Current research status of fish immunostimulants

Aquaculture

Volumn 172, Issue 1-2, 1999, Pages 63-92

  Sakai, Masahiro ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIYAZAKI   (Japan)

Author keywords

Aquaculture; Fish; Immunostimulant; Macrophage; Non specific immunity

Indexed keywords

DISEASE; FISH; IMMUNITY;

AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA; ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); DECAPODA (CRUSTACEA); LISTONELLA ANGUILLARUM; PASTEURELLA; PHOTOBACTERIUM; PHOTOBACTERIUM DAMSELAE SUBSP. PISCICIDA; RENIBACTERIUM SALMONINARUM; STREPTOCOCCUS; VIBRIO SALMONICIDA; YERSINIA;

EID: 0033104347     PISSN: 00448486     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00436-0     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Aakre R., Wergeland H.I., Aasjord P.M., Endersen C. Enhanced antibody response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to Aeromonas salmonicida cell wall antigens using a bacterin containing β-1, 3-M-glucan as adjuvant. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 4:1994;47-61.
2. Adams A., Auchinachie N., Bundy A., Tatner M.F., Horne M.T. The potency of adjuvanted injected vaccines in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) and bath vaccines in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) against furunculosis. Aquaculture. 69:1988;15-26.
3. Ainsworth, A.J., Mao, C.P., Boyle, C.R., 1994. Immune responses enhancement in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, using β-glucan from Schizophyllum commune. In: Stolen, J.S. Fletcher, T.C. (Eds.), Modulators of Fish Immune Responses Vol. 1, SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, pp. 67-81.
4. Amberuso D.R., Johnston R.B. Jr. Lactoferrin enhances hydroxyl radical production by human neutrophils, neutrophil particulate and an enzymatic generating system. J. Clin. Invest. 67:1981;352-360.
5. Anderson D.P. Immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers in fish: applications to aquaculture. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 2:1992;281-307.
6. Anderson D.P., Siwicki A.K. Duration of protection against Aeromonas salmonicida in brook trout immunostimulated with glucan or chitosan by injection or immersion. Prog. Fish Cult. 56:1994;258-261.
7. Anderson, D.P., Siwicki, A.K., Rumsey, G.L., 1995. Injection or immersion delivery of selected immunostimulants to trout demonstrate enhancement of nonspecific defense mechanisms and protective immunity. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 11. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 413-426.
8. Aoki, T., 1992. Chemotherapy and drug resistance in fish farms in Japan. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 1. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 519-529.
9. Arnold R.R., Brewer M., Gauthier J.J. Bactericidal activity of human lactoferrin: sensitivity of a variety of microorganisms. Infect. Immun. 28:1980;893-898.
10. Auernhammer C.J., Strasburger C.J. Effects of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 on the immune system. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 133:1995;635-645.
11. Baba T., Watase Y., Yoshinaga Y. Activation of mononuclear phagocyte function by levamisole immersion in carp. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 59:1993;301-307.
12. Baldwin T.J., Newton J.C. Pathogenesis of enteric septicemia of channel catfish, caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri: bacteriological and light and electron microscope findings. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 5:1996;189-198.
13. Baulny M.O.D., Quentel C., Fournier V., Lamour F., Gouvello R.L. Effect of long-term oral administration of β-glucan as an immunostimulant or an adjuvant on some non-specific parameters of the immune response of turbot Scophthalmus maximus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 26:1996;139-147.
14. Berczi, I., Nagy, E., 1987. The effect of prolactin and growth hormone on hemolymphopoietic tissue and immune function. In: Berczi, I., Kovacs, K. (Eds.), Hormone and Immunity. MTP Press, Lancaster, pp. 145-171.
15. Blazer V.S. Nutrition and disease resistance in fish. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 2:1992;309-323.
16. Blazer V.S., Wolke R.E. The effects of α-tocopherol on the immune response and non-specific resistance factors of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). Aquaculture. 37:1984;1-9.
17. Boonyaratpalin, S., Boonyaratpalin, M., Supamattaya, K., Toride, Y., 1995. Effects of peptidoglucan (PG) on growth, survival, immune responses, and tolerance to stress in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 11. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 469-477.
18. Bortner C.A., Miller R.D., Arnold R.R. Bactericidal effect of lactoferrin on Legionella pneumophila. Infect. Immun. 51:1986;373-377.
19. Calduch-Giner J.A., Sitia-Bobadilla A., Alvarez-Pellitero P., Perez-Sanchez J. Evidence for a direct action of GH on haemopoietic cells of a marine fish, the gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). J. Endocrinol. 146:1995;459-467.
20. Chang K.L. Experimental studies on biochemical characters of Achromobacter stenohalis. J. Jinsen Med. Sci. 11:1966;142-148.
21. Chen D., Ainsworth A.J. Glucan administration potentiates immune defense mechanisms of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafineque. J. Fish Dis. 15:1992;295-304.
22. Clem L.W., Sizemore R.C., Ellsaesser C.F., Miller N.W. Monocytes as accessory cells in fish immune responses. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 9:1985;803-809.
23. Dalmo R.A., Seljelid R. The immunomodulatory effect of LPS, laminaran and sulfated laminaran [β(1, 3)-D-glucan] on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., macrophages in vitro. J. Fish Dis. 18:1995;175-185.
24. Davis J.F., Hayasaka S.S. The enhancement of resistance of the American eel, Anguilla rostrata Le Sueur, to a pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila, by an extract of the tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata. J. Fish Dis. 7:1984;311-316.
25. Duncan P.L., Klesius P.H. Dietary immunostimulants enhance nonspecific immune responses in channel catfish but not resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 8:1996;241-248.
26. Duncan P.L., Klesius P.H. Effects of feeding Spirulina on specific and nonspecific immune responses of channel catfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 8:1996;308-313.
27. Durve V.S., Lovell R.T. Vitamin C and disease resistance in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 39:1982;948-951.
28. Edahiro T., Hamoguchi M., Kusuda R. Effect of glycyrrhizine against streptococcal infection of young yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Suisanzoshoku. 38:1990;239-243. In Japanese.
29. Edahiro T., Hamoguchi M., Kusuda R. Suppressive effect of glycyrrhizin against streptococcal infection promoted by feeding oxidized lipids to yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Suisanzoshoku. 39:1991;21-27. In Japanese.
30. Engstad R.E., Robertsen B., Frivold E. Yeast glucan induces increase in activity of lysozyme and complement-mediated haemolytic activity in Atlantic salmon blood. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2:1992;287-297.
31. Erdal J.I., Evensen O., Kaursted O.K., Lillehaug A., Solbakken R., Thorud K. Relationship between diet and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after feeding various levels of ascorbic acid and omega-3 fatty acids. Aquaculture. 98:1991;363-379.
32. Fidler I.J., Spitler L.E. Effects of levamisole on in vivo and in vitro murine host response to syngeneic transplantable tumor. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 55:1975;1107-1112.
33. Gahr M., Speer C.P., Damerau B., Sawatzki G. Influence of lactoferrin on the function of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes. Journal of Leuckocyte Biology. 49:1991;427-433.
34. Gala R.R. Prolactin and growth hormone in the regulation of the immune system. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 198:1991;513-527.
35. Gildberg A., Bogwald J., Johansen A., Stenberg E. Isolation of acid peptide fractions from fish protein hydrolysate with strong stimulatory effect on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) head kidney leucocytes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 114B:1996;97-101.
36. Grayson T.H., Williams R.J., Wrathmell A.B., Munn C.B., Harris J.E. Effects of immunopotentiating agents on the immune responses of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to ERM vaccine. J. Fish Biol. 31:1987;195-202.
37. Gutenberger S.K., Duimstra J.R., Rohovec J.S., Fryer J.L. Intracellular survival of Renibacterium salmoninarum in trout mononuclear phagocytes. Dis. Aquat. Org. 28:1997;93-106.
38. Halver, J.E., 1989. The vitamins. In: Halver, J.E. (Ed.), Fish Nutrition, 2nd edn., Academic Press, San Diego, CA, pp. 32-102.
39. Hardie L.J., Fletcher T.C., Secombes C.J. THe effect of vitamin E on the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 87:1990;1-13.
40. Hardie L.J., Fletcher T.C., Secombes C.J. THe effect of dietary vitamin C on the immune response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Aquaculture. 95:1991;201-214.
41. Hardie L.J., Marsden M.J., Fletcher T.C., Secombes C.J. In vitro addition of vitamin C affects rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leucocytes responses. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 40:1993;73-84.
42. Horne, M.T., Poy, M., Pranthanpipat, P., 1995. Control of vibriosis in black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, by vaccination. In: Chou, L.M. et al. (Eds.), The Third Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 459-467.
43. Isogai H., Isogai E., Fujii N., Oguma K., Chang K.L., Deguchi E., Takano K., Hayashi M., Namioka S. Biological effects of lipopolysaccharide from Acromobacter stenohalis on lymphocytes and macrophages. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 51:1989;1003-1010.
44. Itami T., Takahashi Y., Nakamura Y. Efficacy of vaccination against vibriosis in cultured kuruma prawns Peneaeus japonicus. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 1:1989;238-242.
45. Itami, T., Takahashi, Y., Tsuchihira, E., Igusa, H., Kondo, M. 1994. Enhancement of disease resistance of kuruma prawn Penaeus japonicus and increase in phagocytic activity of prawn hemocytes after oral administration of β-1, 3-glucan (Schizophyllan). In: Chou, L.M. et al. (Eds.), The Third Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 375-378.
46. Itami T., Kondo M., Uozu M., Suganuma A., Abe T., Nakagawa A., Suzuki N., Takahashi Y. Enhancement of resistance against Enterococcus seriolicida infection in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (Temminck and Schlegel), by oral administration of peptidoglucan derived from Bifidobacterium thermophilum. J. Fish Dis. 19:1996;185-187.
47. Iwama, G., Nakanishi, T., 1996. The Fish Immune System. Organ, Pathogen, and Environment. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 1-380.
48. Jang S.I., Marsden M.J., Kim Y.G., Choi M.S., Secombes C.J. The effect of glycyrrhizin on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), leucocyte responses. J. Fish Dis. 18:1995;307-315.
49. Jeney G., Anderson D.P. Enhanced immune response and protection in rainbow trout to Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin following prior immersion in immunostimulants. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 3:1993;51-58.
50. Jeney G., Anderson D.P. Glucan injection or bath exposure given alone or in combination with a bacterin enhance the non-specific defense mechanisms in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 116:1993;315-329.
51. Johnson M.R., Ainsworth A.J. An elevated dietary level of ascorbic acid fails to influence the responses of anterior kidney neutrophils to Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 3:1991;266-273.
52. Jørgensen J.B., Robertsen B. Yeast β-glucan stimulates respiratory burst activity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) macrophages. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19:1995;43-57.
53. Jørgensen J.B., Lunde H., Robertsen B. Peritoneal and head kidney cell response to intraperitoneally injected yeast glucan in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. J. Fish Dis. 16:1993;313-325.
54. Jørgensen J.B., Sharp G.J.E., Secombes C.J., Robertsen B. Effect of yeast-cell-wall glucan on the bactericidal activity of rainbow trout macrophages. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 3:1993;51-58.
55. Kajita Y., Sakai M., Atsuta S., Kobayashi M. The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Pathol. 25:1990;93-98.
56. Kajita Y., Sakai M., Atsuta S., Kobayashi M. Immunopotentiantion activity of Freund's complete adjuvant in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 58:1992;433-437.
57. Kajita Y., Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Enhancement of non-specific cytotoxic activity of leucocytes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss injected with growth hormone. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2:1992;155-157.
58. Kakuta I., Kurokura H. Defensive effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin against Cryptocaryon irritans infection of red sea bream. Fish Pathol. 30:1995;289-290. In Japanese.
59. Kakuta I., Kurokura H., Nakamura H., Yamauchi K. Enhancement of the nonspecific defense activity of the skin mucus of red sea bream by oral administration of bovine lactoferrin. Suisanzoshoku. 44:1996;197-202. In Japanese.
60. Kawahara, E., Sakai, M., Nomura, S., Chang, K.L., Muraki, K., 1994. Immunomodulatory effects on white-spotted char, Salvelinus leucomaenis, injected with Achromobacter stenohalis. In: Chou, L.M. et al. (Eds.), The Third Asian Fisheries Forum. Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 390-393.
61. Kawakami H., Hiratsuka M., Dosako S. Effects of iron-saturated lactoferrin on iron absorption. Agri. Biol. Chem. 52:1988;903-908.
62. Kawakami H., Shinohara N., Sakai M. The non-specific immunostimulation and adjuvant effects of Vibrio anguillarum bacterin, M-glucan, chitin or Freund's complete adjuvant in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata to Pasteurella piscicida infection. Fish Pathol. 33:1998;287-292.
63. Kelley K.W. Growth hormone, lymphocytes and macrophages. Biochem. Pharmacol. 38:1989;705-713.
64. Kitao T., Yoshida T. Effect of an immunopotentiator on Aeromonas salmonicida infection in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 12:1986;287-291.
65. Kitao T., Yoshida T., Anderson D.P., Dixon O.W., Blanch A. Immunostimulation of antibody-producing cells and humoral antibody to fish bacterins by a biological response modifier. J. Fish Biol. 31:1987;87-91.
66. Kodama H., Hirota Y., Mukamoto N., Baba T., Azuma I. Activation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) phagocytes by muramyl dipeptide. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 17:1993;129-140.
67. Kodama, H., Mukamoto, N., Baba, T., Mule, D.M., 1994. Macrophage-colony stimulating activity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) serum. In: Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, T.C. (Eds.), Modulators of Fish Immune Responses Vol. 1, SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, pp. 59-66.
68. Landolt M.L. The relationship between diet and the immune responses of fish. Aquaculture. 79:1989;193-206.
69. Li Y., Lovell R.T. Elevated levels of dietary ascorbic acid increase immune responses in channel catfish. J. Nutr. 115:1985;123-131.
70. Liu O.R., Plumb J.A., Guerin M., Lovell R.T. Effect of megalevels of dietary vitamin C on the immune responses of channel catfish Ictaurus punctatus in ponds. Dis. Aquat. Org. 7:1989;191-194.
71. MacArthur J.I., Thomson A.W., Fletcher T.C. Aspects of leucocyte migration in the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. J. Fish Biol. 27:1985;667-676.
72. Matsuo K., Miyazano I. The influence of long-term administration of peptidoglucan on disease resistance and growth of juvenile rainbow trout. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 59:1993;1377-1379.
73. Matsuyama H., Mangindaan R.E.P., Yano T. Protective effect of schizophyllan and scleoglucan against Streptococcus sp. infection in yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata). Aquaculture. 101:1992;197-203.
74. Mine Y., Yokota Y., Wakai Y., Fukuda S., Nishida M., Goto S., Kuwahara S. Immunoactive peptides, FK-156 and FK-565: 1. Enhancement of host resistance to microbial infection in mice. J. Antibiot. 36:1983;1045-1050.
75. Nathan C.F., Hibbs J.B. Jr. Role of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophage antimicrobial activity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 3:1991;65-70.
76. Navarre O., Halver J.E. Disease resistance and humoral antibody production in rainbow trout fed high levels of vitamin C. Aquaculture. 79:1989;207-221.
77. Nelson J.S., Kawahara E., Kawai K., Kusuda R. Macrophage infiltration in pseudotuberculosis of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata. Bull. Marine Sci. Fish. Kochi Univ. 11:1989;17-22.
78. Neumann N.F., Fagan D., Belosevic M. Macrophage activating factor(s) secreted by mitogen stimulated goldfish kidney leucocytes synergies with bacterial lipopolysaccharide to induce nitric oxide production in teleost macrophages. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19:1995;475-482.
79. Nikl L., Albright L.J., Evelyn T.P.T. Influence of seven immunostimulants on the immune responses of coho salmon to Aeromonas salmonicida. Dis. Aquat. Org. 12:1991;7-12.
80. Nikl L., Evelyn T.P.T., Albright L.J. Trials with an orally and immersion-administrated β-1, 3 glucan as an immunoprophylactic against Aeromonas salmonicida in juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Dis. Aquat. Org. 17:1993;191-196.
81. Ninomiya M., Hatta H., Fujiki M., Kim M., Yamamoto T., Kusuda R. Enhancement of chemotactic activity of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) leucocytes by oral administration of quillaja saponin. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5:1995;325-328.
82. Nishimura K., Nishimura S., Nishi N., Numata F., Tpne Y., Tokura S., Azuma I. Adjuvant activity of chitin derivatives in mice and guinea-pigs. Vaccine. 3:1985;379-383.
83. Norqvist A., Hagstrom A., Wolf-Watz H. Protection of rainbow trout against vibriosis and furunculosis by the use of attenuated strains of Vibrio anguillarum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:1989;1400-1405.
84. Olivier G., Evelyn T.P.T., Lallier R. Immunity to Aeromonas salmonicida in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) induced by modified Freund's complete adjuvant: its non-specific nature and the probable role of macrophages in the phenomenon. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 9:1985;419-432.
85. Olivier G., Eaton C.A., Campbell N. Interaction between Aeromonas salmonicida and peritoneal macrophages of brook trout (Salverinus fontinalis). Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 12:1986;223-234.
86. Panush M.E., Delafuente J.C. Vitamins and immunocompetence. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 45:1985;97-123.
87. Park K.H., Jeong H.D. Enhanced resistance against Edwardsiella tarda infection in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by administration of protein-bound polysaccharhide. Aquaculture. 141:1996;135-143.
88. Paterson W.D., Fryer J.L. Immune responses of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to Aeromonas salmonicida cells administered intraperitoneally in Freund's complete adjuvant. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31:1974;1751-1755.
89. Pulsford A.L., Crampe M., Langston A., Glynn P.J. Modulatory effects of disease, stress, copper, TBT and Vitamin E on the immune system of flatfish. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5:1995;631-643.
90. Raa, R., Rørstad, G., Engstad, R., Robertsen, B., 1992. The use of immunostimulants to increase resistance of aquatic organisms to microbial infections. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 1. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 39-50.
91. Rand-Weaver, M., Kawauchi, H., 1993. Growth hormone, prolactin and somatolactin: a structural overview. In: Hochachka, P.W., Mommsen, T.P. (Eds.), Molecular Biology Frontiers, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 39-56.
92. Roberts M.L., Davies S.J., Pulsford A.L. The influence of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on non-specific immunity in the turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5:1995;27-38.
93. Robertsen B., Rørstad G., Engstad R., Raa J. Enhancement of non-specific disease resistance in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by a glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell walls. J. Fish Dis. 13:1990;391-400.
94. Robertsen, B., Ehgstad, R.E., Jørgensen, J.B., 1994. β-glucan as immunostimulants in fish. In: Stolen, J.S., Fletcher, T.C. (Eds.), Modulators of Fish Immune Responses Vol. 1, SOS Publications, Fair Haven, NJ, pp. 83-99.
95. Rørstad G., Aasjord P.M., Robertsen B. Adjuvant effect of a yeast glucan in vaccines against furunculosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol. 3:1993;179-190.
96. Rumsey G.L., Siwicki A.K., Anderson D.P., Bowser P.R. Effect of soybean protein on serological response, non-specific defense mechanisms, growth, and protein utilization in rainbow trout. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 41:1994;323-339.
97. Sakai M., Kamiya H., Atsuta S., Kobayashi M. Immunodulatory effects on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, injected with the extract of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. J. Appl. Ichthyol. 7:1991;54-59.
98. Sakai, M., Kamiya, H., Ishii, S., Atsuta, S., Kobayashi, M., 1992. The immunostimulating effects of chitin in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 1. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 413-417.
99. Sakai M., Otubo T., Atsuta S., Kobayashi M. Enhancement of resistance to bacterial infection in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) by oral administration of bovine lactoferrin. J. Fish Dis. 16:1993;239-247.
100. Sakai M., Yoshida T., Atsuta S., Kobayashi M. Enhancement of resistance to vibriosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), by oral administration Clostridium butyricum bacterin. J. Fish Dis. 18:1995;187-190.
101. Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Yoshida T. Activation of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, phagocytic cells by administration of bovine lactoferrin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 110B:1995;755-759.
102. Sakai M., Atsuta S., Kobayashi M. Efficacies of combined vaccine for Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus sp. Fisheries Sci. 61:1995;359-360.
103. Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Enhancement of chemiluminescent responses of phagocytic cells from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, by injection of growth hormone. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5:1995;375-379.
104. Sakai, M., Atsuta, S., Kobayashi, M., 1995e. The activation of leucocytes in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, by oral administration of Clostridium butyricum bacterin. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 11. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 433-437.
105. Sakai M., Yoshida T., Kobayashi M. Influence of the immunostimulant, EF203, on the immune responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to Renibacterium salmoninarum. Aquaculture. 138:1995;61-67.
106. Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. In vitro activation of fish phagocytic cells by GH, prolactin and somatolactin. J. Endocrinol. 151:1996;113-118.
107. Sakai M., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Mitogenic effects of growth hormone and prolactin on chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta leucocytes in vitro. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 53:1996;185-189.
108. Sakai M., Kajita Y., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Increase in haemolytic activity of serum from rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss injected with exogenous growth hormone. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 6:1996;615-617.
109. Sakai M., Kajita Y., Kobayashi M., Kawauchi H. Immunostimulating effect of growth hormone: in vivo administration of growth hormone in rainbow trout enhances resistance to Vibrio anguillarum infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 57:1997;147-152.
110. Salati F., Hamaguchi M., Kusuda R. Immune response of red sea bream to Edwardsiella tarda antigens. Fish Pathol. 22:1987;93-98.
111. Secombes C.J., Hardie L.J., Daniels G. Cytokines in fish: an update. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 6:1996;291-304.
112. Sigel, M.M., Wellham, L.L., Lichter, W., Dudeck, L.E., Gargus, J.L., Lucas, A.H., 1970. Anticellular and antitumor activity of extracts from tropical marine invertebrates. In: Youngken, H.W. (Ed.), Food and Drugs from the Sea. Marine Technology Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 281-291.
113. Siwicki A.K. Immunomodulating activity of levamisole in spawners carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). J. Fish Biol. 31:1987;245-246.
114. Siwicki A.K. Immunostimulating influence of levamisole on nonspecific immunity in carp (Cyprinus carpio). Dev. Comp. Immunol. 13:1989;87-91.
115. Siwicki A.K., Anderson D.P., Dixon O.W. In vitro immunostimulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spleen cells with levamisole. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 14:1990;231-237.
116. Siwicki A.K., Anderson D.P., Rumsey G.L. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affects non-specific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 41:1994;125-139.
117. Siwicki A.K., Miyazaki T., Komatsu I., Matsuzato T. In vitro influence of heat extract from firefly squid Watasenia scintillans on the phagocyte and lymphocyte activities in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish Pathol. 31:1996;1-7.
118. Solem S.T., Jørgensen J.B., Robertsen B. Stimulation of respiratory burst and phagocytic activity in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) macrophages by lipopolysaccharide. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 5:1995;475-491.
119. Song Y.-L., Hsieh Y.-T. Immunostimulation of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) hemocytes for generation of microbicidal substances: analysis of reactive oxygen species. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 18:1994;201-209.
120. Stanley L.A., Hayasaka S.S., Schwedler T.E. Effects of the immunomodulator Ecteinascida turbinata extract on Edwardsiella ictaluri infection of channel catfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 7:1995;141-146.
121. Sung H.H., Kou G.H., Song Y.L. Vibriosis resistance induced by glucan treatment in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Fish Pathol. 29:1994;11-17.
122. Suzuki Y., Ai T. IHN resistance with megalevel doses ascorbic acid in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri fry. Bull. Shizuoka Pref. Fish. Exp. Stn. 24:1989;25-29. In Japanese.
123. Sveinbjornsson B., Seljelid R. Aminated β-1,3-D-polyglucose activates salmon pronephros macrophages in vitro. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 41:1994;113-123.
124. Symoens I., Rosenthall M. Levamisole in the modulation of the immune responses. The current experimental and clinical state. J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 21:1977;175-221.
125. Taksdal T., Poppe T., Sivertsen T., Ferguson H.W. Low levels ov vitamin E in plasma from atlantic salmon Salmo salar with acute infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). Dis. Aquat. Org. 22:1995;33-37.
126. Tamai, T., Sato, N., Kimura, S., Shirahata, S., Murakami, H., 1992. Cloning and expression of flatfish interleukin 2 gene. In: Murakami, H. et al. (Eds.), Animal Cell Technology: Basic and Applied Aspects. Kluwer, Netherlands, pp. 509-514.
127. Tamai T., Shirahata S., Noguchi T., Sato N., Kimura S., Murakami H. Cloning and expression of flatfish (Paralichthys loivaceus) interferon cDNA. Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 1174:1993;182-186.
128. Thompson I., White A., Fletcher T.C., Houlihan D.F., Secombers C.J. The effect of stress on the immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed diets containing different amounts of vitamin C. Aquaculture. 114:1993;1-18.
129. Thompson I., Fletcher T.C., Houlihan D.F., Secombes C.J. The effect of dietary vitamin A on the immunocompetence of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiol. Biochem. 12:1994;513-520.
130. Thompson, K.D., Cachos, A., Inglis, V., 1995. Immunomodulating effects of glucans and oxytetracycline in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, on serum lysozyme and protection. In: Shariff, M., Subasighe, R.P., Arthur, J.R. (Eds.), Diseases in Asian Aquaculture Vol. 11. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines, pp. 433-439.
131. Uchida H., Sasaki T., Uchida N.A., Takasuka N., Endo Y., Kamiya H. Oncostatic and immunomodulatory effects of a glycoprotein fraction from water extracts of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Cancer Immunol. Immun. 24:1987;207-212.
132. Verlhac V., Gabaudan J., Obach A., Schüep W., Hole R. Influence of dietary glucan and vitamin C on non-specific and specific immune responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture. 143:1996;123-133.
133. Wada T., Arima T., Nagashima H. Natural killer activity in patients with chronic hepatitis treated with OK432, interferon, adenine arabinoside and glycyrrhizin. Gasteroenterol. Jpn. 22:1987;312-321.
134. Wahli T., Frischknecht R., Schmitt M., Gabaudan J., Verlhac V., Meier W. A comparison of the effect of silicone coated ascorbic acid and ascorbyl phosphate on the course of ichthyophthiriosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). J. Fish Dis. 18:1995;347-355.
135. Wang R., Belosevic M. The in vitro effects of estradiolal and cortisol on the function of a long-term goldfish macrophage cell line. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 19:1995;327-336.
136. Wise D.J., Tomasso J.R., Gatlin D.M. III, Bai S.C., Blazer V.S. Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on red blood cell preoxidation, glutathione peroxidease activity, and macrophage superoxide anion production in channel catfish. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 5:1993;177-182.
137. Wise D.J., Tomasso J.R., Schwedler T.E., Blazer V.S., Gatlin D.M. III Effect of vitamin E on the immune responses of channel catfish to Edwardsiella ictaluri. J. Aquat. Anim. Health. 5:1993;183-188.
138. Yano T., Nakao M., Furuichi M., Yone Y. Effects of dietary choline, pantothenic acid and vitamin C on the serum complement activity of red sea bream. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 54:1988;141-144. In Japanese.
139. Yano T., Mangindaan R.E.P., Matsuyama H. Enhancement of the resistance of carp Cyprinus carpio to experimental Edwardsiella tarda infection, by some β-1, 3-glucans. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi. 55:1989;1815-1819.
140. Yano T., Matsuyama H., Mangindaan R.E.P. Polysaccharide-induced protection of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., against bacterial infection. J. Fish Dis. 14:1991;577-582.
141. Yoshida T., Sakai M., Kitao T., Khlil S.M., Araki S., Saitoh R., Ineno T., Inglis V. Immunodulatory effects of the fermented products of chicken egg, EF203, on rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture. 109:1993;207-214.
142. Yoshida T., Kruger R., Inglis V. Augmentation of non-specific protection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell), by the long-term oral administration of immunostimulants. J. Fish Dis. 18:1995;195-198.
143. Young C.H., Kaneda S., Mikami Y., Arai T., Igarashi K., Saito M., Miyoshi T., Fuse A. Protection activity induced by the bacterial vaccine, heat-killed Closteridium butyricum against Candida albicans infections in mice. Jpn. J. Med. Mycol. 28:1987;262-269.
144. Zhang Y.H., Yoshida T., Isobe K., Rahman M.J., Nagase F., Ding L., Nakashima I. Modulation by glycyrrhizin of the cell-surface expression of H-2 class 1 antigens on murine tumor cell lines and normal cell populations. Immunology. 70:1990;405-410.