Fragile Self-esteem and the Interpersonal Circumplex: Are Feelings of Self-worth Associated with Interpersonal Style?

Self and Identity

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 509-536

  Zeigler Hill, Virgil ^a   Clark, C Brendan ^a   Beckman, Tamra E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

Author keywords

Circumplex; Contingent; Fragile; Implicit; Interpersonal; Self esteem; Unstable

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855823038     PISSN: 15298868     EISSN: 15298876     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2010.497376     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Aiken, L. S. and West, S. G. 1991. Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions, London: Sage.
2. Anthony, D. B., Holmes, J. G. and Wood, J. V. 2007. Social acceptance and self-esteem: Tuning the sociometer to interpersonal value. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92: 1024-1039.
3. Baldwin, M. W. and Sinclair, L. 1996. Self-esteem and "if then" contingencies of interpersonal acceptance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71: 1130-1141.
4. Barkow, J. 1989. Darwin, sex, and status: Biological approaches to mind and culture, Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
5. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L. and Boden, J. M. 1996. The relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103: 5-33.
6. Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M. and Hutton, D. G. 1989. Self-presentation motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57: 547-579.
7. Blaskovich, J. and Tomaka, J. 1991. "Measures of self-esteem". In Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, Edited by: Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. and Wrightsman, L. S. Vol. 1, 115-160. New York: Academic Press.
8. Bosson, J. K., Brown, R. P., Zeigler-Hill, V. and Swann, W. B. Jr. 2003. Self-enhancement tendencies among people with high explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 2: 169-187.
9. Bosson, J. K., Lakey, C. E., Campbell, W. K., Zeigler-Hill, V., Jordan, C. H. and Kernis, M. H. 2008. Untangling the links between narcissism and self-esteem: A theoretical and empirical review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2: 1415-1439.
10. Bosson, J. K., Swann, W. B. Jr. and Pennebaker, J. W. 2000. Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 631-643.
11. Bradlee, P. M. and Emmons, R. A. 1992. Locating narcissism within the interpersonal circumplex and the Five-Factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 13: 821-830.
12. Brown, J. D. 1993. "Self-esteem and self-evaluation: Feeling is believing". In Psychological perspectives on the self, Edited by: Suls, J. Vol. 4, 27-58. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
13. Brown, R. P. and Zeigler-Hill, V. 2004. Narcissism and the non-equivalence of self-esteem measures: A matter of dominance?. Journal of Research in Personality, 38: 585-592.
14. Carson, R. C. 1969. Interaction concepts of personality, Chicago: Aldine.
15. Colvin, C. R., Block, J. and Funder, D. C. 1995. Overly positive self-evaluations and personality: Negative implications for mental health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68: 1152-1162.
16. Cooley, C. H. 1902. Human nature and the social order, New York: Scribner's.
17. Crocker, J., Thompson, L., McGraw, K. and Ingerman, C. 1987. Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52: 907-916.
18. Crocker, J. and Wolfe, C. T. 2001. Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108: 593-623.
19. Deci, E. L. and Ryan, R. M. 1995. "Human agency: The basis for true self-esteem". In Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem, Edited by: Kernis, M. H. 31-50. New York: Plenum Press.
20. Demo, D. H. 1985. The measurement of self-esteem: Refining our methods. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48: 1490-1502.
21. Diener, E. 1984. Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95: 542-575.
22. Foa, U. G. and Foa, E. B. 1974. Societal structures of the mind, Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
23. Freedman, M. B., Leary, T. F., Ossario, A. G. and Coffey, H. S. 1951. The interpersonal dimension of personality. Journal of Personality, 20: 143-161.
24. Greenwald, A. G. and Banaji, M. R. 1995. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102: 4-27.
25. Greenwald, A. G. and Farnham, S. D. 2000. Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79: 1022-1038.
26. Gurtman, M. B. 1991. Evaluating the interpersonalness of personality scales. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17: 670-677.
27. Gurtman, M. B. 1992. Construct validity of interpersonal personality measures: The interpersonal circumplex as a nomological net. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63: 105-118.
28. Gurtman, M. B. 1999. Social competence: An interpersonal analysis and reformulation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 15: 233-245.
29. Gurtman, M. B. 2009. Exploring personality with the interpersonal circumplex. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3: 1-19.
30. Gurtman, M. B. and Pincus, A. L. 2003. "The circumplex model: Methods and research applications". In Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology, Edited by: Schinka, J. and Velicer, W. Vol. 2, 407-428. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
31. Horowitz, L. M., Rosenberg, S. E., Baer, B. A., Ureno, G. and Villasenor, V. S. 1988. Inventory of Interpersonal Problems: Psychometric properties and clinical applications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56: 885-892.
32. Hubert, L. and Arabie, P. 1987. Evaluating order hypotheses within proximity matrices. Psychological Bulletin, 102: 172-178.
33. James, W. 1890. The principles of psychology, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Janoff-Bulman, R. and Wade, M. B. 1996. The dilemma of self-advocacy for women: Another case of blaming the victim?. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 15: 445-446.
35. Joiner, T. E., Vohs, K. D., Katz, J., Kwon, P. and Kline, J. P. 2003. Excessive self-enhancement and interpersonal functioning in roommate relationships: Her virtue is his vice?. Self and Identity, 2: 21-30.
36. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J. and Zanna, M. P. 2005. Types of high self-esteem and prejudice: How implicit self-esteem relates to ethnic discrimination among high explicit self-esteem individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31: 693-702.
37. Jordan, C. H., Spencer, S. J., Zanna, M. P., Hoshino-Browne, E. and Correll, J. 2003. Secure and defensive high self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 969-978.
38. Kernis, M. H. 2003. Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14: 1-26.
39. Kernis, M. H. 2005. Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73: 1-37.
40. Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D. and Barclay, L. C. 1989. Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 1013-1023.
41. Kernis, M. H., Greenier, K. D., Herlocker, C. E., Whisenhunt, C. R. and Abend, T. A. 1997. Self-perceptions of reactions to doing well or poorly: The roles of stability and level of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 22: 845-854.
42. Kernis, M. H., Lakey, C. E. and Heppner, W. L. 2008. Secure versus fragile high self-esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: Converging findings across three different markers. Journal of Personality, 76: 477-512.
43. Kiesler, D. J. 1983. The 1982 interpersonal circle: A taxonomy for complementarity in human transactions. Psychological Review, 90: 185-214.
44. Kirkpatrick, L. A. and Ellis, B. J. 2001. "Evolutionary perspectives on self-evaluation and self-esteem". In The Blackwell handbook of social psychology. Vol. 2: Interpersonal processes, Edited by: Fletcher, G. and Clark, M. 411-436. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
45. Koole, S. L., Dijksterhuis, A. and van Knippenberg, A. 2001. What's in a name: Implicit self-esteem and the automatic self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80: 669-685.
46. Krueger, J. I., Vohs, K. D. and Baumeister, R. F. 2008. Is the allure of self-esteem a mirage after all?. American Psychologist, 63: 64-65.
47. Leary, M. R. 2003. Interpersonal aspects of optimal self-esteem and the authentic self. Psychological Inquiry, 14: 52-54.
48. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K. and Downs, D. L. 1995. Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68: 518-530.
49. Leary, T. 1957. Interpersonal diagnosis of personality: A functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation, New York: Ronald.
50. Lippa, R. 1995. Gender-related individual differences and psychological adjustment in terms of the Big Five and circumplex models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69: 1184-1202.
51. Locke, K. 2000. Circumplex scales of interpersonal values: Reliability, validity, and applicability to interpersonal problems and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Assessment, 75: 249-267.
52. Markey, P. M., Funder, D. C. and Ozer, D. J. 2003. Complementarity of interpersonal behaviors in dyadic interactions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29: 1082-1090.
53. McGregor, I. and Marigold, D. C. 2003. Defensive zeal and the uncertain self: What makes you so sure?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 838-852.
54. Mead, G. H. 1936. Mind, self, and society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55. Murray, H. A. 1938. Explorations in personality, New York: Oxford University Press.
56. Myers, E. M. and Zeigler-Hill, V. 2008. No shades of gray: Splitting and self-esteem instability. Personality and Individual Differences, 45: 139-145.
57. Newby-Clark, I. R., McGregor, I. and Zanna, M. P. 2002. Thinking and caring about cognitive inconsistency: When and for whom does attitudinal ambivalence feel uncomfortable?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82: 157-166.
58. Nunally, J. C. and Bernstein, I. H. 1994. Psychometric theory, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw-Hill.
59. Nuttin, J. M. 1985. Narcissism beyond Gestalt awareness: The name letter effect. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15: 353-361.
60. Nuttin, J. M. 1987. Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name letter effect in twelve European languages. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17: 381-402.
61. Paradise, A. W. and Kernis, M. H. 1999. Development of the Contingent Self-Esteem Scale, University of Georgia. Unpublished data
62. Rogers, C. R. 1959. "A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework". In Psychology: A study of science, Edited by: Koch, S. Vol. 3, 184-256. New York: McGraw-Hill.
63. Rosenberg, M. 1965. Society and the adolescent self-image, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
64. Rounds, J., Tracey, T. J. and Hubert, L. 1992. Methods for evaluating vocational interest structural hypotheses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40: 239-259.
65. Rudman, L. A. 1998. Self-promotion as a risk factor for women: The costs and benefits of counterstereotypical impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74: 629-645.
66. Rudman, L. A. and Glick, P. 1999. Feminized management and backlash toward agentic women: The hidden costs to women of a kinder, gentler image of middle managers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77: 1004-1010.
67. Rudman, L. A. and Glick, P. 2001. Prescriptive gender stereotypes and backlash toward agentic women. Journal of Social Issues, 57: 743-762.
68. Ruiz, J. M., Smith, T. W. and Rhodewalt, F. 2001. Distinguishing narcissism and hostility: Similarities and differences in interpersonal circumplex and five-factor correlates. Journal of Personality Assessment, 76: 537-555.
69. Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A. and Schütz, A. 2007a. High implicit self-esteem is not necessarily advantageous: Discrepancies between explicit and implicit self-esteem and their relationship with anger expression and psychological health. European Journal of Personality, 21: 319-339.
70. Schröder-Abé, M., Rudolph, A., Wiesner, A. and Schütz, A. 2007b. Self-esteem discrepancies and defensive reactions to social feedback. International Journal of Psychology, 42: 174-183.
71. Showers, C. J. and Zeigler-Hill, V. 2006. "Pathways among self-knowledge and self-esteem: How are self-esteem and self-knowledge linked? Are these links direct or indirect?". In Self-esteem issues and answers: A source book of current perspectives, Edited by: Kernis, M. H. 216-223. New York: Psychology Press.
72. Somers, R. H. 1962. A new asymmetric measure of association for ordinal variables. American Sociological Review, 27: 799-811.
73. Spencer, S. J., Jordan, C. H., Logel, C. E. R. and Zanna, M. P. 2005. "Nagging doubts and a glimmer of hope: The role of implicit self-esteem in self-image maintenance". In On building, defending and regulating the self: A psychological perspective, Edited by: Tesser, A., Wood, J. V. and Stapel, D. A. 153-170. New York: Psychology Press.
74. Sullivan, H. S. 1953. The interpersonal theory of psychiatry, New York: Norton.
75. Tracey, T. J. 1997. RANDALL: A Microsoft FORTRAN program for the randomization test of hypothesized order relations. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 57: 164-168.
76. Wen, Z., Marsh, H. W. and Kit-Tai, H. 2010. Structural equation models of latent interactions: An appropriate standardized solution and its scale-free properties. Structural Equation Modeling, 17: 1-22.
77. Wiggins, J. S. 1979. A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 395-412.
78. Wiggins, J. S. 1995. Interpersonal Adjective Scales professional manual, Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
79. Wiggins, J. S. and Broughton, R. 1991. A geometric taxonomy of personality scales. European Journal of Personality, 5: 343-365.
80. Zeigler-Hill, V. 2006a. Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability. Journal of Personality, 74: 119-143.
81. Zeigler-Hill, V. 2006b. Contingent self-esteem and the interpersonal circumplex: The interpersonal pursuit of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 40: 713-723.
82. Zeigler-Hill, V. 2010. The interpersonal nature of self-esteem: Do different measures of self-esteem possess similar interpersonal content?. Journal of Research in Personality, 44: 22-30.
83. Zeigler-Hill, V. and Abraham, J. 2006. Borderline personality features: Instability of self-esteem and affect. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25: 668-687.
84. Zeigler-Hill, V., Chadha, S. and Osterman, L. 2008. Psychological defense and self-esteem instability: Is defense style associated with unstable self-esteem?. Journal of Research in Personality, 42: 348-364.
85. Zeigler-Hill, V. and Jordan, C. H. 2010. "Two faces of self-esteem: Implicit and explicit forms of self-esteem". In Handbook of implicit social cognition: Measurement, theory, and applications, Edited by: Gawronski, B. and Payne, B. K. 392-407. New York: Guilford Press.
86. Zeigler-Hill, V. and Jordan, C. H. in press. "Behind the mask: Narcissism and implicit self-esteem". In Handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatment, Edited by: Campbell, W. K. and Miller, J. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
87. Zeigler-Hill, V. and Myers, E. M. 2009. Is high self-esteem a path to the White House? The implicit theory of self-esteem and the willingness to vote for presidential candidates. Personality and Individual Differences, 46: 14-19.
88. Zeigler-Hill, V. and Showers, C. J. 2007. Self-structure and self-esteem stability: The hidden vulnerability of compartmentalization. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33: 143-159.
89. Zeigler-Hill, V. and Terry, C. 2007. Perfectionism and explicit self-esteem: The moderating role of implicit self-esteem. Self and Identity, 6: 137-153.