The features of rapid counter-current chromatographic separations

Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies

Volumn 34, Issue 18, 2011, Pages 2074-2084

  Du, Qizhen ^a  

^a ZHEJIANG GONGSHANG UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Condition; Definition; Feature; Flash counter current chromatography; Highspeed counter current chromatography; Rapid separation

Indexed keywords

CONDITION; COUNTERCURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY; DEFINITION; FEATURE; HIGH-SPEED COUNTER CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY; RAPID SEPARATION;

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS;

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY;

COUNTER CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLASH COUNTER CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLOW RATE; HIGH SPEED COUNTE CURRENT CHROMATOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SCALE UP; SEPARATION TECHNIQUE;

EID: 84855896902     PISSN: 10826076     EISSN: 1520572X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.583375     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Ito, Y. Recent Advances in Counter-Current Chromatography. CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 1986, 17, 65-143.
2. Sutherland, I. A.; Fisher, D. Role of Counter-Current Chromatography in the Modernization of Chinese Herbal Medicines. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 740-753.
3. Kitazume, E. Inorganic Elements: Analysis by CCC. In Encyclopedia of Chromatography; Cazes, J., Ed.; Taylor & Francis: New York, 2005.
4. Sutherland, I.; Hewitson, P.; Ignatova, S. New 18-l Process-Scale Counter-Current Chromatography Centrifuge. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4201-4205.
5. Still, W. C.; Kahn, M.; Mitra, A. Rapid Chromatographic Technique for Preparative Separations with Moderate Resolution. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 2923-2925.
6. Shusterman, A. J.; Mcdougal, P. G..; Glasfeld, A. Dry-Column Flash Chromatography. J. Chem. Educ. 1997, 74, 1222-1223. (Pubitemid 127603365)
7. Blunt, J. W.; Calder, V. L.; Fenwick, G. D.; Lake, R. J.; Mccombs, J. D.; Munro, M. H. G.; Perry, N. B. Reverse Phase Flash Chromatography: A Method for the Rapid Partitioning of Natural Product Extracts. J. Nat. Prod. 1987, 50, 290-292.
8. O'neil, I. A. Reverse Phase Flash Chromatography: A Convenient Method for the Large Scale Separation of Polar Compounds. Synletters 1991, 9, 661-662.
9. Oka, H.; Ikai, Y.; Kawamura, N.; Hayakawa, J.; Harada, K.; Murata, H.; Suzuki, M.; Ito, Y. Direct Interfacing of High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography to Frit Electron Ionization, Chemical Ionization; Fast Atom Bombardment Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 2861-2865.
10. Lu, Y.; Berthod, A.; Hu, R.; Ma, W.; Pan, Y. Screening of Complex Natural Extracts by Countercurrent Chromatography Using a Parallel Protocol. Anal. Chem. 2009, 81, 4048-4059.
11. Ye, H.; Chen, L.; Li, Y.; Peng, A.; Fu, A.; Song, H.; Tang, M.; Luo, H.; Luo, Y.; Xu, Y.; Shi, J.; Wei, Y. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Three Rotenoids and One Isoflavone from the Seeds of Millettia pachycarpa Benth by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1178, 101-107. (Pubitemid 50016351)
12. Han, X.; Ma, X.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, Q.; Ito, Y. Separation of Salidroside from Rhodiola crenulata by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 180-182. (Pubitemid 46679018)
13. Lei, L.; Yang, F.; Zhang, T.; Tu, P.; Wu, L.; Ito, Y. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Aceteoside and 2'-acetyl Acteoside from Cistanche salsa (C. A. Mey.) G. Beck by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 912, 181-185. (Pubitemid 32184685)
14. Wei, Y.; Zhang, T.; Xu, G.; Ito, Y. Application of Analytical and Preparative High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography for Separation of Lycopene from Crude Extract of Tomato Paste. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 929, 169-173. (Pubitemid 32835101)
15. Cao, X.; Tian, Y.; Zhang, T.; Li, X.; Ito, Y. Separation and Purification of Isoflavones from Pueraria lobata by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 855, 709-713. (Pubitemid 29413083)
16. Cao, X.; Wang, C.; Pei, H.; Sun, B. Separation and Identification of Polyphenols in Apple Pomace by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4268-4274.
17. Wang, X.; Liu, J.; Zhang, T.; Ito, Y. Rapid and Simple Method for Quality Control of Raw Materials of Herbs by HSCCC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2007, 30, 2585-2592. (Pubitemid 47256074)
18. Cao, X.; Tian, Y.; Zhang, T.; Ito, Y. Separation and Purification of Three Individual Catechins from Tea Polyphenol Mixture by CCC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2001, 24, 1723-1732. (Pubitemid 32718161)
19. Han, X.; Zhang, T.; Ito, Y. Separation of High Purity Przewaquinone A by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2003, 26, 1267-1274. (Pubitemid 36506171)
20. Wei, Y.; Zhang, T.; Xu, G.; Ito, Y. Application of CCC for the Separation of Lutein from a Crude Extract of Marigold Flower Petals. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2003, 26, 1659-1669. (Pubitemid 36790921)
21. Wei, Y.; Ito, Y. Isolation of Imperatorin, Oxypeucedanin, and Isoimperatorin from Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm) Benth. et Hook by stepwise flow rate High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2006, 29, 1609-1618.
22. Tian, G.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, Y.; Ito, Y. Separation of Tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by Multidimensional Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 945, 281-285. (Pubitemid 34137055)
23. Lei, L.; Yang, F.; Zhang, T.; Tu, P.; Wu, L.; Chen, F.; Ito, Y. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Phenylethanoid Glycosides from Feces of Beagle Dogs by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2002, 24, 2187-2195.
24. Li, H.; Chen, F.; Zhang, T.; Yang, F.; Xu, G. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Lutein from the Microalga Chlorella vulgaris by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 905, 151-155. (Pubitemid 33646382)
25. Wei, Y. and Ito, Y. Isolation of Hyperoside and Luteolin-Glucoside from Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb Using Stepwise Elution by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2007, 30, 1465-1473. (Pubitemid 46569352)
26. Jiang, Y.; Tu, P.; Chen, X.; Zhang, T. Isolation of Two Sucrose Esters from Polygala tenuifolia by High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2005, 28, 1583-1592. (Pubitemid 40863889)
27. Yang, F.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, R.; Ito, Y. Application of Analytical and Preparative High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography in the Separation of Alkaloids from Coptis chinensis Franch. J. Chromatogr. A 1998, 829, 137-141. (Pubitemid 29005085)
28. Lee, Y. W.; Voyksner, R. D.; Pack, T. W.; Cook, C. E.; Fang, Q. C.; Ito, Y. Application of Countercurrent Chromatography/Thermospray Mass Spectrometry for the Identification of Bioactive Lignans from Plant Natural Products. Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 244-248. (Pubitemid 20103317)
29. Yang, F.; Zhang, T.; Tian, G.; Cao, H.; Liu, Q.; Ito, Y. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Hydroxyanthraquinones from Rheum officinale Baill by HSCCC Using pH-Modulated Stepwise Elution. J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 858, 103-107. (Pubitemid 29443954)
30. Kitazume, E.; Higashiyama, T.; Sato, N.; Kanetomo, M.; Tajima, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Ito, Y. On-Line Microextraction of Metal Traces for Subsequent Determination by Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Using pH Peak Focusing Countercurrent Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 5515-5521.
31. Tsuyoshi, A.; Ogawa, H.; Akiba, K.; Hoshi, H.; Kitazume, E. Tsuyoshi, A.; Ogawa, H.; Akiba, K.; Hoshi, H.; Kitazume, E. High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography Using a Small Coiled Column. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2002, 23, 1995.
32. Chen, L. J.; Song, H.; Du, Q. Z.; Li, J. Analysis of Flavonoids in the Extracts from the Seeds of Oroxylum Indicum Indicum Using High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2005, 28, 1549.
33. Chen, L. J.; Song, H.; Games, D. E.; Sutherland, I. A. HSCCC-MS Study of Flavonoids in the Extracts from the Seeds of Oroxylum indicum. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2005, 28, 1993-2003. (Pubitemid 41140926)
34. Tian, G.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, T.; Yang, F.; Ito, Y. Separation of Tanshinones from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography Using Stepwise Elution. J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 904, 107-111.
35. Ma, Y.; Ito, Y. Affinity Countercurrent Chromatography Using Ligand in the Stationary Phase. Anal. Chem. 1996, 68, 1207-1211.
36. Dalsgaard, P. W.; Nielsen, K. F.; Larsen, T. O. UV-Guided Isolation of Fungal Metabolites by HSCCC. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2005, 28, 2029-2039. (Pubitemid 41140929)
37. Yanagida, A.; Yamakawa, Y.; Noji, R.; Oda, A.; Shindo, H.; Ito, Y.; Shibusawa, Y. Comprehensive Separation of Secondary Metabolites in Natural Products by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography Using a Three-Phase Solvent System. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 74-81. (Pubitemid 46679022)
38. Hennebruder, K.; Engewald, W.; Stark, H.; Wennrich, R. Enrichment of Rare-Earth Elements (REE) and Gd-DTPA in Surface Water Samples by Means of Countercurrent Chromatography (CCC). Anal. Chim. Acta 2005, 542, 216-221. (Pubitemid 40804520)
39. Nakamura, S.; Hashimoto, H.; Akiba, K. Purification of Yttrium by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 1999, 22, 451-461. (Pubitemid 29102732)
40. Nakamura, S.; Hashimoto, H.; Akiba, K. Enrichment Separation of Rare Earth Elements by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography in a Multilayer Coiled Column. J. Chromatogr. A 1997, 789, 381-387. (Pubitemid 28028209)
41. Ma, Y.; Ito, Y.; Foucault, A. Resolution of Gram Quantities of Racemates by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1995, 704, 75-81.
42. Yang, F.; Ito, Y. Preparative Separation of Lappaconitine, Ranaconitine, N-deacetyllappaconitine and N-deacetylranaconitine from Crude Alkaloids of Sample Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 943, 219-225. (Pubitemid 34037985)
43. Weisz, A.; Idina, A.; Ben-Ari, J.; Karni, M.; Mandelbaum, A.; Ito, Y. Preparative Separation of Isomeric and Stereoisomeric Dicarboxylic Acids by pH-Zone-Refining Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 82-90. (Pubitemid 46679023)
44. Weisz, A.; Mazzola, E. P.; Matusik, J. E.; Ito, Y. Preparative Separation of Isomeric 2-(2-Quinolinyl) - 1H-indene-1, 3 (2H)-dione Monosulfonic Acids of the Color Additive D&C Yellow No. 10 (Quinoline Yellow) by pH-Zone-Refining Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 923, 87-96. (Pubitemid 32706386)
45. Yang, F.; Ito, Y. pH-Zone-Refining Counter-Current Chromatography of Lappaconitine from Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai. I. Separation of Prepurified Extract. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 923, 281-285. (Pubitemid 32706404)
46. Weisz, A.; Scher, A. L.; Ito, Y. Isolation of 4'-bromo-4, 5, 6, 7-tetrachlorofluorescein from a Synthetic Mixture by pH-Zone-Refining Counter-Current Chromatography with Continuous pH Monitoring. J. Chromatogr. A 1996, 732, 283-290.
47. Marston, A.; Hostettmann, K. Counter-Current Chromatography as a Preparative Tool, Applications and Perspectives. J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 658, 315-341. (Pubitemid 24079321)
48. Roscher, R.; Winterhalter, P. Application of Multilayer Coil Countercurrent Chromatography for the Study of Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling Leaf Glycosides. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 1452-1457.
49. Kitazume, E.; Sato, N.; Saito, Y.; Ito, Y. Separation of Heavy Metals by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 2225-2228.
50. Zhao, C.; He, C. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Atractylon and Atractylenolide III from the Chinese Medicinal Plant Atractylodes Macrocephala by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Sep. Sci. 2006, 29, 1630-1636. (Pubitemid 44184060)
51. Jarvis, B. B.; Esilva, T.; Mcalpine, J. B.; Swanson, S. J.; Whittern, D. N. New Trichoverroids from Myrothecium verrucaria Isolated by High Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 1441-1446.
52. Weisz, A.; Mazzola, E. P.; Ito, Y. Preparative Separation of Di-and Trisulfonated Components of Quinoline Yellow Using Affinity-Ligand pH-Zone-Refining Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4161-4168.
53. Weisz, A.; Scher, A. L.; Shinomiya, K.; Fales, H. M.; Ito, Y. A New Preparative-Scale Purification Technique: pH-Zone-Refining Countercurrent Chromatography. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 704-708. (Pubitemid 24980495)
54. Franco, P.; Blanc, J.; Oberleitner, W. R.; Maier, N. M.; Lindner, W.; Minguillon, C. Enantiomer Separation by Countercurrent Chromatography Using Cinchona Alkaloid Derivatives as Chiral Selectors. Anal. Chem. 2002, 74, 4175-4183. (Pubitemid 34912919)
55. Van Wagenen, B. C.; Huddleston, J.; Cardellina, J. H. Native American Food and Medicinal Plants, 8. Water-Soluble Constituents of Lomatium dissectum. J. Nat. Prod. 1998, 51, 136-141.
56. Cao, X.; Lewis, J. R.; Ito, Y. Preparation and Purification of Epigallocatechin by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography (HSCCC). J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2004, 27, 1893.
57. Ma, Y.; Ito, Y.; Berthod, A. A Chromatographic Method for Measuring Kf of Enantiomer-Chiral Selector Complexes. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 1999, 22, 2945-2955. (Pubitemid 129515927)
58. Ma, Y.; Ito, Y. Chiral Separation by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 3069-3074.
59. Berthod, A.; Carda-Broch, M. C.; Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, S. Hydrophobicity of ionizable compounds. A theoretical study and Measurements of Diuretic Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients by Countercurrent Chromatography. Anal. Chem. 1999, 71, 879-888.
60. Fales, H. M.; Pannell, L. K.; Sokoloski, E. A.; Carmeci, P. Separation of Methyl Violet 2B by High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography and Identification by Californium-252 Plasma Desorption Mass Spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 376-378.
61. Armbruster, J. A.; Borris, R. P.; Jiminez, Q.; Zamora, J. N.; Tamayo-Castillo, G.; Harris, G. H. Separation of Crude Plant Extracts with High Speed CCC for Primary Screening in Drug Discovery. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2001, 24, 1827-1840. (Pubitemid 32718168)
62. Cazal, C. de M.; Batalhao, J. R.; Domingues, V. de C.; Bueno, O. C.; Filho, E. R.; Forim, M. R.; Da Silva, M. F.; Vieira, P. C.; Fernandes, J. B. High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatographic Isolation of Ricinine, an Insecticide from Ricinus communis. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4290-4294.
63. Cazal, C. de M.; Domingues, V. de C.; Batalhao, J. R.; Bueno, O. C.; Filho, E. R.; Silva, M. F.; Vieira, P. C.; Fernandes, J. B. Isolation of Xanthyletin, an Inhibitor of Ants' Symbiotic Fungus, by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4307-4312.
64. Dos Santos, S. C.; Vilegas, W. Preparative Separation of the Naphthopyranone Glycosides by High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2001, 915, 259-263. (Pubitemid 32289346)
65. Sannomiya, M.; Rodrigues, C. M.; Coelho, R. G.; Dos Santos, L. C.; Hiruma-Lima, C. A.; Souza Brito, A. R. M.; Vilegas, W. Application of Preparative High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography for the Separation of Flavonoids from the Leaves of Byrsonima crassa Niedenzu (IK). J. Chromatogr. A 2004, 1035, 47-51. (Pubitemid 38446795)
66. Severino, V.; Cazal, G. P.; Forim, C. de M.; Gracas, M. R.; Silva, M. F.; Rodrigues-Filho, F. D.; Fernandes, J. B.; Vieira, P. C. Isolation of Secondary Metabolites from Hortia oreadica (Rutaceae) Leaves Through High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4275-4281.
67. Bringmann, G.; Messer, K.; Brun, R.; Mudogo, V. Ancistrocongolines A-D, New Naphthylisoquinoline Alkaloids from Ancistrocladus congolensis. J. Nat. Prod. 2002, 65, 1096-1101. (Pubitemid 34976484)
68. Wagenaar, F. L.; Hochlowski, J. E.; Pan, J. Y.; Tu, N. P.; Searle, P. A. Purification of High-Throughput Organic Synthesis Libraries by Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 4154-4160.
69. Menet, M.-C.; Thiebaut, D. Preparative Purification of Antibiotics for Comparing Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Mode Counter-Current Chromatography and Preparative High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1999, 831, 203-216. (Pubitemid 29073706)
70. Case, R. J.; Wang, Y.; Franzblau, S. G.; Soejarto, D. D.; Matainaho, L.; Piskaut, P.; Pauli, G. F. Advanced Applications of Counter-Current Chromatography in the Isolation of Anti-Tuberculosis Constituents from Dracaena angustifolia. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 169-174. (Pubitemid 46678999)
71. Fisher, D.; Garrard, I. J.; Van Den Heuvel, R.; Sutherland, I. A.; Chou, F. E.; Fahey, J. W. The Technology Transfer and Scale-Up of a Potential Cancer-Preventative Plant Secondary Metabolite-Glucoraphanin. J. Liq. Chromatogr. R. T. 2005, 28, 1913-1922. (Pubitemid 41140919)
72. Sutherland, I. Recent Progress on the Industrial Scale-Up of Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 6-13. (Pubitemid 46679006)
73. Ye, H.; Ignatova, S.; Luo, H.; Li, Y.; Peng, A.; Chen, L.; Sutherland, I. Preparative Separation of a Terpenoid and Alkaloids from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Using High-Performance Counter-Current Chromatography: Comparison of Various Elution and Operating Strategies. J. Chromatogr. A 2008, 1213, 145-153.
74. Wood, P.; Ignatova, S.; Janaway, L.; Keay, D.; Hawes, D.; Garrard, I.; Sutherland, I. Counter-Current Chromatography Separation Scaled Up from an Analytical Column to a Production Column. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 25-30. (Pubitemid 46691304)
75. Ye, H.; Ignatova, S.; Peng, A.; Chen, L.; Sutherland, I. Optimizing Resolution for a Preparative Separation of Chinese Herbal Medicine Using a Surrogate Model Sample System. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 5101-5105.
76. Zhang, M.; Ignatova, S.; Liang, Q.; Jun, F.; Sutherland, I.; Wang, Y.; Luo, G. Rapid and High-Throughput Purification of salvianolic Acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge by High-Performance Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 3869-3873.
77. Qi, X.; Ignatova, S.; Luo, G.; Liang, Q.; Jun, F. W.; Wang, Y.; Sutherland, I. Preparative Isolation and Purification of Ginsenosides Rf, Re, Rd and Rb1 from the Roots of Panax Ginseng with a Salt/Containing Solvent System and Flow Step-Gradient by High Performance Counter-Current Chromatography Coupled with an Evaporative Light Scattering Detector. J. Chromatogr. A 2010, 1217, 1995-2001.
78. Sutherland, I.; Hewitson, P.; Ignatova, S. Scale-Up of Counter-Current Chromatography: Demonstration of Predictable Isocratic and Quasi-Continuous Operating Modes from the Test Tube to Pilot/Process Scale. J. Chromatogr. A 2009, 1216, 8787-8792.
79. Chen, L.; Zhang, Q.; Yang, G.; Fan, L.; Tang, J.; Garrard, I.; Ignatova, S.; Fisher, D.; Sutherland, I. Rapid Purification and Scale-Up of Honokiol and Magnolol Using High-Capacity High-Speed Counter-Current Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1142, 115-122. (Pubitemid 46185375)
80. Ignatova, S.; Wood, P.; Hawes, D.; Janaway, L.; Keay, D.; Sutherland, I. Feasibility of Scaling from Pilot to Process Scale. J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1151, 20-24. (Pubitemid 46691305)
81. He, C.-H.; Zhao, C.-X. Retention of the Stationary Phase Retention for High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. AIChE J. 2007, 53, 1460-1471. (Pubitemid 46905117)
82. Ito, Y.; Conway, W. D. High-Speed Counter-current Chromatography; Wiley-Interscience: New York, 1995.