Basal-like and triple-negative breast cancers: A critical review with an emphasis on the implications for pathologists and oncologists

Modern Pathology

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 157-167

  Badve, Sunil ^a   Dabbs, David J ^b   Schnitt, Stuart J ^c   Baehner, Frederick L ^d   Decker, Thomas ^e   Eusebi, Vincenzo ^f   Fox, Stephen B ^g   Ichihara, Shu ^h   Jacquemier, Jocelyne ⁱ   Lakhani, Sunil R ^j   Palacios, José ^k   Rakha, Emad A ^l   Richardson, Andrea L ^m   Schmitt, Fernando C ⁿ   Tan, Puay Hoon ^o   Tse, Gary M ^p   Weigelt, Britta ^q   Ellis, Ian O ^l   Reis Filho, Jorge S ^r  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

^f BELLARIA HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^g PETER MACCALLUM CANCER CENTRE   (Australia)

^h NATIONAL HOSPITAL ORGANIZATION NAGOYA MEDICAL CENTER   (Japan)

ⁱ INSTITUT PAOLI CALMETTES   (France)

^j UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^k HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO VIRGEN DEL ROCÍO   (Spain)

^l UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^m BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

ⁿ University of Porto   (Portugal)

^o SINGAPORE GENERAL HOSPITAL   (Singapore)

^p CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^q IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH FUND   (United Kingdom)

^r INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

more..

Author keywords

basal like; breast cancer; definition; practical review; triple negative

Indexed keywords

CYTOKERATIN 14; CYTOKERATIN 17; CYTOKERATIN 5; CYTOKERATIN 6; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; P CADHERIN; PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR;

BREAST CANCER; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER SURVIVAL; GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING; GENE MUTATION; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INTRADUCTAL CARCINOMA; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MORPHOLOGY; ONCOGENE; PATHOLOGIST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

EID: 79551649114     PISSN: 08933952     EISSN: 15300285     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.200     Document Type: Review

References (141)

1. Reis-Filho JS, Lakhani SR. Breast cancer special types: why bother? J Pathol 2008;216:394-398.
2. Geyer FC, Marchio C, Reis-Filho JS. The role of molecular analysis in breast cancer. Pathology 2009;41:77-88.
3. Correa-Geyer FC, Reis-Filho JS. Microarray-based gene expression profiling as a clinical tool for breast cancer management: are we there yet? Int J Surg Pathol 2009;17:285-302.
4. Weigelt B, Horlings HM, Kreike B, et al. Refinement of breast cancer classification by molecular characterization of histological special types. J Pathol 2008;216:141-150.
5. Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS. Histological and molecular types of breast cancer: is there a unifying taxonomy? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009;6:718-730.
6. Perou CM, Sorlie T, Eisen MB, et al. Molecular portraits of human breast tumours. Nature 2000; 406:747-752.
7. Sorlie T, Perou CM, Tibshirani R, et al. Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:10869-10874.
8. Sorlie T, Tibshirani R, Parker J, et al. Repeated observation of breast tumor subtypes in independent gene expression data sets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100:8418-8423.
9. Hu Z, Fan C, Oh DS, et al. The molecular portraits of breast tumors are conserved across microarray platforms. BMC Genomics 2006;7:96.
10. Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO. Basal-like breast cancer: a critical review. J Clin Oncol 2008;26: 2568-2581.
11. Parker JS, Mullins M, Cheang MC, et al. Supervised risk predictor of breast cancer based on intrinsic subtypes. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:1160-1167.
12. Weigelt B, Baehner FL, Reis-Filho JS. The contribution of gene expression profiling to breast cancer classification, prognostication and prediction: a retrospective of the last decade. J Pathol 2010; 220:263-280.
13. Pusztai L, Mazouni C, Anderson K, et al. Molecular classification of breast cancer: limitations and potential. Oncologist 2006;11:868-877.
14. Gusterson B. Do 'basal-like' breast cancers really exist? Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:128-134.
15. Rakha EA, Reis-Filho JS, Ellis IO. Impact of basal-like breast carcinoma determination for a more specific therapy. Pathobiology 2008;75:95-103.
16. Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Reis-Filho J, et al. Pathobiological aspects of basal-like breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;113:411-422.
17. Nielsen TO, Hsu FD, Jensen K, et al. Immunohistochemical and clinical characterization of the basallike subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:5367-5374.
18. Livasy CA, Karaca G, Nanda R, et al. Phenotypic evaluation of the basal-like subtype of invasive breast carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2006;19: 264-271.
19. Cheang MC, Voduc D, Bajdik C, et al. Basal-like breast cancer defined by five biomarkers has superior prognostic value than triple-negative phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:1368-1376.
20. Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, et al. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA 2006;295:2492-2502.
21. Fulford LG, Easton DF, Reis-Filho JS, et al. Specific morphological features predictive for the basal phenotype in grade 3 invasive ductal carcinoma of breast. Histopathology 2006;49:22-34.
22. Banerjee S, Reis-Filho JS, Ashley S, et al. Basal-like breast carcinomas: clinical outcome and response to chemotherapy. J Clin Pathol 2006;59:729-735.
23. Altundag K, Harputluoglu H, Aksoy S, et al. Potential chemotherapy options in the triple negative subtype of breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:1294-1295; author reply 1295-1296. (Pubitemid 46640586)
24. Haffty BG, Yang Q, Reiss M, et al. Locoregional relapse and distant metastasis in conservatively managed triple negative early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5652-5657.
25. Liedtke C, Mazouni C, Hess KR, et al. Response to neoadjuvant therapy and long-term survival in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:1275-1281.
26. Rakha EA, Ellis IO, Reis-Filho JS. Immunohistochemical heterogeneity of breast carcinomas negative for estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and Her2/neu (basal-like breast carcinomas). Mod Pathol 2008;21:1060-1061; author reply 1061-1062.
27. Brenton JD, Carey LA, Ahmed AA, et al. Molecular classification and molecular forecasting of breast cancer: ready for clinical application? J Clin Oncol 2005;23:7350-7360.
28. Carey LA, Dees EC, Sawyer L, et al. The triple negative paradox: primary tumor chemosensitivity of breast cancer subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:2329-2334.
29. Kennecke H, Yerushalmi R, Woods R, et al. Metastatic behavior of breast cancer subtypes. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1684-1691.
30. Thike AA, Cheok PY, Jara-Lazaro AR, et al. Triplenegative breast cancer: clinicopathological characteristics and relationship with basal-like breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2010;23:123-133.
31. Thike AA, Iqbal J, Cheok PY, et al. Triple negative breast cancer: outcome correlation with immunohistochemical detection of basal markers. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:956-964.
32. Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS, Russell AM, et al. BRCA1 dysfunction in sporadic basal-like breast cancer. Oncogene 2007;26:2126-2132.
33. Subhawong AP, Subhawong T, Nassar H, et al. Most basal-like breast carcinomas demonstrate the same Rb-/p16+ immunophenotype as the HPV-related poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinomas which they resemble morphologically. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:163-175.
34. Jacquemier J, Padovani L, Rabayrol L, et al. Typical medullary breast carcinomas have a basal/myoepithelial phenotype. J Pathol 2005;207:260-268.
35. Vincent-Salomon A, Gruel N, Lucchesi C, et al. Identification of typical medullary breast carcinoma as a genomic sub-group of basal-like carcinomas, a heterogeneous new molecular entity. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:R24.
36. Bertucci F, Finetti P, Cervera N, et al. Gene expression profiling shows medullary breast cancer is a subgroup of basal breast cancers. Cancer Res 2006;66: 4636-4644.
37. Reis-Filho JS, Milanezi F, Steele D, et al. Metaplastic breast carcinomas are basal-like tumours. Histopathology 2006;49:10-21.
38. Weigelt B, Kreike B, Reis-Filho JS. Metaplastic breast carcinomas are basal-like breast cancers: a genomic profiling analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009;117:273-280.
39. Lae M, Freneaux P, Sastre-Garau X, et al. Secretory breast carcinomas with ETV6-NTRK3 fusion gene belong to the basal-like carcinoma spectrum. Mod Pathol 2009;22:291-298.
40. Azoulay S, Lae M, Freneaux P, et al. KIT is highly expressed in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast, a basal-like carcinoma associated with a favorable outcome. Mod Pathol 2005;18: 1623-1631.
41. Fadare O, Wang SA, Hileeto D. The expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: evidence of a basal-like subset? Hum Pathol 2008;39:331-336.
42. Fulford LG, Reis-Filho JS, Ryder K, et al. Basal-like grade III invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast: patterns of metastasis and long-term survival. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:R4.
43. Arnes JB, Brunet JS, Stefansson I, et al. Placental cadherin and the basal epithelial phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:4003-4011.
44. Pinilla SM, Honrado E, Hardisson D, et al. Caveolin-1 expression is associated with a basal-like phenotype in sporadic and hereditary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006;99:85-90.
45. Savage K, Leung S, Todd SK, et al. Distribution and significance of caveolin 2 expression in normal breast and invasive breast cancer: an immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;110:245-256.
46. Parry S, Savage K, Marchio C, et al. Nestin is expressed in basal-like and triple negative breast cancers. J Clin Pathol 2008;61:1045-1050.
47. Moyano JV, Evans JR, Chen F, et al. AlphaB-crystallin is a novel oncoprotein that predicts poor clinical outcome in breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:261-270.
48. Sitterding SM, Wiseman WR, Schiller CL, et al. AlphaB-crystallin: a novel marker of invasive basallike and metaplastic breast carcinomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2008;12:33-40.
49. Hasegawa M, Hagiwara S, Sato T, et al. CD109, a new marker for myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary, and lacrimal glands and prostate basal cells. Pathol Int 2007;57:245-250.
50. Hasegawa M, Moritani S, Murakumo Y, et al. CD109 expression in basal-like breast carcinoma. Pathol Int 2008;58:288-294.
51. Reis-Filho J, Pinheiro C, Lambros M, et al. EGFR amplification and lack of activating mutations in metaplastic breast carcinomas. J Pathol 2006;209: 445-453.
52. Gilbert JA, Goetz MP, Reynolds CA, et al. Molecular analysis of metaplastic breast carcinoma: high EGFR copy number via aneusomy. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:944-951.
53. Rakha E, Ellis I, Reis-Filho J. Are triple-negative and basal-like breast cancer synonymous? Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:618; author reply 618-619.
54. Reis-Filho JS, Savage K, Lambros MB, et al. Cyclin D1 protein overexpression and CCND1 amplification in breast carcinomas: an immunohistochemical and chromogenic in situ hybridisation analysis. Mod Pathol 2006;19:999-1009.
55. Gauthier ML, Berman HK, Miller C, et al. Abrogated response to cellular stress identifies DCIS associated with subsequent tumor events and defines basal-like breast tumors. Cancer Cell 2007; 12:479-491.
56. Reis-Filho JS, Tutt AN. Triple negative tumours: a critical review. Histopathology 2008;52:108-118.
57. Lim E, Vaillant F, Wu D, et al. Aberrant luminal progenitors as the candidate target population for basal tumor development in BRCA1 mutation carriers. Nat Med 2009;15:907-913.
58. Molyneux G, Geyer FC, Magnay FA, et al. BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010;7:403-417.
59. Dent R, Trudeau M, Pritchard KI, et al. Triple-negative breast cancer: clinical features and patterns of recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:4429-4434.
60. Rakha EA, El-Sayed ME, Green AR, et al. Prognostic markers in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer 2007;109:25-32.
61. Tischkowitz M, Brunet JS, Begin LR, et al. Use of immunohistochemical markers can refine prognosis in triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2007;7:134.
62. Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, et al. Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California Cancer Registry. Cancer 2007;109:1721-1728.
63. Harris LN, Broadwater G, Lin NU, et al. Molecular subtypes of breast cancer in relation to paclitaxel response and outcomes in women with metastatic disease: results from CALGB 9342. Breast Cancer Res 2006;8:R66.
64. Morris GJ, Naidu S, Topham AK, et al. Differences in breast carcinoma characteristics in newly diagnosed African-American and Caucasian patients: a singleinstitution compilation compared with the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Cancer 2007;110:876-884.
65. Schneider BP, Winer EP, Foulkes WD, et al. Triplenegative breast cancer: risk factors to potential targets. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:8010-8018.
66. Wolff AC, Hammond ME, Schwartz JN, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:118-145.
67. Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28: 2784-2795.
68. Rakha EA, Tan DS, Foulkes WD, et al. Are triplenegative tumours and basal-like breast cancer synonymous? Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:404; author reply 405.
69. Kreike B, van Kouwenhove M, Horlings H, et al. Gene expression profiling and histopathological characterization of triple-negative/basal-like breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:R65.
70. Bertucci F, Finetti P, Cervera N, et al. How basal are triple-negative breast cancers? Int J Cancer 2008; 123:236-240.
71. Calza S, Hall P, Auer G, et al. Intrinsic molecular signature of breast cancer in a population-based cohort of 412 patients. Breast Cancer Res 2006;8:R34.
72. Jumppanen M, Gruvberger-Saal S, Kauraniemi P, et al. Basal-like phenotype is not associated with patient survival in estrogen-receptor-negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res 2007;9:R16.
73. Rouzier R, Perou CM, Symmans WF, et al. Breast cancer molecular subtypes respond differently to preoperative chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:5678-5685.
74. de Ronde JJ, Hannemann J, Halfwerk H, et al. Concordance of clinical and molecular breast cancer subtyping in the context of preoperative chemotherapy response. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;119: 119-126.
75. Weigelt B, Mackay A, A'Hern R, et al. Breast cancer molecular profiling with single sample predictors: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 2010;11: 339-349.
76. Hu Z. Insight into microRNA regulation by analyzing the characteristics of their targets in humans. BMC Genomics 2009;10:594.
77. Doane AS, Danso M, Lal P, et al. An estrogen receptornegative breast cancer subset characterized by a hormonally regulated transcriptional program and response to androgen. Oncogene 2006;25: 3994-4008.
78. Farmer P, Bonnefoi H, Becette V, et al. Identification of molecular apocrine breast tumours by microarray analysis. Oncogene 2005;24:4660-4671.
79. Hennessy BT, Gonzalez-Angulo AM, Stemke-Hale K, et al. Characterization of a naturally occurring breast cancer subset enriched in epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition and stem cell characteristics. Cancer Res 2009;69:4116-4124.
80. Herschkowitz JI, Simin K, Weigman VJ, et al. Identification of conserved gene expression features between murine mammary carcinoma models and human breast tumors. Genome Biol 2007;8:R76.
81. Tan DS, Marchio C, Jones RL, et al. Triple negative breast cancer: molecular profiling and prognostic impact in adjuvant anthracycline-treated patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;111:27-44.
82. Turner N, Tutt A, Ashworth A. Hallmarks of 'BRCAness' in sporadic cancers. Nat Rev Cancer 2004; 4:814-819.
83. Turner NC, Reis-Filho JS. Basal-like breast cancer and the BRCA1 phenotype. Oncogene 2006;25: 5846-5853.
84. Foulkes WD, Brunet JS, Stefansson IM, et al. The prognostic implication of the basal-like (cyclin E high/p27 low/p53+/glomeruloid-microvascular- proliferation+) phenotype of BRCA1-related breast cancer. Cancer Res 2004;64:830-835.
85. Vaziri SA, Krumroy LM, Elson P, et al. Breast tumor immunophenotype of BRCA1-mutation carriers is influenced by age at diagnosis. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:1937-1945.
86. Foulkes WD, Stefansson IM, Chappuis PO, et al. Germline BRCA1 mutations and a basal epithelial phenotype in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1482-1485.
87. Lakhani SR, Reis-Filho JS, Fulford L, et al. Prediction of BRCA1 status in patients with breast cancer using estrogen receptor and basal phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11:5175-5180.
88. Vaziri SA, Tubbs RR, Darlington G, et al. Absence of CCND1 gene amplification in breast tumours of BRCA1 mutation carriers. Mol Pathol 2001;54: 259-263.
89. Palacios J, Honrado E, Osorio A, et al. Phenotypic characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumors based in a tissue microarray study with 37 immunohistochemical markers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 90:5-14.
90. Bergamaschi A, Kim YH, Wang P, et al. Distinct patterns of DNA copy number alteration are associated with different clinicopathological features and gene-expression subtypes of breast cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2006;45:1033-1040.
91. Jones C, Ford E, Gillett C, et al. Molecular cytogenetic identification of subgroups of grade III invasive ductal breast carcinomas with different clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:5988-5997.
92. van Beers EH, van Welsem T, Wessels LF, et al. Comparative genomic hybridization profiles in human BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast tumors highlight differential sets of genomic aberrations. Cancer Res 2005;65:822-827.
93. Wessels LF, van Welsem T, Hart AA, et al. Molecular classification of breast carcinomas by comparative genomic hybridization: a specific somatic genetic profile for BRCA1 tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62:7110-7117.
94. Melchor L, Honrado E, Garcia MJ, et al. Distinct genomic aberration patterns are found in familial breast cancer associated with different immunohistochemical subtypes. Oncogene 2008;27:3165-3175.
95. Esteller M, Silva JM, Dominguez G, et al. Promoter hypermethylation and BRCA1 inactivation in sporadic breast and ovarian tumors. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000;92:564-569.
96. Osin P, Lu YJ, Stone J, et al. Distinct genetic and epigenetic changes in medullary breast cancer. Int J Surg Pathol 2003;11:153-158.
97. Beger C, Pierce LN, Kruger M, et al. Identification of Id4 as a regulator of BRCA1 expression by using a ribozyme-library-based inverse genomics approach. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:130-135. (Pubitemid 32095875)
98. Welcsh PL, Lee MK, Gonzalez-Hernandez RM, et al. BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates genes involved in breast tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:7560-7565.
99. Hosey AM, Gorski JJ, Murray MM, et al. Molecular basis for estrogen receptor alpha deficiency in BRCA1-linked breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99:1683-1694.
100. Gorski JJ, James CR, Quinn JE, et al. BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates genes associated with the basal-like phenotype in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010;122:721-731.
101. Bryan BB, Schnitt SJ, Collins LC. Ductal carcinoma in situ with basal-like phenotype: a possible precursor to invasive basal-like breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2006;19:617-621.
102. Paredes J, Lopes N, Milanezi F, et al. P-cadherin and cytokeratin 5: useful adjunct markers to distinguish basal-like ductal carcinomas in situ. Virchows Arch 2007;450:73-80.
103. Tamimi RM, Baer HJ, Marotti J, et al. Comparison of molecular phenotypes of ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R67.
104. Vincent-Salomon A, Lucchesi C, Gruel N, et al. Integrated genomic and transcriptomic analysis of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:1956-1965.
105. Dabbs DJ, Chivukula M, Carter G, et al. Basal phenotype of ductal carcinoma in situ: recognition and immunohistologic profile. Mod Pathol 2006; 19:1506-1511.
106. Meijnen P, Peterse JL, Antonini N, et al. Immunohistochemical categorisation of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Br J Cancer 2008;98:137-142.
107. Hannemann J, Velds A, Halfwerk JB, et al. Classification of ductal carcinoma in situ by gene expression profiling. Breast Cancer Res 2006;8:R61.
108. Shin SJ, Simpson PT, Da Silva L, et al. Molecular evidence for progression of microglandular adenosis (MGA) to invasive carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2009;33:496-504.
109. Khalifeh IM, Albarracin C, Diaz LK, et al. Clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical features of microglandular adenosis and transition into in situ and invasive carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2008;32: 544-552.
110. Salarieh A, Sneige N. Breast carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis: a review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2007;131:1397-1399.
111. Acs G, Simpson JF, Bleiweiss IJ, et al. Microglandular adenosis with transition into adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast. Am J Surg Pathol 2003;27: 1052-1060.
112. Koenig C, Dadmanesh F, Bratthauer GL, et al. Carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis: an immunohistochemical analysis of 20 intraepithelial and invasive neoplasms. Int J Surg Pathol 2000;8:303-315.
113. Geyer FC, Kushner YB, Lambros MB, et al. Microglandular adenosis or microglandular adenoma? A molecular genetic analysis of a case associated with atypia and invasive carcinoma. Histopathology 2009;55:732-743.
114. Abd El-Rehim DM, Pinder SE, Paish CE, et al. Expression of luminal and basal cytokeratins in human breast carcinoma. J Pathol 2004;203:661-671.
115. Fan C, Oh DS, Wessels L, et al. Concordance among gene-expression-based predictors for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:560-569.
116. Rakha EA, Ellis IO. Triple-negative/basal-like breast cancer: review. Pathology 2009;41:40-47.
117. Tsuda H, Takarabe T, Hasegawa F, et al. Large, central acellular zones indicating myoepithelial tumor differentiation in high-grade invasive ductal carcinomas as markers of predisposition to lung and brain metastases. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:197-202.
118. Hicks DG, Short SM, Prescott NL, et al. Breast cancers with brain metastases are more likely to be estrogen receptor negative, express the basal cytokeratin CK5/ 6, and overexpress HER2 or EGFR. Am J Surg Pathol 2006;30:1097-1104.
119. Rodriguez-Pinilla SM, Sarrio D, Honrado E, et al. Prognostic significance of basal-like phenotype and fascin expression in node-negative invasive breast carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:1533-1539.
120. Smid M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Subtypes of breast cancer show preferential site of relapse. Cancer Res 2008;68:3108-3114.
121. Marchio C, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS. Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast and salivary glands (or 'the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde' of exocrine gland carcinomas). J Clin Pathol 2010;63:220-228.
122. Keam B, Im SA, Kim HJ, et al. Prognostic impact of clinicopathologic parameters in stage II/III breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant docetaxel and doxorubicin chemotherapy: paradoxical features of the triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:203.
123. Sanchez-Munoz A, Garcia-Tapiador AM, Martinez- Ortega E, et al. Tumour molecular subtyping according to hormone receptors and HER2 status defines different pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2008;10: 646-653.
124. Sirohi B, Arnedos M, Popat S, et al. Platinum-based chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2008;19:1847-1852.
125. Teschendorff AE, Miremadi A, Pinder SE, et al. An immune response gene expression module identifies a good prognosis subtype in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer. Genome Biol 2007;8:R157.
126. Reyal F, van Vliet MH, Armstrong NJ, et al. A comprehensive analysis of prognostic signatures reveals the high predictive capacity of the proliferation, immune response and RNA splicing modules in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008;10:R93.
127. Teschendorff AE, Caldas C. A robust classifier of high predictive value to identify good prognosis patients in ER-negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2008; 10:R73.
128. Desmedt C, Haibe-Kains B, Wirapati P, et al. Biological processes associated with breast cancer clinical outcome depend on the molecular subtypes. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:5158-5165.
129. Grigoriadis A, Caballero OL, Hoek KS, et al. CT-X antigen expression in human breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:13493-13498.
130. Ashworth A. A synthetic lethal therapeutic approach: poly(ADP) ribose polymerase inhibitors for the treatment of cancers deficient in DNA double-strand break repair. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3785-3790.
131. Turner N, Tutt A, Ashworth A. Targeting the DNA repair defect of BRCA tumours. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2005;5:388-393.
132. Fong PC, Boss DS, Yap TA, et al. Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in tumors from BRCA mutation carriers. N Engl J Med 2009;361:123-134.
133. Fong PC, Yap TA, Boss DS, et al. Poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase inhibition: frequent durable responses in BRCA carrier ovarian cancer correlating with platinum-free interval. J Clin Oncol 2010;28: 2512-2519.
134. Tutt A, Robson M, Garber JE, et al. Oral poly(ADPribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib in patients with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations and advanced breast cancer: a proof-of-concept trial. Lancet 2010; 376:235-244.
135. O'Shaughnessy J, Yoffe M, Osborne C, et al. Triple negative breast cancer: a phase 2, multi-center, openlabel, randomized trial of gemcitabine/carboplatin (G/C), with or without BSI-201, a PARP inhibitor. Cancer Res 2009;69:193S-S.
136. Foulkes WD, Reis-Filho JS, Narod SA. Tumor size and survival in breast cancer-a reappraisal. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2010;7:348-353.
137. Badve S. Does tumor size trump biology? Clin Breast Cancer 2010;10:111-112.
138. Bhargava R, Beriwal S, McManus K, et al. CK5 is more sensitive than CK5/6 in identifying the 'basallike' phenotype of breast carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2008;130:724-730.
139. Wang Z, Gerstein M, Snyder M. RNA-Seq: a revolutionary tool for transcriptomics. Nat Rev Genet 2009;10:57-63.
140. Ledford H. The death of microarrays? Nature 2008;455:847.
141. Shendure J. The beginning of the end for microarrays? Nat Methods 2008;5:585-587.