Self-structure and self-esteem stability: The hidden vulnerability of compartmentalization

Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin

Volumn 33, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 143-159

  Zeigler Hill, Virgil ^a   Showers, Carolin J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

Compartmentalization; Evaluative organization; Self; Self concept; Self esteem; Self esteem stability

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LIFE EVENT; MALE; PERSONALITY DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

ADULT; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PERSONALITY DISORDERS; PREVALENCE; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REJECTION (PSYCHOLOGY); SELF CONCEPT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR;

EID: 33846496047     PISSN: 01461672     EISSN: 15527433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0146167206294872     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
2. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychology Bulletin, 117, 497-529.
3. Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1990). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 165-195.
4. Berglas, S., & Jones, E. E. (1978). Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 405-417.
5. Blaskovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes (pp. 115-160). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
6. Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1992). Hierarchical linear models. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
7. Bryk, A. S., Raudenbush, S. W., & Congdon, R. T. (1998). HLM4. Chicago: Scientific Software International.
8. Butler, A. C., Hokanson, J. E., & Flynn, H. A. (1994). A comparison of self-esteem lability and low trait self-esteem as vulnerability factors for depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 166-177.
9. Campbell, J. D. (1990). Self-esteem and clarity of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 538-549.
10. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
11. Cramer, H. (1974). Mathematical methods of statistics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1945)
12. Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 894-908.
13. Curran, P. J., Bauer, D. J., & Willoughby, M. T. (2006). Testing and probing within-level and between-level interactions in hierarchical linear models. In C. S. Bergeman & S. M. Boker (Eds.), The Notre Dame series on quantitative methodology, Volume 1: Methodological issues in aging research (pp. 99-129). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
14. DeLongis, A., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). The impact of daily stress on health and mood: Psychological and social resources as mediators. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 486-495.
15. Emmons, R. A., & King, L. A. (1989). Personal striving differentiation and affective reactivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 478-484.
16. Everitt, B. S. (1977). The analysis of contingency tables. London: Chapman and Hall.
17. Green, A. S., Rafaeli, E., Bolger, N., Shrout, P. E., & Reis, H. T. (2006). Paper or plastic? Data equivalence in paper and electronic diaries. Psychological Methods, 11, 87-105.
18. Kernis, M. H. (2003). Toward a conceptualization of optimal self-esteem. Psychological Inquiry, 14, 1-26.
19. Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A. J., & Harlow, T. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190-1204.
20. Kernis, M. H., Grannemann, B. D., & Barclay, L. C. (1989). Stability and level of self-esteem as predictors of anger arousal and hostility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 1013-1023.
21. Kernis, M. H., Greenier, K. D., Herlocker, C. E., Whisenhunt, C. R., & Abend, T. A. (1997). Self-perceptions of reactions to doing well or poorly: The roles of stability and level of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 845-854.
22. Kernis, M. H., Paradise, A. W., Whitaker, D. J., Wheatman, S. R., & Goldman, B. N. (2000). Master of one's psychological domain? Not likely if one's self-esteem is unstable. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1297-1305.
23. Kernis, M. H., & Waschull, S. B. (1995). The interactive roles of stability and level of self-esteem: Research and theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 27, pp. 93-141). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
24. Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21, 1-39.
25. Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 518-530.
26. Linville, P. W. (1985). Self-complexity and affective extremity: Don't put all of your eggs in one basket. Social Cognition, 3, 94-120.
27. Linville, P. W. (1987). Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663-676.
28. Lumsden, E. A. (1993). Borderline personality disorder: A consequence of experiencing affect within a truncated time frame? Journal of Personality Disorders, 7, 265-274.
29. Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 38, pp. 299-337). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
30. Morf, C. C., & Rhodewalt, F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry, 12, 177-196.
31. Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (1999). The (mental) ties that bind: Cognitive structures that predict relationship resilience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1228-1244.
32. Newman, L. S., & Wadas, R. F. (1997). When stakes are higher: Self-esteem instability and self-handicapping. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 12, 217-232.
33. Nezlek, J. B., & Gable, S. L. (2001). Depression as a moderator of relationships between positive daily events and day-to-day psychological adjustment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 1692-1704.
34. Nezlek, J. B., & Plesko, R. M. (2003). Affect- and self-based models of relationships between daily events and daily well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 584-596.
35. Pelham, B. W., & Hetts, J. J. (1999). Implicit and explicit personal and social identity: Toward a more complete understanding of the social self. In T. Tyler & R. Kramer (Eds.), The psychology of the social self (pp. 115-143). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
36. Pelham, B. W., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1989). From self-conceptions to self-worth: On the sources and structure of global self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 672-680.
37. Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. London: Sage Ltd.
38. Rhodewalt, F., Madrian, J. C., & Cheney, S. (1998). Narcissism, self-knowledge organization, and emotional reactivity: The effect of daily experiences on self-esteem and affect. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 75-87.
39. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
40. Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
41. Ross, L., Lepper, M. R., & Hubbard, M. (1975). Perseverance in self perception and social perception: Biased attributional processes in the debriefing paradigm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 880-892.
42. Schwartz, R. M., & Garamoni, G. L. (1986). A structural model of positive and negative states of mind: Asymmetry in the internal dialogue. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
43. Showers, C. J. (1992). Compartmentalization of positive and negative self-knowledge: Keeping bad apples out of the bunch. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 1036-1049.
44. Showers, C. J. (1995). The evaluative organization of self-knowledge: Origins, processes, and implications for self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 101-120). New York: Plenum.
45. Showers, C. J. (2000). Self-organization in emotional contexts. In J. P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in social cognition (pp. 283-307). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
46. Showers, C. J. (2002). Integration and compartmentalization: A model of self-structure and self-change. In D. Cervone & W. Mischel (Eds.), Advances in personality science (pp. 271-291). New York: Guilford.
47. Showers, C. J., Abramson, L. Y., & Hogan, M. E. (1998). The dynamic self: How the content and structure of the self-concept change with mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 478-493.
48. Showers, C. J., & Kevlyn, S. B. (1999). Organization of knowledge about a relationship partner: Implications for liking and loving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 958-971.
49. Showers, C. J., & Kling, K. C. (1996). Organization of self-knowledge: Implications for recovery from sad mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 578-590.
50. Showers, C. J., Limke, A., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2004). Self-structure and self-change: Applications to psychological treatment. Behavior Therapy, 35, 167-184.
51. Showers, C. J., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2003). Organization of self-knowledge: Features, functions, and flexibility. In M. R. Leary & J. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 47-67). New York: Guilford.
52. Showers, C. J., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2004). Organization of partner knowledge: Relationship outcomes and longitudinal change. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1198-1210.
53. Showers, C. J., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (in press). Pathways among self-knowledge and self-esteem: How are self-esteem and self-knowledge linked? Are these links direct or indirect? In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Self-esteem issues and answers: A source book of current perspectives. New York: Psychology Press.
54. Showers, C. J., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Limke, A. (2006). Self-structure and emotional maltreatment: Successful compartmentalization and the struggle of integration. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 473-507.
55. Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K. T., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: Effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 748-762.
56. Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The process of cognitive tuning in communication. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, 159-167.