Microorganisms

Dietary Supplements for the Health and Quality of Cultured Fish

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 86-108

  Nakano, Toshiki ^a  

^a TOHOKU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855815444     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (150)

1. Al-Harbi, A.H. and Uddin, M.N (2004) Seasonal variation in the intestinal bacteria flora of hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus) cultured in earthen ponds in Saudi Arabia. Aquaculture 229, 37-44.
2. Ames, B.N., Shigenaga, M.K. and Hagen, T.M. (1993) Oxidants, antioxidants and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90, 7915-7922.
3. Anderson, D.P. (1992) Immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers in fish: applications to aquaculture. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 2, 281-307.
4. Ando, S. (1993) Carotenoid transport in fishes. In: Miki, W. (ed.) Carotenoids in Marine Organisms. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 49-58.
5. Andrewes, A.G., Phaff, H.J. and Starr, M.P. (1976) Carotenoids of Phaffia rhodozyma, a red-pigmented fermenting yeast. Phytochemistry 15, 1003-1007.
6. Baker, R. and Gunther, C. (2004) The role of carotenoids in consumer choice and the likely benefits from their inclusion into products for human consumption. Trends in Food Science and Technology 15, 484-488.
7. Barton, B.A. (1997) Stress in finfish: past, present and future-a historical perspective. In: Iwama, G.K., Pickering, A.D., Sumpter, J.P. and Schreck, C.B. (eds) Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-34.
8. Barton, B.A. and Iwama, G.K. (1991) Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids. Annual Review of Fish Diseases 1, 3-26.
9. Basu, N., Nakano, T., Grau, E.G. and Iwama, G.K. (2001) The effects of cortisol on heat shock protein 70 levels in two fish species. General and Comparative Endocrinology 124, 97-105.
10. Bendich, A. (1993) Biological functions of dietary carotenoids. In: Canfield, L.M., Krinsky, N.I. and Olson, J.A. (eds) Carotenoids in Human Health. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 691, 61-67.
11. Bendich, A. and Olson, J.A. (1989) Biological actions of carotenoids. The FASEB Journal 3, 1927-1932.
12. Benno, Y. (2003) Ultimate Therapy for Health by Yogurt. Kodansha, Tokyo, pp. 45-189.
13. Bertram, J.S. (1993) Cancer prevention by carotenoids. In: Canfield, L.M., Krinsky, N.I. and Olson, J.A. (eds) Carotenoids in Human Health. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 691, 177-191.
14. Britton, G. (1995) Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function. The FASEB Journal 9, 1551-1558.
15. Burr, G. and Gatlin III, D.M. (2005) Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of prebiotics and probiotics in finfish aquaculture. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 36, 425-436.
16. Burton, G.W. and Ingold, K.U. (1984) β-Carotene-an unusual type of lipid antioxidant. Science 224, 569-573.
17. Byun, J.-W., Park, S.-C., Benno, Y. and Oh, T.-K. (1997) Probiotic effect of Lactobacillus sp. DS-12 in flounder (Paralichthys oli-vaceus). Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 43, 305-308.
18. Cahill, M.M. (1990) Bacterial flora of fishes: a review. Microbial Ecology 19, 21-41.
19. Cai, Y., Suyanandana, P., Saman, P. and Benno, Y. (1999) Classification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the intestine of common carp and fresh water prawns. Journal of General and Applied Microbiology 45, 177-184.
20. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2003) Overview of Fish Production, Utilization, Consumption and Trade Based on 2001 Data. Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO/UN), Rome.
21. Fletcher, T.C. (1997) Dietary effects on stress and health. In: Iwama, G.K., Pickering, A.D., Sumpter, J.P. and Schreck, C.B. (eds) Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 223-246.
22. Foss, P., Storebakken, T., Austreng, E. and Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1987) Carotenoids in diets for salmonids. V. Pigmentation of rainbow trout and sea trout with astaxan-thin and astaxanthin dipalmitate in comparison with canthaxanthin. Aquaculture 65, 293-305.
23. Fukami, K., Nishijima, T. and Ishida, Y. (1997) Stimulative and inhibitory effects of bacteria on growth of microalgae. Hydrobiologia 358, 185-191.
24. Fukuzawa, K. (1998) Recent research progress of vitamin E in health and nutrition. Igaku to Yakugaku 40, 53-68.
25. Fukuzawa, K. and Tokumura, A. (2001) Kinetics and dynamics of α-tocopherol and carotenoids for deactivating singlet oxygen in phospholipid membranes. Vitamin 75, 1-13.
26. Fukuzawa, K., Inokai, Y., Tokumura, A., Terao, J. and Suzuki, A. (1998) Singlet oxygen scavenging by α-tocopherol and β-carotene: kinetic studies in phospholipid membranes and ethanol solution. Bio Factors 7, 31-40.
27. Fuller, R. (1989) Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology 66, 365-378.
28. Gatesoupe, F.J. (1997) Siderophore production and probiotic effect of Vibrio sp. associated with turbot larvae, Scophthalmus maximus. Aquatic Living Resources 10, 239-246.
29. Gatesoupe, F.J. (1999) The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture 180, 147-164.
30. Gibson, G.R. and Roberfroid, B. (1995) Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition 125, 1401-1412.
31. Gildberg, A., Mikkelsen, H., Sandaker, E. and Ringø, E. (1997) Probiotic effect of lactic acid bacteria in the feed on growth and survival of fry of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Hydrobiologia 352, 279-285.
32. Gomez-Gil, B., Roque, A. and Turnbull, J.F. (2000) The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture 191, 259-270.
33. Gradelet, S., Le Bon, A.-M., Suschetet, M. and Astorg, P. (1998) Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat: role of the modulation of aflatoxin B1 metabolism. Carcinogenesis 19, 403-411.
34. Hagi, T., Tanaka, D., Iwamura, Y. and Hoshino, T. (2004) Diversity and seasonal changes in lactic acid bacteria in the intestinal tract of cultured freshwater fish. Aquaculture 234, 335-346.
35. Hansen, G.H. and Olafsen, J.A. (1999) Bacterial interaction in the early life stages of marine coldwater fish. Microbial Ecology 38, 1-26.
36. Harris, J.M. (1993) The presence, nature, and role of gut microflora in aquatic invertebrates: a synthesis. Microbial Ecology 25, 195-231.
37. Hata, M. (1978) Fresh water fish. In: Hata, M., Katayama, T. and Matsuno, T. (eds) Carotenoids in Aquatic Organisms. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 60-77.
38. Hata, M. (1991) The pigment and its metabolism in fish and shellfish. In: Yamaguchi, K. (ed.) Marine Biochemistry. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp. 102-116.
39. Hata, Y. (1986) Lipid hydroperoxide and disease. In: Igarashi, O., Kaneda, T., Fukuba, H. and Mino, M. (eds) Lipid Peroxides and Nutrition. Koseikan, Tokyo, pp. 169-214.
40. Henmi, H., Hata, M. and Hata, M. (1989) Astaxanthin and/or canthaxanthin-acto-myosin complex in salmon muscle. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55, 1583-1589.
41. Hertrampf, J.W. and Piedad-Pascual, F. (2000a) Feed carotenoids. In: Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 142-156.
42. Hertrampf, J.W. and Piedad-Pascual, F.(2000b) Feed yeast. In: Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 157-175.
43. Hertrampf, J.W. and Piedad-Pascual, F.(2000c) Immunostimulatory substances. In: Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 217-220.
44. Higgs, D., Donaldson, E., Dosanjh, B., Chambers, E.-A., Shamaila, M., Skura, B. and Furukawa, T. (1995) The case for Phaffia. Northern Aquaculture March/April, 20-24.
45. Holzapfel, W.H., Haberer, P., Snel, J., Schillinger, U. and Huis in't Veld, J. (1998) Overview of gut flora and probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology 41, 85-101.
46. Hoshino, T. (2003) The possibility of development of probiotics for cultured fish. Yoshoku 40 (6), 16-19.
47. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1998) I ARC Handbooks of Cancer Prevention (Vol. 2): Carotenoids. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, pp. 64-259.
48. Inoue, M. (1992) Reactive oxygen species and disease. Kagaku to Seibutsu 30, 184-190.
49. Irianto, A. and Austin, B. (2002) Probiotics in aquaculture. Journal of Fish Diseases 25, 633-642.
50. Isolauri, E., Salminen, E. and Salminen, S. (1998) Lactic acid bacteria and immune modulation. In: Salminen, S. and von Wright, A. (eds) Lactic Acid Bacteria. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 255-268.
51. Ito, M. (1992) Recent progress in carotenoid researches. Vitamin 66, 137-146.
52. Iwama, G.K., Vijayan, M.M., Forsyth, R.B. and Ackerman, P.A. (1999) Heat shock proteins and physiological stress in fish. American Zoologist 39, 901-909.
53. Joborn, A., Olsson, J.C., Westerdahl, A., Conway, P.L. and Kjelleberg, S. (1997) Colonization in the fish intestinal mucus and faecal extracts by Carnobacterium sp. strain KI. Journal of Fish Diseases 20, 383-392.
54. Johnson, E.A. and Lewis, M.J. (1979) Astaxanthin formation by the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma. Journal of General Microbiology 115, 173-183.
55. Jorgensen, J.B., Johansen, A., Stenersen, B. and Sommer, A.I. (2001) CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and plasmid DNA stimulate Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) leucocytes to produce supernatants with antiviral activity. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 25, 313-321.
56. Karnaukhov, V.N. (1990) Carotenoids: recent progress, problems and prospects. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 95B, 1-20.
57. Katsuyama, M. (1993) Carotenoids as vitamin A precursors. In: Miki, W. (ed.) Carotenoids in Marine Organisms. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 23-34.
58. Kiron, V. and Maita, M. (2003) Fish health. In: Nakagawa, H. and Sato, M. (eds) Micronutrients and Health of Cultured Fish. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 107-118.
59. Kitazawa, H. (1999) Dietary lactic acid bacteria an immunomodulatory factors. In: Yasumoto, K., Ohrui, H. and Ohkubo, K. (eds) Prospective of Nutrition and Food Science in the 21st Century. Nippon Shokuhin Shuppan, Tokyo, pp. 26-35.
60. Kitazawa, H. and Saito, T. (2002) Identification of immunostimulative DNA motifs from lactic acid bacteria and its application for food. Nippon Nogei Kagakukaishi 76, 833-836.
61. Koga, Y. (2002) Development of probiotics LG21 for H. pylori infection. Nippon Nogei Kagakukaishi 76, 824-826.
62. Koshio, S. (2003) Vitamins. In: Nakagawa, H. and Sato, M. (eds) Micronutrients and Health of Cultured Fish. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 9-21.
63. Krovacek, K., Faris, A., Ahne, W. and Mansson, I. (1987) Adhesion of Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio anguillarum to fish cells and to mucus coated glass slides. FEMS Microbiology Letters 42, 85-89.
64. Li, P. and Gatlin III, D.M. (2003) Evaluation of brewers yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a food supplement for hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis). Aquaculture 219, 681-692.
65. Liaaen-Jensen, S. (1978) Marine carotenoids. In: Scheurer, P.J. (ed.) Marine Natural Products (Vol. II). Academic Press, New York, pp. 1-73.
66. Matsuno, T. (1993) Recent progress in metabolic research. In: Miki, W. (ed.) Carotenoids in Marine Organisms. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 9-22.
67. Matsuno, T. (2004) Why are the Colors of Shrimp and Crab Red? Seizando, Tokyo, pp. 72-114.
68. Matsuno, T. and Hirao, S. (1989) Marine carotenoids. In: Ackman, R.G. (ed.) Marine Biogenic Lipids, Fats, and Oils (Vol. I). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 251-388.
69. Matsuno, T. and Miki, W. (1990) Biological functions and activities of animal carotenoids. Kagaku to Seibutsu 28, 219-227.
70. Matthews, S.J., Ross, N.W., Lall, S.P. and Gill, T.A. (2006) Astaxanthin binding protein in Atlantic salmon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 144B, 206-214.
71. Meyers, S.P. (1993) The biological/nutritional role of astaxanthin in salmonids and other aquatic species. Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Natural Colors for Foods, Nutraceuticals, Beverages and Confectionery, Amherst, Massachusetts, 7-10.
72. Meyers, S.P. (1994) Developments in world aquaculture, feed formulations, and role of carotenoids. Pure and Applied Chemistry 66, 1069-1076.
73. Miki, W. (1993) Recent progress in research of biological activities. In: Miki, W. (ed.) Carotenoids in Marine Organisms. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp.80-86.
74. Miki, W. (2003) Carotenoids. In: Nakagawa, H. and Sato, M. (eds) Micronutrients and Health of Cultured Fish. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 42-53.
75. Mital, B. and Garg, S. (1995) Anticarcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic and antagonistic activities of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 21, 175-214.
76. Mitsuoka, T. (2002) Diet and Healthy Long Life Span. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, pp. 87-134.
77. Morgan, J.D. and Iwama, G.K. (1997) Measurement of stressed states in the field. In: Iwama, G.K., Pickering, A.D., Sumpter, J.P. and Schreck, C.B. (eds) Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 247-268.
78. Mori, T. (1993) Pigmentation of cultured fishes. In: Miki, W. (ed.) Carotenoids in Marine Organisms. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 59-68.
79. Moriarty, D. (1998) Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture 164, 351-358.
80. Munro, P.D., Barbour, A. and Birkbeck, T.H. (1995) Comparison of the growth and survival of larval turbot in the absence of cul-turable bacteria with those in the presence of Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio alginolyticus, or a marine Aeromonas sp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61, 4425-4428.
81. Murata, H. and Yamauchi, K. (1989) Relationship between the 2-thiobarbituric acid values of some tissues from cultured red sea bream and its dietary α-toco-pherol levels. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 55, 1435-1439.
82. Nakagawa, K., Fujimoto, K. and Miyazawa, T. (1996) β-Carotene as a high-potency antioxidant to prevent the formation of phospholipid hydroperoxides in red blood cells of mice. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1299, 110-116.
83. Nakano, T. (1995) How do fish protect their body against oxidative stress? Kagaku to Seibutsu 33, 770-771.
84. Nakano, T. (2003) Microorganisms. In: Nakagawa, H. and Sato, M. (eds) Micronutrients and Health of Cultured Fish. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 95-106.
85. Nakano, T. (2006) The function of probiotics and its application for aquaculture. Yoshoku 43 (7), 72-76.
86. Nakano, T. and Takeuchi, M. (1997a) The relationship between fish and reactive oxygen species. Yoshoku 34 (2), 69-73.
87. Nakano, T. and Takeuchi, M. (1997b) The relationship between fish and reactive oxygen species. Yoshoku 34 (3), 112-115.
88. Nakano, T. and Takeuchi, M. (1997c) The relationship between fish and reactive oxygen species. Yoshoku 34 (4), 77-80.
89. Nakano, T., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1992a) Partial purification and properties of glutathione peroxidase from carp hepatopancreas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 102B, 31-35.
90. Nakano, T., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1992b) Glutathione peroxidase of fish. Journal of Food Science 57, 1116-1119.
91. Nakano, T., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1993) Superoxide dismutase activity in the skin of fish. Journal of Fish Biology 43, 492-496.
92. Nakano, T., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1995a) Unique molecular properties of superoxide dismutase from teleost fish skin. FEBS Letters 360, 197-201.
93. Nakano, T., Tosa, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1995b) Improvement of biochemical features in fish health by red yeast and synthetic astaxanthin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, 1570-1573.
94. Nakano, T., Kanmuri, T., Wazawa, M., Miura, Y. and Takeuchi, M. (1997) Biological effect of red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) and synthetic astaxanthin on rainbow trout. Vitamin 71, 545-546.
95. Nakano, T., Kanmuri, T., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1999a) Effect of red yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) rich in astaxanthin on oxidative stress in fish. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1426, 119-125.
96. Nakano, T., Miura, Y., Wazawa, M., Sato, M. and Takeuchi, M. (1999b) Red yeast Phaffia rhodozyma reduces susceptibility of liver homogenate to lipid peroxidation in rainbow trout. Fisheries Science 65, 961-962.
97. Nakano, T., Basu, N., Yamaguchi, T., Sato, M., Nakano, K., Hicks, J.M.T. and Iwama, G.K. (2002) Effect of cold shock and cortisol on heat shock protein levels in rainbow trout. Fisheries Science 68S, 1037-1040.
98. Nakano, T., Yamaguchi, T., Sato, M. and Iwama, G.K. (2003) Biological effect of carotenoids in fish. Proceedings of JSPS International Seminar on Effective Utilization of Marine Food Resources, Kaset Sart University, Bangkok, 26-41.
99. Nakano, T., Wazawa, M., Yamaguchi, T., Sato, M. and Iwama, G.K. (2004) Positive biological actions of astaxanthin in rainbow trout. Marine Biotechnology 6, S100-S105.
100. Nakano, T., Yamaguchi, T. and Sato, M. (2005) Application of cell cultures for physiological and biochemical research in fish. Proceedings of JSPS-NRCT International Symposium on Productivity Techniques and Effective Utilization of Aquatic Animal Resources into the New Century. Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand, 581-596.
101. Nikoskelainen, S., Ouwehand, A.C., Bylund, G., Salminen, S. and Lilius, E.-M. (2003) Immune enhancement in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by potential probiotic bacteria (Lactobacillus rhamnosus). Fish and Shellfish Immunology 15, 443-452.
102. Nishino, H., Murakoshi, M., Ii, T., Takemura, M., Kuchide, M., Kanazawa, M., Xiao, Y.M., Wada, S., Masuda, M., Ohsaka, Y., Yogosawa, S., Satomi, Y. and Jinno, K. (2002) Carotenoids in cancer chemopre-vention. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews 21, 257-264.
103. Olafsen, J.A. (2001) Interactions between fish larvae and bacteria in marine aquaculture. Aquaculture 200, 223-247.
104. Olson, J.A. (1993a) Vitamin A and carotenoids as antioxidants in a physiological context. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 39, S57-S65.
105. Olson, J.A. (1993b) Molecular action of carotenoids. In: Canfield, L.M., Krinsky, N.I. and Olson, J.A. (eds) Carotenoids in Human Health. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences 691, 156-166.
106. Olsson, J.C., Westerdahl, A., Conway, P.L. and Kjelleberg, S. (1992) Intestinal colonization potential of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)-and dab (Limanda limanda)-associated bacteria with inhibitory effects against Vibrio anguillarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58, 551-556.
107. Omenn, G.S. (1996) Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) as cancer-preventive agents. In: Stewart, B.W., McGregor, D. and Kleihues, P. (eds) Principle of Chemo-prevention. International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, pp. 33-45.
108. Palozza, P. and Krinsky, N.I. (1992) β-Carotene and α-tocopherol are synergistic antioxidants. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 297, 184-187.
109. Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Kobayashi, T., Puangkaew, J., Satoh, S. and Sugita, H. (2004) Immune responses in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss induced by a potential probiotic bacteria Lactobacilus rhamnosus JCM 1136. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 102, 379-388.
110. Panigrahi, A., Kiron, V., Puangkaew, J., Kobayashi, T., Satoh, S. and Sugita, H. (2005) The viability of probiotic bacteria as a factor influencing the immune response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture 243, 241-254.
111. Perfettini, J. and Bianchi, M. (1990) The comparison of two simple protocols designed to initiate and stimulate ammonia oxidation in closed aquaculture system. Aquaculture 88, 179-188.
112. Rengpipat, S., Phianphak, W., Piyatiratitivorakul, S. and Menasveta, P. (1998) Effect of a probiotic bacterium on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and growth. Aquaculture 167, 301-313.
113. Ringø, E. and Gatesoupe, F.J. (1998) Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquaculture 160, 177-203.
114. Saito, T. (2003) Utility of lactic acid bacteria as probiotics. In: Nippon Shokuhin Kagaku Kogakkai (ed.) Recent Advances in Scientific Technology X. Korin, Tokyo, pp. 97-120.
115. Sakai, M. (1999) Current research status of fish immunostimulant. Aquaculture 172, 63-92.
116. Sakai, M., Taniguchi, K., Mamoto, K., Ogawa, H. and Tabata, M. (2001) Immunostimulant effects of nucleotide isolated from yeast RNA on carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Journal of Fish Diseases 24, 433-438.
117. Sakamoto, F. (2003) Economic and food safety. In: Nakagawa, H. and Sato, M. (eds) Micronutrients and Health of Cultured Fish. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 119-131.
118. Salminen, S., Isolauri, E. and Salminen, E. (1996) Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 70, 347-358.
119. Salminen, S., Deighton, M.A., Benno, Y. and Gorbach, S.L. (1998) Lactic acid bacteria in health and disease. In: Salminen, S. and von Wright, A. (eds) Lactic Acid Bacteria. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp. 211-254.
120. Salminen, S., Ouwehand, A., Benno, Y. and Lee, Y.K. (1999) Probiotics: how should they be defined? Trends in Food Science and Technology 10, 107-110.
121. Sanderson, G.W. and Jolly, S.O. (1994) The value of Phaffia yeast as a feed ingredient for salmonid fish. Aquaculture 124, 193-200.
122. Sato, M. (2003) Plants. In: Nakagawa, H. and Sato, M. (eds) Micronutrients and Health of Cultured Fish. Koseisha Koseikaku, Tokyo, pp. 69-78.
123. Sawa, T., Akaike, T. and Maeda, H. (2002) Endogenous generation of free radicals is involved in carcinogenesis. Kagaku to Seibutsu 40, 15-21.
124. Scholz, U., Garcia, D.G., Ricque, D., Cruz, S.L.E., Vargas, A.F. and Latchford, J. (1999) Enhancement of vibriosis resistance in juvenile Penaeus vannamei by supplementation of diets with different yeast products. Aquaculture 176, 271-283.
125. Segner, H., Arend, P., von Poeppinghausen, K. and Schmidt, H. (1989) The effect of feeding astaxanthin to Oreochromis niloti-cus and Colisa labiosa on the histology of the liver. Aquaculture 79, 381-390.
126. Simpson, K.L., Chichester, C.O. and Phaff, H.J. (1971) Carotenoid pigments of yeast. In: Rose, A.H. and Harrison, J.S. (eds) The Yeasts. Academic Press, New York, pp. 493-515.
127. Spector, A. (1995) Oxidative stress-induced cataract: mechanism of action. The FASEB Journal 9, 1173-1182.
128. Storebakken, T. and No, H.K. (1992) Pigmentation of rainbow trout. Aquaculture 100, 209-229.
129. Subasinghe, R. (1997) Fish health and quarantine. In: Review of the State of the World Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries circular no. 886. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
130. Sueki, K. (1991) Carotenoids: metabolism of carotenoids and new physiological function of β-carotene. Yukagaku 40, 893-903.
131. Sugita, H. (2004) The multiple functions of symbiotic microorganisms in fish intestine. Kagaku to Seibutsu 42, 497-498.
132. Sugita, H., Iwata, J., Miyajima, C., Kudo, T., Noguchi, T., Hashimoto, K. and Deguchi, Y. (1989) Change in microflora of a puffer fish Fugu niphobles, with different water temperature. Marine Biology 101, 299-304.
133. Sugita, H., Okano, R., Suzuki, Y., Iwai, D., Mizukami, M., Akiyama, N. and Matsuura, S. (2002) Antibacterial abilities of intestinal bacteria from larval and juvenile Japanese flounder against fish pathogens. Fisheries Science 68, 1004-1011.
134. Takahashi, Y., Itami, T. and Kondo, M. (2001) The fundamentals of immunostimulants. Yoshoku 38 (11), 60-63.
135. Takeuchi, M. (1985) The application of vitamin E for fisheries. In: Fukuba, H. and Mino, M. (eds) Vitamin E, Its Fundamentals and Clinical Application. Ishiyaku Shuppan, Tokyo, pp. 549-552.
136. Tanaka, H. (2000) Probiotics. Yoshoku, 37 (Supplement), 145-148.
137. Tangeras, A. and Slinde, E. (1994) Coloring of salmonids in aquaculture: the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma as a source of astaxan-thin. In: Martin, A.M. (ed.) Fisheries Processing: Biotechnological Applications. Chapman and Hall, London, pp. 391-431.
138. Tannock, G.W. (1997) Modification of the normal microbiota by diet, stress, antimicrobial agents, and probiotics. In: Mackie, R.I., White, B.A. and Isaacson, R.E. (eds) Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Vol. 2, Chapman and Hall Microbiology Series, International Thomson Publishing, New York, pp. 434-465.
139. Tassakka, A.C.M.A.R. and Sakai, M. (2002) CpG oligodeoxynucleotides enhance the non-specific immune responses of carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture 209, 1-10.
140. Tassakka, A.C.M.A.R. and Sakai, M. (2003) The in vitro effect of CpG-ODNs on the innate immune responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquaculture 220, 27-36.
141. Tokuda, M. (1994) Studies on the effect of dietary tocopherols upon tocopherol deposition and liver lipid composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. PhD thesis, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
142. Tomita, Y. (1995) Perspectives of immunological studies on β-carotene. Fragrance Journal 5, 76-80.
143. Torrissen, O.J. (1989) Pigmentation of salmonids: interactions of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on pigment deposition in rainbow trout. Aquaculture 79, 363-374.
144. Tsushima, M., Kawakami, T., Mine, M. and Matsuno, T. (1997) The role of carotenoids in the development of the sea urchin Pseudocentrotus depressus. Invertebrate Reproduction and Development 32, 149-153.
145. Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Huys, J., Dhont, P., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. (1999) Microbial control of the culture of Artemia juveniles through pre-emptive colonization by selected bacterial strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, 2527-2533.
146. Verschuere, L., Rombaut, G., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. (2000a) Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 64, 655-671.
147. Verschuere, L., Heang, G., Criel, S., Dafnis, P., Sorgeloos, P. and Verstraete, W. (2000b) Protection of Artemia against the pathogenic effects of Vibrio proteolyticus CW8T2 by selected bacterial strains. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, 1139-1146.
148. Vine, N.G., Leukes, W.D. and Kaiser, H. (2006) Probiotics in marine larviculture. FEMS Microbiogical Reviews 30, 404-427.
149. Wago, H. (2003) Development of immuno-stimulative feed from microorganisms. Yoshoku 40 (6), 20-23.
150. Watanabe, T. (1990) Vitamin E in aquaculture. Vitamin 39, 299-306.