spiny neurons differentially regulate striatal motor behaviors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107, 14845-14850.
7. Berendse, H. W., and Groenewegen, H. J. (1990). Organization of thalamostri-atal projection in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum. J. Comp. Neurol. 299, 187-228.
8. Bevan, M. D., and Bolam, J. P. (1995). Cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamate-enriched inputs from the mesopontine tegmentum to the sub-thalamic nucleus in the rat. J. Neurosci. 15, 7105-7120.
9. Bjursten, L. M., Norrsell, K., and Norrsell, U. (1976). Behavioural repertory of cats without cerebral cortex from infancy. Exp. Brain Res. 25, 115-130.
10. Canteras, N. S., Shammah-Lagnado, S. J., Silva, B. A., and Ricardo, J. A. (1988). Somatosensory inputs to the subtha-lamic nucleus a combined retrograde and anterograde horseradish peroxi-dase study in the rat. Brain Res. 458, 53-64.
11. Christie, M. J., Summers, R. J., Stephenson, J. A., Cook, C. J., and Beart, P. M. (1987). Excitatory amino acid projections to the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat: a retrograde transport study utilizing D[3H] aspartate and [3H] GABA. Neuroscience 22, 425-439.
12. Clary, J. C., and Irvine, D. R. F. (1986). Auditory response properties of neurons in the claustrum and puta-men of the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 61, 432-437.
13. Cohen, M. X., and Frank, M. J. (2009). Neurocomputational models of basal ganglia function in learning, memory and choice. Behav. Brain Res. 199, 141-156.
14. Comans, P. E., and Snow, P. J. (1981). Ascending projections to nucleus parafascicularis of the cat. Brain Res. 230, 337-341.
15. Cowan, R. L., and Wilson, C. J. (1994). Spontaneous firing patterns and axonal projections of single corticostri-atal neurons in the rat medial agranu-lar cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 71, 17-32.
16. Denny-Brown, D. (1962). The midbrain and motor integration. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 55, 527-538.
17. Desmurget, M., and Turner, R. S. (2008). Testing basal ganglia motor functions through reversible inactivation in the posterior internal globus pallidus. J. Neurophysiol. 99, 1057-1076.
18. Donoghue, J. P., and Kitai, S. T. (1981). A collateral pathway to the neostriatum from corticofugal neurons of the rat sensory-motor cortex: an intracellu-lar HRP study. J. Comp. Neurol. 201, 1-13.
19. Flaherty, A. W., and Graybiel, A. M. (1993). Two input systems for body representations in the primate stri-atal matrix: experimental evidence in the squirrel monkey. J. Neurosci. 13, 1120-1137.
20. Flaherty, A. W., and Graybiel, A. M. (1994). Input-output organization of the sensorimotor striatum in the squirrel monkey. J. Neurosci. 14, 599-610.
21. Frank, M. J. (2005). Dynamic dopamine modulation in the basal ganglia: a neu-rocomputational account of cognitive defcits in medicated and non-medicated parkinsonism. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 51-72.
22. Frank, M. J. (2006). Hold your horses: a dynamic computational role for the subthalamic nucleus in decision making. Neural. Netw. 19, 1120-1136.
23. Fuller, T. A., Russchen, F. T., and Price, J. L. (1987). Sources of presumptive glutamatergic/aspartergic afferents to the rat ventral striatopallidal region. J. Comp. Neurol. 258, 317-338.
24. Garcia-Rill, E. (1991). The pedunculo-pontine nucleus. Prog. Neurobiol. 36, 363-389.
25. Gerfen, C. R. (1989). The neostriatal mosaic: striatal patch-matrix organization is related to cortical lamination. Science 246, 385-388.
26. Gerfen, C. R., Staines, W. A., Arbuthnott, G. W., and Fibiger, H. C. (1982). Crossed connections of the substan-tia nigra in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 207, 283-303.
27. Gertler, T., Chan, S., and Surmeier, J. (2008). Dichotomous anatomical properties of adult striatal medium spiny neurons. J. Neurosci. 28, 10814-10824.
28. Gewaltig, M. O., and Diesmann, M. (2007). NEST (neural simulation tool). Scholarpedia 2, 1430.
29. Graybiel, A. (2005). The basal ganglia: learning new tricks and loving it. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 638-644.
30. Graybiel, A. M., and Ragsdale C. W. Jr. (1978). Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkeys, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 5723-5726.
31. Graybiel, A. M., and Ragsdale, C. W. Jr. (1979). Fiber connections of the basal ganglia. Prog. Brain Res. 51, 237-283.
32. Graziano, S. A., and Gross, C. G. (1993). A bimodal map of space, somatosen-sory receptive felds in the macaque putamen with corresponding visual receptive felds. Exp. Brain Res. 97, 96-109.
33. Grillner, S. (2006). Neuronal networks in motion from ion channels to behav- iour. An. R. Acad. Nac. Med. (Madr.) 123, 297-298.
34. Grillner, S., and Wallén, P. (1985). Central pattern generators for locomotion, with special reference to vertebrates. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 233-261.
35. Grillner, S., Wallén, P., Saitoh, K., Kozlov, A., and Robertson, B. (2008). Neural bases of goal-directed locomotion in vertebrates - an overview. Brain Res. Rev. 57, 2-12.
36. Groenewegen, H. J. (1988). Organization of the afferent connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat, related to the mediodorsal- prefrontal topography. Neuroscience 24, 379-431.
37. Gurney, K., Prescott, T. J., and Redgrave, P. (2001). A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A new functional anatomy. Biol. Cybern. 84, 401-410.
38. Hartmann von Monakow, K., Akert, K., and Kiinzle, H. (1978). Projections of the precentral motor cortex and other cortical areas of the frontal lobe to the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 33, 395-403.
39. Heida, T., Marani, E., and Usunoff, K. G. (2008). The subthalamic nucleus part II: modelling and simulation of activity. Adv. Anat. Embr yol. Cell Biol. 199, 1-85, vii.
40. Hikosaka, O., Sesack, S. R., Lecourtier, L., and Shepard, P. D. (2008). Habenula: crossroad between the basal ganglia and the limbic system. J. Neurosci. 28, 11825-11829.
41. Humphries, M. D., Stewart, R. D., and Gurney, K. N. (2006). A physiologically plausible model of action selection and oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia. J. Neurosci. 26, 12921-12942.
42. Inase, M., Buford, J. A., and Anderson, M. E. (1996). Changes in the control of arm position, movement, and tha-lamic discharge during local inactiva-tion in the globus pallidus of monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 1087-1104.
43. Jinnai, K., Nambu, A., and Yoshida, S. (1987). Thalamic afferents to layer I of anterior sigmoid cortex originating from the VA-VL neurons with entopeduncular input. Exp. Brain Res. 69, 67-76.
44. Joel, D., and Weiner, I. (1997). The connections of the primate subthalamic nucleus: indirect pathways and the open-interconnected scheme of basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuitry. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 23, 62-78.
45. Karachi, C., Grabli, D., Bernard, F. A., Tandé, D., Wattiez, N., Belaid, H., Bardinet, E., Prigent, A., Nothacker, H. P., Hunot, S., Hartmann, A., Lehéricy, S., Hirsch, E. C., and François, C. (2010). Cholinergic mesencephalic neurons are involved in gait and postural disorders in Parkinson disease. J. Clin. Invest. 120, 2745-2754.
46. Kincaid, A. E., and Wilson, C. J. (1996). Corticostriatal innervation of the patch and matrix in the rat neostria-tum. J. Comp. Neurol. 374, 578-592.
47. Kravitz, A. V., Freeze, B. S., Parker, P. R., Kay, K., Thwin, M. T., Deisseroth, K., and Kreitzer, A. C. (2010). Regulation of Parkinsonian motor behaviours by optogenetic control of basal ganglia circuitry. Nature 29, 466, 622-626.
48. Lebloise, A., Boraud, T., Meissner, W., Bergman, H., and Hansel, D. (2006). Competition between feedback loops underlies normal and pathological dynamics in the basal ganglia. J. Neurosci. 26, 3567-3583.
49. Lévesque, M., and Parent, A. (2005). The striatofugal fber system in primates: a reevaluation of its organization based on single-axon tracing studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 11888-11893.
50. Lin, C. S., May, P. J., and Hall, W. C. (1984). Nonintralaminar thalamos-triatal projections in the gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) and tree shrew (Tupaia glis). J. Comp. Neurol. 230, 33-46.
51. McBride, R. L., and Larsen, K. D. (1980). Projections of the feline globus pal-lidus. Brain Res. 189, 3-14.
52. McHaffe, J. G., Stanford, T. R., Stein, B. E., Coizet, V., and Redgrave, P. (2005). Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia. Trends Neurosci. 28, 401-407.
53. Mena-Segovia, J., Bolam, J. P., and Magil P. J. (2004). Pedunculopontine nucleus and basal ganglia: distant relatives or part of the same family? Trends Neurosci. 27, 585-588.
54. Mink, J. W. (1996). The basal ganglia: focused selection and inhibition of competing motor programs. Prog. Neurobiol. 50, 381-425.
55. Nakanishi, H., Kita, H., and Kitai, S. T. (1987). Electrical membrane properties of rat subthalamic neurons in an in vitro slice preparation. Brain Res. 437, 35-44.
56. Nambu, A. (2008). Seven problems on the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 18, 595-604.
57. Nambu, A., Tokuno, H., Hamada, I., Kita, H., Imanishi, M., Akazawa, T., Ikeuchi, Y., and Hasegawa, N. (2000). Excitatory cortical inputs to pallidal neurons via the subthalamic nucleus in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 289-300.
58. Nambu, A., Tokuno H., and Takada M. (2002). Functional signifcance of the cortico-subthalamo-pallidal 'hyper-direct' pathway. Neurosci. Res. 43, 111-117.
59. Parent, A., and Hazrati, L, N. (1995a). Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. I. The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 20, 91-127.
60. Parent, A., and Hazrati, L. N. (1995b). Functional anatomy of the basal ganglia. II: the place of subthalamic nucleus and external pallidum in basal ganglia circuitry. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 20, 128-154.
61. Petras, J. M. (1967). Some efferent connections of the motor and somatosensory cortex of simian primates and felid, canid, and procyonid carnivores. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 167, 469-505.
62. Phillipson, O. T., and Griffiths, A. C. (1985). The topographic order of inputs to nucleus accumbens in the rat. Neuroscience 16, 275-296.
63. Redgrave, P., Coizet, V., Comoli, E., McHaffe, J. G., Leriche, M., Vautrelle, N., Hayes, L. M., and Overton, P. (2010). Interactions between the mid-brain superior colliculus and the basal ganglia. Front. Neuroanat. 4:132. doi: 10.3389/fnana.2010.00132
64. Rubchinsky, L. L., Kopell, N., and Sigvardt, K. A. (2003). Modeling facilitation and inhibition of competing motor programs in basal ganglia subthalamic nucleus-pallidal circuits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100, 14427-14432.
65. Sadikot, A. F., and Rymar, V. V. (2009). The primate centromedian-parafascicular complex: anatomical organization with a note on neuromodulation. Brain Res. Bull. 78, 122-130.
66. Sato, F., Parent, M., Lévesque, M., and Parent, A. (2000). Axonal branching pattern of neurons of the subthalamic nucleus in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 424, 142-152.
67. Shink, E., Bevan, M. D., Bolam, J. P., and Smith, Y. (1996). The subthalamic nucleus and the external pallidum: two tightly interconnected structures that control the output of the basal ganglia in the monkey. Neuroscience 73, 335-357.
68. Smith, Y., Raju, D. V., Pare, J. F., and Sidibe, M. (2004). The thalamostriatal system: a highly specifc network of the basal ganglia circuitry. Trends Neurosci. 27, 520-527.
69. Smith, Y., Raju, D., Nanda, B., Pare, J. F., Galvan, A., and Wichmann, T. (2009). The thalamostriatal systems: anatomical and functional organization in normal and Parkinsonian states. Brain Res. Bull. 78, 60-68.
70. Takakusaki, K. (2008). Forebrain control of locomotor behaviors. Brain Res Rev. 57, 192-198.
71. Takakusaki, K., Saitoh, K., Harada, H., and Kashiwayanagi, M. (2004). Role of basal ganglia-brainstem pathways in the control of motor behaviors. Neurosci. Res. 50, 137-151.
72. Terman, D., Rubin, J. E., Yew, A. C., and Wilson, C. J. (2002). Activity patterns in a model for the subthalamopalli-dal network of the basal ganglia. J. Neurosci. 22, 2963-2976.
73. Veening, J. G., Cornelissen, F. M., and Lieven, P. A. (1980). The topical organization of the afferents to the caudatoputamen of the rat. A horseradish peroxidase study. Neuroscience 5, 1253-1268.
74. White, N. M. (2009). Some highlights of research on the effects of caudate nucleus lesions over the past 200 years. Behav. Brain Res. 199, 3-23.
75. Wichmann, T., and DeLong, M. R. (1996). Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 751-758.
76. Winn, P. (2006). How best to consider the structure and function of the pedun-culopontine tegmental nucleus: evidence from animal studies. J. Neurol. Sci. 248, 234-250.