How do i treat "Triple-Negative" disease

Current Treatment Options in Oncology

Volumn 12, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 369-388

  Vaklavas, Christos ^b   Forero Torres, Andres ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^b NONE

Author keywords

Anthracyclines; Capecitabine; Standard of care; Surgery in triple negative breast cancer; Taxanes; Triple negative breast cancer; Triple negative disease

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; CETUXIMAB; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ERLOTINIB; FLUOROURACIL; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INIPARIB; IXABEPILONE; METHOTREXATE; OLAPARIB; PACLITAXEL; PLATINUM COMPLEX; RUCAPARIB; SUNITINIB; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TIGATUZUMAB; VELIPARIB;

AFRICAN AMERICAN; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER RELAPSE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; LOCAL RECURRENCE FREE SURVIVAL; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MASTECTOMY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NEUTROPENIA; ONCOGENE; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PARTIAL MASTECTOMY; PREMENOPAUSE; PROGNOSIS; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; TRIPLE NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT;

EID: 84855868728     PISSN: 15272729     EISSN: 15346277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11864-011-0168-y     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA: A cancer journal for clinicians. 2010;60(5):277-300.
2. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, van de Rijn M, Jeffrey SS, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature. 2000;406(6797):747-52.
3. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, Aas T, Geisler S, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2001;98 (19):10869-74. (Pubitemid 32878711)
4. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, Hastie T, Marron JS, et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2003;100(14):8418-23. (Pubitemid 36842560)
5. Hennessy BT, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Stemke-Hale K, Gilcrease MZ, Krishnamurthy S, et al. Characterization of a naturally occurring breast cancer subset enriched in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stem cell characteristics. Cancer Research. 2009;69(10):4116-24.
6. Foulkes WD, Smith IE, Reis-Filho JS. Triple-negative breast cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2010;363(20):1938-48.
7. Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, Allred DC, Hagerty KL, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College Of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(16):2784-95.
8. Wolff AC, Hammond ME, Schwartz JN, Hagerty KL, Allred DC, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(1):118-45. (Pubitemid 350003059)
9. Perou CM. Molecular stratification of triple-negative breast cancers. Oncologist. 2010;15 Suppl 5:39-48.
10. Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, Parise CA, Caggiano V. Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)- negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: A population-based study from the California cancer Registry. Cancer. 2007;109(9):1721-8. (Pubitemid 46668532)
11. Morris GJ, Naidu S, Topham AK, Guiles F, Xu Y, et al. Differences in breast carcinoma characteristics in newly diagnosed African-American and Caucasian patients: A single-institution compilation compared with the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cancer. 2007;110(4):876-84. (Pubitemid 47257667)
12. O'Brien KM, Cole SR, Tse CK, Perou CM, Carey LA, et al. Intrinsic breast tumor subtypes, race, and longterm survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16(24):6100-10.
13. Ford D, Easton DF, Bishop DT, Narod SA, Goldgar DE. Risks of cancer in BRCA1-mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Linkage Consortium. Lancet. 1994;343 (8899):692-5. (Pubitemid 24087847)
14. Schneider BP, Winer EP, Foulkes WD, Garber J, Perou CM, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: Risk factors to potential targets. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(24):8010-8.
15. Antoniou AC, Wang X, Fredericksen ZS, McGuffog L, Tarrell R, et al. A locus on 19p13 modifies risk of breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers and is associated with hormone receptor-negative breast cancer in the general population. Nat Genet. 2010;42 (10):885-92. This genome-wide association study identifies single nucleotide polymorphisms that modify the risk for triple-negative disease. These SNPs were shown to have a particularly strong effect in the context of germline BRCA1 mutation whereas their association with ER-positive breast cancer was in the opposite direction.
16. Badve S, Dabbs DJ, Schnitt SJ, Baehner FL, Decker T, et al. Basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers: A critical review with an emphasis on the implications for pathologists and oncologists. Mod Pathol. 2011;24(2):157-67.
17. Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, et al. Identification of human triplenegative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. Journal Clinical Investigation. 2011;121(7):2750-67. This genome profiling study sheds light onto the molecular heterogeneity of triple-negative disease. Cell lines representative of the triple-negative subtypes were shown to be differentially susceptible to platinum compounds, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and androgen receptor antagonists. This study may explain the discrepant results seen in early-phase clinical trials with novel agents in triple-negative disease.
18. Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, Hanna WM, Kahn HK, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: Clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(15 Pt 1):4429-34. (Pubitemid 47219710)
19. Collett K, Stefansson IM, Eide J, Braaten A, Wang H, et al. A basal epithelial phenotype is more frequent in interval breast cancers compared with screen detected tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2005;14(5):1108-12. (Pubitemid 40656455)
20. Crabb SJ, Cheang MC, Leung S, Immonen T, Nielsen TO, et al. Basal breast cancer molecular subtype predicts for lower incidence of axillary lymph node metastases in primary breast cancer. Clinical Breast Cancer. 2008;8(3):249-56. (Pubitemid 351962146)
21. Voduc KD, Cheang MC, Tyldesley S, Gelmon K, Nielsen TO, et al. Breast cancer subtypes and the risk of local and regional relapse. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28 (10):1684-91.
22. Kennecke H, Yerushalmi R, Woods R, Cheang MC, Voduc D, et al. Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(20):3271-7.
23. Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, Andre F, Tordai A, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(8):1275-81.
24. Carey LA, Dees EC, Sawyer L, Gatti L, Moore DT, et al. The triple negative paradox: Primary tumor chemosensitivity of breast cancer subtypes. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13(8):2329-34. (Pubitemid 46698581)
25. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of radiotherapy and surgery in early breast cancer. An overview of the randomized trials. New England Journal Medicine. 1995;333(22):1444-55.
26. Gwin JL, Eisenberg BL, Hoffman JP, Ottery FD, Boraas M, et al. Incidence of gross and microscopic carcinoma in specimens from patients with breast cancer after re-excision lumpectomy. Ann Surg. 1993;218(6):729-34. (Pubitemid 24005816)
27. Jones HA, Antonini N, Hart AA, Peterse JL, Horiot JC, et al. Impact of pathological characteristics on local relapse after breast-conserving therapy: A subgroup analysis of the EORTC boost versus no boost trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(30):4939-47.
28. Rapiti E, Verkooijen HM, Vlastos G, Fioretta G, Neyroud-Caspar I, et al. Complete excision of primary breast tumor improves survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(18):2743-9. (Pubitemid 46630571)
29. Kuerer HM, Newman LA, Smith TL, Ames FC, Hunt KK, et al. Clinical course of breast cancer patients with complete pathologic primary tumor and axillary lymph node response to doxorubicin-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(2):460-9. (Pubitemid 29075229)
30. Mauri D, Pavlidis N, Ioannidis JP. Neoadjuvant versus adjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer: A meta-analysis. Journal National Cancer Institute. 2005;97(3):188-94. (Pubitemid 40277368)
31. Bevacizumab, Metronomic Chemotherapy (CM), Diet and Exercise After Preoperative Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer (ABCDE), NCT00925652, accessed on July 20, 2011. Available from: Http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00925652.
32. Li X, Lewis MT, Huang J, Gutierrez C, Osborne CK, et al. Intrinsic resistance of tumorigenic breast cancer cells to chemotherapy. Journal National Cancer Institute. 2008;100(9):672-9.
33. CreightonCJ, Li X, Landis M, Dixon JM,Neumeister VM, et al. Residual breast cancers after conventional therapy display mesenchymal as well as tumorinitiating features. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2009;106(33):13820-5. This study sheds light on the genomic profile of the residual clones in triple-negative disease that survive conventional chemotherapy and give rise to recurrent disease. It provides support to the importance of achieving a complete pathologic response as a surrogate for improved clinical outcomes in triple-negative disease.
34. Rastogi P, Anderson SJ, Bear HD, Geyer CE, Kahlenberg MS, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy: Updates of National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Protocols B-18 and B-27. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(5):778-85. (Pubitemid 351264391)
35. Citron ML, Berry DA, Cirrincione C, Hudis C, Winer EP, et al. Randomized trial of dose-dense versus conventionally scheduled and sequential versus concurrent combination chemotherapy as postoperative adjuvant treatment of node-positive primary breast cancer: First report of Intergroup Trial C9741/Cancer and Leukemia Group B Trial 9741. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(8):1431-9. (Pubitemid 46594092)
36. Baldini E, Gardin G, Giannessi PG, Evangelista G, Roncella M, et al. Accelerated versus standard cyclophosphamide, epirubicin and 5-fluorouracil or cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil: A randomized phase III trial in locally advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(2):227-32. (Pubitemid 36305434)
37. Untch M, Fasching PA, Konecny GE, von Koch F, Conrad U, et al. PREPARE trial: A randomized phase III trial comparing preoperative, dose-dense, dose-intensified chemotherapy with epirubicin, paclitaxel and CMF versus a standard-dosed epirubicin/cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel {+/-} darbepoetin alfa in primary breast cancer- results at the time of surgery. Ann Oncol. 2011 Mar 23 (in press). This study is the first one to show a benefit in complete pathologic response rate with neoadjuvant dose-dense chemotherapy in triple-negative disease. Nonetheless, the benefit did not reach statistical significance, the regimens were similar but not identical, and pCR rate in triplenegative disease was not the primary endpoint.
38. von Minckwitz G, Kummel S, Vogel P, Hanusch C, Eidtmann H, et al.Neoadjuvant vinorelbine-capecitabine versus docetaxel-doxorubicin- cyclophosphamide in early nonresponsive breast cancer: Phase III randomized GeparTrio trial. Journal National Cancer Institute. 2008;100(8):542-51.
39. Steger GG, Galid A, Gnant M, Mlineritsch B, Lang A, et al. Pathologic complete response with six compared with three cycles of neoadjuvant epirubicin plus docetaxel and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in operable breast cancer: Results of ABCSG-14. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(15):2012-8. (Pubitemid 46972785)
40. von Minckwitz G, Kummel S, Vogel P, Hanusch C, Eidtmann H, et al. Intensified neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early-responding breast cancer: Phase III randomized GeparTrio study. Journal National Cancer Institute. 2008;100(8):552-62.
41. von Minckwitz G, Untch M, Nuesch E, Loibl S, Kaufmann M, et al. Impact of treatment characteristics on response of different breast cancer phenotypes: Pooled analysis of the German neo-adjuvant chemotherapy trials. Breast Cancer Research Treatment. 2011;125(1):145-56.
42. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Effects of chemotherapy and hormonal therapy for early breast cancer on recurrence and 15-year survival: An overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;365(9472):1687-717.
43. Berry DA, Cirrincione C, Henderson IC, Citron ML, Budman DR, et al. Estrogen-receptor status and outcomes of modern chemotherapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer. JAMA. 2006;295 (14):1658-67.
44. Colleoni M, Cole BF, Viale G, Regan MM, Price KN, et al. Classical cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil chemotherapy is more effective in triplenegative, node-negative breast cancer: Results from two randomized trials of adjuvant chemoendocrine therapy for node-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(18):2966-73.
45. Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Litton JK, Broglio KR, Meric- Bernstam F, Rakkhit R, et al. High risk of recurrence for patients with breast cancer who have human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, nodenegative tumors 1 cm or smaller. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(34):5700-6.
46. Kaplan HG, Malmgren JA, Atwood M. T1N0 triple negative breast cancer: Risk of recurrence and adjuvant chemotherapy. Breast Journal. 2009;15 (5):454-60.
47. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast Cancer, Version 2.2011. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology version 2.2011.[accessed on July 17, 2011]; Available from: Www.nccn.org.
48. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer: An overview of the randomised trials. Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Lancet. 1998;352 (9132):930-42.
49. Pritchard KI, Shepherd LE, O'Malley FP, Andrulis IL, Tu D, et al. HER2 and responsiveness of breast cancer to adjuvant chemotherapy. New England Journal Medicine. 2006;354(20):2103-11. (Pubitemid 43736610)
50. Hugh J, Hanson J, Cheang MC, Nielsen TO, Perou CM, et al. Breast cancer subtypes and response to docetaxel in node-positive breast cancer: Use of an immunohistochemical definition in the BCIRG 001 trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(8):1168-76.
51. Hayes DF, Thor AD, Dressler LG, Weaver D, Edgerton S, et al. HER2 and response to paclitaxel in nodepositive breast cancer. New England Journal Medicine. 2007;357(15):1496-506. (Pubitemid 47572635)
52. Martin M, Rodriguez-Lescure A, Ruiz A, Alba E, Calvo L, et al. Molecular predictors of efficacy of adjuvant weekly paclitaxel in early breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research Treatment. 2010;123(1):149-57.
53. Wang S, Shi Y, Yuan Z, Wang X, Liu D, et al. Classical CMF regimen as adjuvant chemotherapy for triplenegative breast cancer may be more effective compared with anthracycline or taxane-based regimens. Medical Oncology 2011 Apr 29 (in press).
54. Lindman H, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Huovinen R, Jukkola-Vuorinen A, Tanner M, et al. Integration of capecitabine into anthracycline- and taxane-based adjuvant therapy for triple-negative early breast cancer: Final Subgroup Analysis of the FinXX Study. American Association for Cancer Research, 33rd Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, December 8-12; 2010; San Antonio, TX.
55. Gluz O, Nitz UA, Harbeck N, Ting E, Kates R, et al. Triple-negative high-risk breast cancer derives particular benefit from dose intensification of adjuvant chemotherapy: Results of WSG AM-01 trial. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(5):861-70. (Pubitemid 351649186)
56. Sparano JA, Wang M, Martino S, Jones V, Perez EA, et al. Weekly paclitaxel in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. New England Journal Medicine. 2008;358(16):1663-71. (Pubitemid 351549913)
57. Carrick S, Parker S, Thornton CE, Ghersi D, Simes J, et al. Single agent versus combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online). 2009(2):CD003372.
58. Sledge GW, Neuberg D, Bernardo P, Ingle JN, Martino S, et al. Phase III trial of doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and the combination of doxorubicin and paclitaxel as front-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer: An intergroup trial (E1193). J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(4):588-92. (Pubitemid 46621890)
59. Thomas ES, Gomez HL, Li RK, Chung HC, Fein LE, et al. Ixabepilone plus capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer progressing after anthracycline and taxane treatment. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(33):5210-7. (Pubitemid 350232252)
60. Bhattacharyya A, Ear US, Koller BH, Weichselbaum RR, Bishop DK. The breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1 is required for subnuclear assembly of Rad51 and survival following treatment with the DNA cross-linking agent cisplatin. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(31):23899-903. (Pubitemid 30624678)
61. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Randomized Phase II 2 × 2 Factorial Trial of the Addition of Carboplatin +/- Bevacizumab to Neoadjuvant Weekly Paclitaxel Followed by Dose- Dense AC in Hormone Receptor-Poor/HER2-Negative Resectable Breast Cancer. 2011 June 9, 2011 (NCT00861705) accessed on June 9, 2011. Available from: Http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00861705.
62. A Phase II Study of Cisplatin or Carboplatin for Triple- Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer and Evaluation of p63/p73 as a Biomarker of Response (NCT00483223), accessed on July 20, 2011. Available from: Http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00483223.
63. Linderholm BK, Hellborg H, Johansson U, Elmberger G, Skoog L, et al. Significantly higher levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and shorter survival times for patients with primary operable triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20 (10):1639-46.
64. Linderholm BK, Lindahl T, Holmberg L, Klaar S, Lennerstrand J, et al. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor correlates with mutant p53 and poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Cancer Research. 2001;61(5):2256-60. (Pubitemid 32692056)
65. Miles DW, Chan A, Dirix LY, Cortes J, Pivot X, et al. Phase III study of bevacizumab plus docetaxel compared with placebo plus docetaxel for the first-line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(20):3239-47.
66. Miller K, Wang M, Gralow J, Dickler M, Cobleigh M, et al. Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone for metastatic breast cancer. New England Journal Medicine. 2007;357(26):2666-76.
67. RobertNJ,Dieras V, Glaspy J, BrufskyAM, Bondarenko I, et al. RIBBON-1: Randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, phase III trial of chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab for first-line treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, locally recurrent ormetastatic breast cancer. JClinOncol. 2011;29 (10):1252-60. This clinical trial expands on the observations made with previous clinical trials with bevacizumab in breast cancer. Although the addition of bevacizumab to cytotoxic chemotherapy improves the response rates and the progression-free survival, the benefit in overall survival is nonsignificant.
68. O'Shaughnessy J, Miles D, Gray RJ, Dieras V, Perez EA, et al. Ameta-analysis of overall survival data fromthree randomized trials of bevacizumab (BV) and first-line chemotherapy as treatment for patients withmetastatic breast cancer(MBC). 2010American Society ofClinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL; J Clin Oncol 28:15s, 2010 (suppl; abstr 1005).
69. Burstein HJ, Elias AD, Rugo HS, Cobleigh MA, Wolff AC, et al. Phase II study of sunitinib malate, an oral multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and a taxane. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26 (11):1810-6.
70. Crown J, Dieras V, Staroslawska E, Yardley DA, Davidson N, et al. Phase III trial of sunitinib (SU) in combination with capecitabine (C) versus C in previously treated advanced breast cancer (ABC). 2010 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL: Journal of Clinical Oncology, 28:18s (suppl; abstr LBA1011).
71. Bergh J, Greil R, Voytko N, Makhson A, Cortes J, et al. Sunitinib (SU) in combination with docetaxel (D) versus D alone for the first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer (ABC). 2010 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL; J Clin Oncol 28:18s, 2010 (suppl; abstr LBA1010).
72. Phase I/II Trial of Neoadjuvant Sunitinib Administered With Weekly Paclitaxel/Carboplatin in Patients With Locally Advanced Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (NCT00887575). Accessed on July 19, 2011. Available from: Http://www.clinicaltrials. gov/ct2/show/NCT00887575.
73. Hoeijmakers JH. DNA damage, aging, and cancer. New England Journal Medicine. 2009;361(15):1475-85.
74. O'Shaughnessy J, Osborne C, Pippen JE, et al. Iniparib plus chemotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. New England Journal Medicine. 2011;364(3):205-14.
75. O'Shaughnessy J, Schwartzberg LS, Danso MA, Rugo HS, Miller K, et al. A randomized phase III study of iniparib (BSI-201) in combination with gemcitabine/carboplatin (G/C) in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). 2011 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL: J Clin Oncol 29: 2011 (suppl; abstr 1007).
76. Isakoff SJ, Overmoyer B, Tung NM, Gelman RS, Giranda VL, et al. A phase II trial of the PARP inhibitor veliparib (ABT888) and temozolomide for metastatic breast cancer. 2010 American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL; Journal of Clinical Oncology 28:15s. 2010 (suppl; abstr 1019).
77. PARP inhibition after preoperative chemotherapy in patients with triple negative breast cancer or ER/PR +, HER2 negative with known BRCA1/2 mutations: Hoosier Oncology Group BRE09-146 (NCT01074970). Accessed on July 19, 2011. Available from: Http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01074970.
78. Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS. Basal-like breast cancer and the BRCA1 phenotype. Oncogene. 2006;25(43):5846-53. (Pubitemid 44453440)
79. Hoadley KA, Weigman VJ, Fan C, Sawyer LR, He X, et al. EGFR associated expression profiles vary with breast tumor subtype. BMC Genomics. 2007;8:258.
80. Carey LA, IrvinW, Rugo H, Mayer E, Marcom PK, et al. TBCRC 001: EGFR inhibition with cetuximab added to carboplatin in metastatic triple-negative (basal-like) breast cancer 2008 American Society of Clinical Oncology AnnualMeeting, Chicago, IL; Journal of Clinical Oncology 26:15s 2008 (suppl; abstr 1009).
81. Green MD, Francis PA, Gebski V, Harvey V, Karapetis C, et al. Gefitinib treatment in hormone-resistant and hormone receptor-negative advanced breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(11):1813-7.
82. Gutteridge E, Agrawal A, Nicholson R, Leung Cheung K, Robertson J, et al. The effects of gefitinib in tamoxifen-resistant and hormone-insensitive breast cancer: A phase II study. International Journal Cancer. 2010;126(8):1806-16.
83. DicklerMN, CobleighMA,Miller KD, Klein PM, Winer EP. Efficacy and safety of erlotinib in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research Treatment. 2009;115(1):115-21.
84. Ichikawa K, Liu W, Zhao L, Wang Z, Liu D, et al. Tumoricidal activity of a novel anti-human DR5 monoclonal antibody without hepatocyte cytotoxicity. Nature Medicine. 2001;7(8):954-60. (Pubitemid 32756434)
85. Buchsbaum DJ, Zhou T, Grizzle WE, Oliver PG, Hammond CJ, et al. Antitumor efficacy of TRA- 8 anti-DR5 monoclonal antibody alone or in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy in a human breast cancer model. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9(10 Pt 1):3731-41. (Pubitemid 37169242)
86. Ohtsuka T, Buchsbaum D, Oliver P, Makhija S, Kimberly R, et al. Synergistic induction of tumor cell apoptosis by death receptor antibody and chemotherapy agent through JNK/p38 and mitochondrial death pathway. Oncogene. 2003;22(13):2034-44. (Pubitemid 36523640)
87. Silver DP, Richardson AL, Eklund AC, Wang ZC, Szallasi Z, et al. Efficacy of neoadjuvant Cisplatin in triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28 (7):1145-53.
88. Ogston KN, Miller ID, Payne S, Hutcheon AW, Sarkar TK, et al. A new histological grading system to assess response of breast cancers to primary chemotherapy: Prognostic significance and survival. Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2003;12(5):320-7. (Pubitemid 37322062)
89. Ryan PD, Tung NM, Isakoff SJ, GolshanM, Richardson A, et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and bevacizumab in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): Safety and efficacy. 2009American Society ofClinicalOncology Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL; Journal of Clinical Oncology, 27:15S 2009 (suppl; abstr 551).
90. Frasci G, Comella P, RinaldoM, Iodice G, Di BonitoM, et al. Preoperative weekly cisplatin-epirubicin-paclitaxel with G-CSF support in triple-negative large operable breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20(7):1185-92.
91. Torrisi R, Balduzzi A, Ghisini R, Rocca A, Bottiglieri L, et al. Tailored preoperative treatment of locally advanced triple negative (hormone receptor negative and HER2 negative) breast cancer with epirubicin, cisplatin, and infusional fluorouracil followed by weekly paclitaxel. Cancer Chemotherapy Pharmacology. 2008;62(4):667-72.
92. Byrski T, Huzarski T, Dent R, Gronwald J, Zuziak D, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy with cisplatin in BRCA1-positive breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research Treatment. 2009;115(2):359-63.
93. Baselga J, Stemmer S, Pego A, Chan A, Goeminne JC, et al. Cetuximab+cisplatin in estrogen receptornegative, progesterone receptor-negative, Her2- negative (triple-negative) metastatic breast cancer: Results of the randomized phase II BALI-1 trial. American Association for Cancer Research 2010. 33rd Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, December 8-12; 2010; San Antonio, TX.
94. Maisano R, Zavettieri M, Azzarello D, Raffaele M, Maisano M, et al. Carboplatin and gemcitabine combination in metastatic triple-negative anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated breast cancer patients: A phase II study. Journal Chemotherapy (Florence, Italy). 2011;23(1):40-3.
95. Staudacher L, Cottu PH, Dieras V, Vincent-Salomon A, Guilhaume MN, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: The Institut Curie experience. Ann Oncol. 2011;22(4):848-56.
96. Sirohi B, Arnedos M, Popat S, Ashley S, Nerurkar A, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2008;19(11):1847-52.
97. Byrski T, Gronwald J, Huzarski T, Grzybowska E, Budryk M, et al. Pathologic complete response rates in young women with BRCA1-positive breast cancers after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):375-9.
98. Tutt A, Robson M, Garber JE, Domchek SM, Audeh MW, et al. Oral poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and advanced breast cancer: A proof-of-concept trial. Lancet. 2010;376 (9737):235-44. This trial is the first to provide positive proof-of-concept for PARP inhibition in BRCA1 or BRCA2 deficient tumors. The molecular similarities between sporadic triple-negative tumors and breast cancer arising in germline BRCA1 mutation carriers set the stage for clinical investigations with PARP inhibitors in sporadic triple-negative disease.