Disability, ambivalence, and the law

American Journal of Law and Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 469-521

  Muller, John F ^a  

^a DARTMOUTH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABORTION; ARTICLE; ASSISTED SUICIDE; ATTITUDE; DISABLED PERSON; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; TREATMENT REFUSAL; TREATMENT WITHDRAWAL; UNITED STATES;

ABORTION, EUGENIC; ATTITUDE; DISABLED PERSONS; EMPLOYMENT; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE RATIONING; HUMANS; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; SUICIDE, ASSISTED; TREATMENT REFUSAL; UNITED STATES; WITHHOLDING TREATMENT;

EID: 84855794517     PISSN: 00988588     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/009885881103700401     Document Type: Article

References (160)

1. Mary Crossley, The Disability Kaleidoscope, 74 NOTRE DAME L. REV. 621, 649-59 (1999).
2. TOM SHAKESPEARE, DISABILITY RIGHTS AND WRONGS 15-16 (2006).
3. Adam M. Samaha, What Good is the Social Model of Disability?, 74 U. CHI. L. REV. 1251 (2007).
4. Gary L. Albrecht, Katherine D. Seelman & Michael Bury, Introduction, Formation of Disability Studies, in HANDBOOK OF DISABILITY STUDIES 1, 2
5. SAMUEL R. BAGENSTOS, LAW AND THE CONTRADICTIONS OF THE DISABILITY RIGHTS MOVEMENT 16-18 (2009).
6. ROBERT A. BURT, DEATH IS THAT MAN TAKING NAMES: INTERSECTIONS OF AMERICAN MEDICINE, LAW, AND CULTURE (2002).
7. JEFF LYON, PLAYING GOD IN THE NURSERY 21-58(1985).
8. John G. Baker, Declaratory Judgment in the Infant Doe Case, 2 ISSUES L. & MED. 77, 79 (1986)
9. John A. Robertson, Involuntary Euthanasia of Defective Newborns: A Legal Analysis, 27 STAN. L. REV. 213, 217-35 (1975).
10. Lawrence D. Brown, Civil Rights and Regulatory Wrongs: The Reagan Administration and the Medical Treatment of Handicapped Infants, 11 J. HEALTH POL. POL'Y & L. 231, 233-34 (1986).
11. Leading Cases, "Baby Doe" Regulations, 100 HARV. L. REV. 285, 285-295 (1986).
12. Treatment of Infants Born with Handicapping Conditions: Hearing on H.R. 6492 Before the Subcomm. on Select Educ. of the H. Comm. on Educ. and Labor, 97th Cong. 53 (1983)
13. Douglas P. Biklen & Philip M. Ferguson, In the Matter of Baby Jane Doe: Does Reagan Really Agree with Us?, 15 Soc. POL'Y 5, 8 (1984)
14. Mary Johnson, Killing Babies: Left and Right, 6 THE DISABILITY RAG 22, 22 (1985).
15. Mary Johnson, Who is Responsible for Baby Doe, 42 PUB. WELFARE 7, 7 (1984).
16. Harlan Hahn, Public Policy and Disabled Infants: A Sociopolitical Perspective, 3 ISSUES L. & MED. 3, 5(1987).
17. Phoebe A. Haddon, Baby Doe Cases: Compromise and Moral Dilemma, 34 EMORY L.J. 545, 572-79 (1985).
18. Am. Acad, of Pediatrics, Principles of Treatment of Disabled Infants, 73 PEDIATRICS 559, 599 (1984).
19. James Bopp, Jr. & Thomas J. Balch, The Child Abuse Amendments of 1984 and Their Implementing Regulations: A Summary, 1 ISSUES L. & MED. 91 (1985).
20. Cynthia M. Powell, The Current State of Prenatal Genetic Testing in the United States, in PRENATAL TESTING AND DISABILITY RIGHTS 44,44-46 (Erik Parens & Adrienne Asch eds., 2000).
21. Sonia M. Suter, The Routinization of Prenatal Testing, 28 AM. J.L. & MED. 233, 236 (2002).
22. Carolyn Jacobs Chachkin, What Potent Blood: Non-Invasive Prenatal Genetic Diagnosis and the Transformation of Modern Prenatal Care, 33 AM. J.L. & MED. 9, 9 (2007).
23. Ralph L. Kramer et al., Determinants of Parental Decisions After the Prenatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome, 79 AM. J. MED. GENETICS 172, 172-73 (1998)
24. Darrin P. Dixon, Informed Consent or Institutionalized Eugenics? How the Medical Profession Encourages Abortion of Fetuses with Down Syndrome, 24 ISSUES L. & MED. 3, 5-7 (2008).
25. Erik Parens & Adrienne Asch, The Disability Rights Critique of Prenatal Genetic Testing: Reflections and Recommendations, in PRENATAL TESTING AND DISABILITY RIGHTS, at 3,20.
26. Deborah Kaplan, Prenatal Screening and Its Impact on Persons with Disabilities, 36 CLINICAL OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY 605,609-10(1993).
27. Marsha Saxton, Why Members of the Disability Community Oppose Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion, in PRENATAL TESTING AND DISABILITY RIGHTS, at 147, 150.
28. Abby Lippman, Prenatal Genetic Testing and Screening: Constructing Needs and Reinforcing Inequities, 17 AM. J.L. &MED. 15(1991).
29. Patricia E. Bauer, What's Lost in Prenatal Testing, WASH. POST, Jan. 14, 2007, at B7;
30. George F. Will, Golly, What Did Jon Do?, NEWSWEEK, Jan. 29, 2007, at 72.
31. Lynn Harris, More "Common Ground" on Abortion?, SALON (Mar. 12, 2008, 1:50 PM), http://www.salon.com/mwt/broadsheet/2008/03/12/kennedy- brownback/.
32. Gautam Naik, The Toughest Test, WALL ST. J., Oct. 25-26, 2008, at AI.
33. Patricia E. Bauer, Congress OKs Kennedy-Brownback Disability Diagnosis Bill, PATRICIA E BAUER: NEWS & COMMENTARY ON DISABILITY ISSUES (Sept. 25, 2008), http://www.patriciaebauer.com/2008/09/25/kennedy-brownback-3/.
34. HELGA KUHSE & PETER SINGER, SHOULD THE BABY LIVE?: THE PROBLEM OF HANDICAPPED INFANTS 194-97 (1985).
35. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Disability, Life, Death, and Choice, 29 HARV. J.L. & GENDER 425, 461 (2006).
36. Adrienne Asch, Disability Equality and Prenatal Testing: Contradictory or Compatible?, 30 FLA. ST. U. L. REV. 315, 317 n.6 (2003).
37. Lisa Blumberg, Eugenics and Reproductive Choice, in THE RAGGED EDGE: THE DISABILITY EXPERIENCE FROM THE PAGES OF THE FIRST FIFTEEN YEARS OF THE DISABILITY RAG 218, 222-23 (Barrett Shaw ed., 1994).
38. Reva B. Siegel, Dignity and the Politics of Protection: Abortion Restrictions under Casey/Carhart, 117 YALE L.J. 1694, 1769-73 (2008)
39. Martha A. Field, Killing "The Handicapped"-Before and After Birth, 16 HARV. WOMEN'S L.J. 79, 102-04 (1993).
40. Jodi Danis, Recent Development, Sexism and "The Superfluous Female": Arguments for Regulating Pre-Implanation Sex Selection, 18 HARV. WOMEN'S L.J. 219(1995).
41. leek Ajzen, Nature and Operation of Attitudes, 52 ANN. REV. PSYCHOL. 27, 39-40 (2001)
42. Kathryn L. Moseley, The History of Infanticide in Western Society, 1 ISSUES L. & MED. 345 (1986).
43. ROBERT F. WEIR, SELECTIVE NONTREATMENT OF HANDICAPPED NEWBORNS: MORAL DILEMMAS IN NEONATAL MEDICINE 9 (1984).
44. Tony Ward, Legislating for Human Nature: Legal Responses to Infanticide, 1860-1938, in INFANTICIDE: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD MURDER AND CONCEALMENT, 1550-2000 249,249-69 (Mark Jackson ed., 2002).
45. Michelle Oberman, Mothers Who Kill: Coming to Terms with Modern American Infanticide, 8 DEPAUL J. HEALTH CARE L. 3, 24-58 (2004).
46. Joseph F. Kett, Science and Controversy in the History of Infancy in America, in WHICH BABIES SHALL LIVE?: HUMANISTIC DIMENSIONS OF THE CARE OF IMPERILED NEWBORNS 23, 26-27
47. MARTIN S. PERNICK, THE BLACK STORK: EUGENICS AND THE DEATH OF "DEFECTIVE" BABIES IN AMERICAN MEDICINE AND MOTION PICTURES SINCE 1915, at 3-17 (1996).
48. Armand Matheny Antommaria, "Who Should Survive?: One of the Choices on Our Conscience": Mental Retardation and the History of Contemporary Bioethics, 16 KENNEDY INST. ETHICS J. 205 (2006).
49. I. David Todres et al., Pediatricians' Attitudes Affecting Decision-Making in Defective Newborns, 60 PEDIATRICS 197 (1977)
50. Anthony Shaw, Judson G. Randolph & Barbara Manard, Pediatric Surgery: A National Survey of Pediatricians and Pediatric Surgeons, 60 PEDIATRICS 588 (1977).
51. Raymond S. Duff & A.G.M. Campbell, Moral and Ethical Dilemmas in the Special-Care Nursery, 289 NEW ENG. J. MED. 890, 890 (1973).
52. PAUL RAMSEY, ETHICS AT THE EDGES OF LIFE: MEDICAL AND LEGAL INTERSECTIONS 192 (1978).
53. George P. Smith, II, Murder, She Wrote or Was It Merely Selective Nontreatment? 8 J. CONTEMP. HEALTH L. & POL'Y 49, 49-71 (1992)
54. Arthur L. Caplan, Hard Cases Make Bad Law: The Legacy of the Baby Doe Controversy, in COMPELLED COMPASSION: GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION IN THE TREATMENT OF CRITICALLY ILL NEWBORNS 105, 111-18
55. Richard A. McCormick, The Quality of Life, the Sanctity of Life, 8 HASTINGS CENTER REP. 30, 35 (1978)
56. Joan E. Hodgman, Withholding Treatment from Seriously III Newborns: A Neonatalogist's View, in LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF TREATING CRITICALLY AND TERMINALLY I I I PATIENTS 242, 243-44
57. H. Rutherford Turnbull, III, Incidence of Infanticide in America: Public and Professional Attitudes, 1 ISSUES L. & MED. 363, 370-71 (1986)
58. Albert J. Solnit & Mary H. Stark, Mourning and the Birth of a Defective Child, in PHYSICAL ILLNESS AND HANDICAP IN CHILDHOOD: AN ANTHOLOGY OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC STUDY OF THE CHILD 181, 185
59. Philip Roos, Parents of Mentally Retarded Children-Misunderstood and Mistreated, in PARENTS SPEAK OUT: VIEWS FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF THE TWO-WAY MIRROR 13, 19 (Ann. P. Turnbull & H. Rutherford Turnbull, III, eds., 1978).
60. Thomas H. Murray, The Final, Anticlimactic Rule on Baby Doe, 15 HASTINGS CENTER REP. 5, 7 (1985)
61. Kathryn Moss, The "Baby Doe" Legislation: Its Rise and Fall, 15 POL'Y STUD. J. 629, 641 (1987).
62. RENEE R. ANSPACH, DECIDING WHO LIVES: FATEFUL CHOICES IN THE INTENSIVE-CARE NURSERY 93-99 (1993).
63. Joy Hinson Penticuff, The Impact of the Child Abuse Amendments on Nursing Staff and Their Care of Handicapped Newborns, in COMPELLED COMPASSION, 112, at 267, 268.
64. JOHN M. RIDDLE, EVE'S HERBS: A HISTORY OF CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION IN THE WEST (1997).
65. KRISTIN LUKER, ABORTION AND THE POLITICS OF MOTHERHOOD 76-91 (1984)
66. Judith F. Daar, Selective Reduction of Multiple Pregnancy: Lifeboat Ethics in the Womb, 25 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 773, 812-15 (1992).
67. Ellen Wright Clayton, What the Law Says about Reproductive Genetic Testing and What It Doesn't, in WOMEN AND PRENATAL TESTING: FACING THE CHALLENGES OF GENETIC TECHNOLOGY 131, 131-78
68. BARBARA KATZ ROTHMAN, THE TENTATIVE PREGNANCY: PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND THE FUTURE OF MOTHERHOOD 86-115 (1986).
69. VlCKI IOVINE, THE GIRLFRIENDS' GUIDE TO PREGNANCY: OR EVERYTHING YOUR DOCTOR WON'T TELL YOU 87 (1995)
70. Note, Right to Recover for Prenatal Injuries, 44 YALE L.J. 1468 (1935),
71. Wendy F. Hensel, The Disabling Impact of Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life Actions, 40 HARV. C.R.-C.L. L. REV. 141, 150-62 (2005);
72. Daniel Park, Recent Case Developments, Third Circuit Bars Wrongful Life Claims Involving Genetically Defective Sperm Donation, 36 AM. J.L. & MED. 682, 682-85 (2010).
73. Sonia M. Suter, A Brave New World of Designer Babies?, 22 BERKELEY TECH. L.J. 897, 969 (2007).
74. Michael J. Malinowski, Choosing the Genetic Makeup of Children: Our Eugenics Past-Present, and Future?, 36 CONN. L. REV. 125 (2003).
75. JORGEN HABERMAS, THE FUTURE OF HUMAN NATURE 58-60 (William Rehg et al. trans., 2003);
76. MICHAEL J. SANDEL, THE CASE AGAINST PERFECTION: ETHICS IN THE AGE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 85-92 (2007).
77. ALLEN BUCHANAN ET AL., FROM CHANCE TO CHOICE: GENETICS AND JUSTICE 60 (2000).
78. RONALD DWORKIN, SOVEREIGN VIRTUE: THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EQUALITY 452 (2000).
79. Ronald M. Green, Parental Autonomy and the Obligation Not to Harm One's Child Genetically, 25 J. L. MED. & ETHICS 5, 9-10 (1997);
80. Bonnie Steinbock & Ron McClamrock, When Is Birth Unfair to the Child?, 24 HASTINGS CENTER REP. 15, 20 (1994).
81. Darpana M. Sheth, Better Off Unborn? An Analysis of Wrongful Birth and Wrongful Life Claims Under the Americans with Disabilities Act, 73 TENN. L. REV. 641 (2006)
82. Peter H. Schuck, Rethinking Informed Consent, 103 YALE L.J. 899, 959 (1994).
83. RUTH SCHWARTZ COWAN, HEREDITY AND HOPE: THE CASE FOR GENETIC SCREENING 226-27 (2008).
84. Judith L.M. McCoyd, "I'm Not a Saint": Burden Assessment as an Unrecognized Factor in Prenatal Decision Making, 18 QUALITATIVE HEALTH RES. 1489, 1492 (2008).
85. Nancy Press, Assessing the Expressive Character of Prenatal Testing: The Choices Made or the Choices Made Available?, in PRENATAL TESTING AND DISABILITY RIGHTSat 214, 226.
86. Barbara Katz Rothman, Prenatal Diagnosis, in ETHICAL ISSUES IN MODERN MEDICINE 379, 384-85 (John D. Arras & Bonnie Steinbock eds., 4th ed. 1995).
87. MARY DOUGLAS, PURITY AND DANGER: AN ANALYSIS OF CONCEPTS OF POLLUTION AND TABOO (1966);
88. ERVING GOFFMAN, STIGMA: NOTES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SPOILED IDENTITY (1963).
89. ROBERT A. BURT, TAKING CARE OF STRANGERS: THE RULE OF LAW IN DOCTOR-PATIENT RELATIONS 174-180 (1979)
90. MICHEL FOUCAULT, MADNESS AND CIVILIZATION: A HISTORY OF INSANITY IN THE AGE OF REASON 16 (Richard Howard trans., 1965).
91. John Bronsteen, Christopher Buccafusco & Jonathan S. Masur, Hedonic Adaptation and the Settlement of Civil Lawsuits, 108 COLUM. L. REV. 1516, 1526-35 (2008).
92. WAYLAND D. HAND, Deformity, Disease, and Physical Ailment as Divine Retribution, in MAGICAL MEDICINE: THE FOLKLORIC COMPONENT OF MEDICINE IN THE FOLK BELIEF, CUSTOM, AND RITUAL OF THE PEOPLES OF EUROPE AND AMERICA 57-64 (1980).
93. Leonard Kriegel, The Cripple in Literature, in IMAGES OF THE DISABLED, DISABLING IMAGES 31, 31-38 (Alan Gartner & Tom Joe eds., 1987).
94. HERBERT C. COVEY, SOCIAL PERCEPTIONS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES IN HISTORY 6-8 (1998).
95. ROBERT PROCTOR, RACIAL HYGIENE: MEDICINE UNDER THE NAZIS 131-222 (1985).
96. SANDER L. GlLMAN, DIFFERENCE AND PATHOLOGY: STEREOTYPES OF SEXUALITY, RACE, AND MADNESS 20 (1985)
97. LESLIE FIELDER, FREAKS: MYTHS AND IMAGES OF THE SECRET SELF 346-47 (1978).
98. MICHAEL FITZGERALD & BRENDAN O'BRIEN, GENIUS GENES: HOW ASPERGER TALENTS CHANGED THE WORLD (2007)
99. HENRI-JACQUES STIKER, A HISTORY OF DISABILITY (William Sayers trans., The University of Michigan Press rev. ed. 1999) (1982).
100. Timothy M. Cook, The Americans with Disabilities Act: The Move to Integration, 64 TEMP. L. REV. 393, 445-54 (1991).
101. Robert Bogdan & Steven J. Taylor, Relationships with Severely Disabled People: The Social Construction of Humanness, 36 SOC. PROBS. 135(1989).
102. JOSEPH P. SHAPIRO, NO PITY: PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES FORGING A NEW CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT 16-20 (1993).
103. Leslie A. Fiedler, The Tyranny of the Normal, 14 HASTINGS CENTER REP. 40, 41-42 (1984).
104. Nancy Weinberg, Another Perspective: Attitudes of Persons with Disabilities, in ATTITUDES TOWARD PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES 141, 142 (Harold E. Yuker ed., 1988).
105. SUSAN WENDELL, THE REJECTED BODY: FEMINIST PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTIONS ON DISABILITY 83 (1996).
106. Irwin Katz, R. Glen Hass & Joan Bailey, Attitudinal Ambivalence and Behavior Toward People with Disabilities, in ATTITUDES TOWARD PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, at 47, 47.
107. Marten Soder, Prejudice or Ambivalence? Attitudes Toward Persons with Disabilities, 5 DISABILITY, HANDICAP & Soc'Y 227, 236 (1990)
108. Samuel R. Bagenstos, The Future of Disability Law, 114 YALE L.J. 1, 10-23 (2004).
109. Matthew Diller, Dissonant Disability Policies: The Tensions Between the Americans with Disabilities Act and Federal Disability Benefit Programs, 76 TEX. L. REV. 1003, 1055-80 (1998).
110. MARK S. STEIN, DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND DISABILITY: UTILITARIANISM AGAINST EGALITARIANISM (2006)
111. Jonathan C. Drimmer, Comment, Cripples, Overcomers, and Civil Rights: Tracing the Evolution of Federal Legislation and Social Policy for People with Disabilities, 40 UCLA L. REV. 1341, 1409 (1993)
112. MARTHA MINOW, MAKING ALL THE DIFFERENCE: INCLUSION, EXCLUSION, AND AMERICAN LAW 50-78 (1990).
113. MARK KELMAN & GILLIAN LESTER, JUMPING THE QUEUE: AN INQUIRY INTO THE LEGAL TREATMENT OF STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITES 213-226 (1997).
114. Carlos A. Ball, Autonomy, Justice, and Disability, 47 UCLA L. REV. 599 (2000) (critiquing libertarian views of disability).
115. Melanie Klein, A Contribution to the Psychogenesis of Manic-Depressive States, in THE SELECTED MELANIE KLEIN 115, 143
116. Mary Crossley, Infants with Anencephaly, the ADA, and the Child Abuse Amendments, 11 ISSUES L. & MED. 379, 399-406 (1996).
117. Nancy K. Rhoden, Treatment Dilemmas for Imperiled Newborns: Why Quality of Life Counts, 58 S. CAL. L. REV. 1283, 1313-17 (1985)
118. JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN, ANNA FREUD & ALBERT J. SOLNIT, BEFORE THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 91 (1979)
119. Robyn S. Shapiro & Richard Barthel, Infant Care Review Committees: An Effective Approach to the Baby Doe Dilemma?, 37 HASTINGS L.J. 827 (1986).
120. Robert A. Burt, Authorizing Death for Anomalous Newborns, in GENETICS AND THE LAW 435
121. Robert H. Mnookin, Two Puzzles, 1984 ARIZ. ST. L.J. 667, 677-81;
122. Carl E. Schneider, Rights Discourse and Neonatal Euthanasia, 76 CALIF. L. REV. 151, 153-55(1988).
123. GUIDO CALABRESI & PHILIP BOBBITT, TRAGIC CHOICES 26 (1978).
124. GUIDO CALABRESI, A COMMON LAW FOR THE AGE OF STATUTES 172-81 (1982),
125. GUIDO CALABRESI, IDEALS, BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, AND THE LAW: PRIVATE LAW PERSPECTIVES ON A PUBLIC LAW PROBLEM 87-117 (1985),
126. Mier Dan-Cohen, Decision Rules and Conduct Rules: On Acoustic Separation in Criminal Law, 97 HARV. L. REV. 625 (1984).
127. Dorothy C. Wertz, Drawing Lines: Notes for Policymakers, in PRENATAL TESTING AND DISABILITY RIGHTS, at 261, 263-78.
128. Ronen Perry, It's a Wonderful Life, 93 CORNELL L. REV. 329 (2008)
129. Jennifer H. Yen, Is My Baby "Defective"? Fetal Genetic Testing as Part of a Public Health Care Plan, 36 SUFFOLK U. L. REV. 391, 395 (2003)
130. Eric Rakowski, Who Should Pay for Bad Genes, 90 CALIF. L. REV. 1345, 1408-12 (2002)
131. Angela M. Hannemann, A New Routine: Assisting Patients in Responding to Prenatal Diagnosis, 90 MARQ. L. REV. 337 (2006).
132. Michael J. Malinowski, Coming into Being: Law, Ethics, and the Practice of Prenatal Genetic Screening, 45 HASTINGS L.J. 1435, 1518-25 (1993)
133. Reginald L. Jones & Samuel Guskin, Attitudes and Attitude Change in Special Education, in ATTITUDES AND ATTITUDE CHANGE IN SPECIAL EDUCATION: THEORY AND PRACTICE 1,11
134. Mark C. Weber, The Transformation of the Education of the Handicapped Act: A Study in the Interpretation of Radical Statutes, 24 U.C. DAVIS L. REV. 349 (1990).
135. Ruth Colker, The Disability Integration Presumption: Thirty Years Later, 154 U. PA. L. REV. 789, 850-53 (2006).
136. Martha Minow, Confronting the Seduction of Choice: Law, Education, and American Pluralism, 120 YALE. L.J. 814, 843-48 (2011).
137. Scott F. Johnson, Reexamining Rowley: A New Focus in Special Education Law, 2003 BYU EDUC. & L.J. 561, 585,
138. Mark C. Weber, The IDEA Eligibility Mess, 57 BUFF. L. REV. 83, 153 (2009)
139. H. Rutherford Turnbull III, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Reauthorization: Accountability and Personal Responsibility, 26 REMEDIAL & SPECIAL EDUC. 320, 320 (2005)
140. Martha Minow, Choice or Commonality: Welfare and Schooling After the End of Welfare as We Knew It, 49 DUKE L.J. 494, 528 (1999).
141. Sue Goldstein et al., An Observational Analysis of the IEP Conference, 46 EXCEPTIONAL CHILD. 278 (1980).
142. ANN P. TURNBULL ET AL., FAMILIES, PROFESSIONALS, AND EXCEPTIONALITY: POSITIVE OUTCOMES THROUGH PARTNERSHIP AND TRUST (5th ed. 2005).
143. David M. Engel, Law, Culture, and Children with Disabilities: Educational Rights and the Construction of Difference, 1991 DUKEL.J. 166, 192-194.
144. Mark C. Weber, The Least Restrictive Environment Obligation as an Entitlement to Educational Services: A Commentary, 5 U.C. DAVIS J. Juv. L. & POL'Y 147, 158 (2001).
145. Kelly D. Thomason, Note, The Costs of a "Free" Education: The Impact of Schaffer v. Weast and Arlington v. Murphy on Litigation Under the IDEA, 57 DUKE L.J. 457, 485-86 (2007).
146. Richard V. Burkhauser & David C. Stapleton, A Review of the Evidence and Its Implications for Policy Change, in THE DECLINE IN EMPLOYMENT OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES: A POLICY PUZZLE 369 (David C. Stapleton & Richard V. Burkhauser eds., 2003).
147. Pamela S. Karlan & George Rutherglen, Disabilities, Discrimination, and Reasonable Accommodation, 46 DUKE L.J. 1 (1996).
148. Christine Jolls, Antidiscrimination and Accommodation, 115 HARV. L. REV. 642 (2001).
149. Patricia Rogan, Michael Callahan & David Hammis, Toward Full Citizenship: New Directions in Employment for People with Significant Disabilities, in MAKING THE DAY MATTER: PROMOTING TYPICAL LIFESTYLES FOR ADULTS WITH SIGNIFICANT DISABILITIES 35, 35
150. Matthew Diller, Judicial Backlash, the ADA, and the Civil Rights Model, 21 BERKELEY J. EMP. & LAB. L. 19, 48-51 (2000).
151. MARY JOHNSON, MAKE THEM Go AWAY: CLINT EASTWOOD, CHRISTOPHER REEVE & THE CASE AGAINST DISABILITY RIGHTS (2003).
152. Matthew Diller, Entitlement and Exclusion: The Role of Disability in the Social Welfare System, 44 UCLA L. REV. 361 (1996).
153. DAVID J. ROTHMAN, THE DISCOVERY OF THE ASYLUM: SOCIAL ORDER AND DISORDER IN THE NEW REPUBLIC (1971).
154. CHARLES E. DRUM ET AL., DISABILITY AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2009).
155. Bob Wright & Suzanne Wright, Founders' Message: A Message from Suzanne and Bob Wright, AUTISM SPEAKS, http://www.autismspeaks.org/ founders.php (last visited Sept. 19, 2011)
156. Lawrence O. Gostin, The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Corpus of Antidiscrimination Law: A Force for Change in the Future of Public Health Regulation, 3 HEALTH MATRIX 89 (1993).
157. Mary Crossley, Becoming Visible: The ADA 's Impact on Health Care for Persons with Disabilities, 52 ALA. L. REV. 51, 57-63 (2000).
158. Philip G. Peters, Jr., When Physicians Balk at Futile Care: Implications of the Disability Rights Laws, 91 Nw. U. L. REV. 798, 825-42 (1997).
159. PAUL K. LONGMORE, WHY I BURNED MY BOOK AND OTHER ESSAYS ON DISABILITY 149-74 (2003).
160. Carol M. Rose, Crystals and Mud in Property Law, 40 STAN. L. REV. 577(1988).