Are we worrying about the right men and are the right men feeling worried? conscious but not unconscious prostate anxiety predicts screening among men from three ethnic groups

American Journal of Men's Health

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2012, Pages 37-50

  Consedine, Nathan S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

anxiety; consciousness; disparities; emotion; ethnic subpopulations; prostate cancer; Stroop

Indexed keywords

PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CAUCASIAN; ETHNOLOGY; FEAR; HUMAN; JAMAICA; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PROSTATE TUMOR; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; ANXIETY; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEAR; HUMANS; JAMAICA; MALE; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; QUESTIONNAIRES; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84855607484     PISSN: 15579883     EISSN: 15579891     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1557988311415513     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Cancer facts and figures for African Americans,2003-2004. Atlanta, GA: Author; 2003:.
2. Algom D.,Chajut E.,Lev S.A rational look at the emotional Stroop phenomenon: A generic slowdown, not a Stroop effect.Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2004;133:323-338.
3. Andersen M. R.,Smith R.,Meischke H.,Bowen D.,Urban N.Breast cancer worry and mammography use by women with and without a family history in a population-based sample.Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2003;12:314-320.
4. Beebe-Dimmer J. L.,Wood D. J. J.,Gruber S. B.,Chilson D. M.,Zuhlke K. A.,Claeys G. B.,Cooney K. A.Risk perception and concern among brothers of men with prostate carcinoma.Cancer. 2004;100:1537-1544.
5. Blair I. V.,Urland G. R.,Ma J. E.Using internet search engines to estimate word frequency.Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers. 2002;34:286-290.
6. Brantley P. J.,O'Hea E. L.,Jones G.,Mehan D. J.The influence of income level and ethnicity on coping strategies.Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment. 2002;24:39-45.
7. Brown C. T.,O'Flynn E.,Van der Meulen J.,Newman S.,Mundy A. R.,Emberton M.The fear of prostate cancer in men with lower urinary tract symptoms: Should symptomatic men be screened?.BJU International. 2003;91 (1): 30-32.
8. Buchanan T. W.,Tranel D.,Adolphs R.Impaired memory retrieval correlates with individual differences in cortisol response but not autonomic response.Learning and Memory. 2006;13:382-387.
9. Carrigan M. H.,Drobes D. J.,Randall C. L.Attentional bias and drinking to cope with social anxiety.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2004;18:374-380.
10. Catalona W. J.,Loeb S.,Han M.Expanding prostate cancer screening.Annals of Internal Medicine. 2006;144:441-443.
11. Chan E. C. Y.,Vernon S. W.,Ahn C.,Greisinger A.Do men know that they have had a prostate-specific antigen test? Accuracy of self-reports of testing at 2 sites.American Journal of Public Health. 2004;94:1336-1338.
12. Concato J.,Wells C. K.,Horwitz R. I.,Penson D.,Fincke G.,Berlowitz D. R.,Peduzzi P.The effectiveness of screening for prostate cancer: A nested case-control study.Archives of Internal Medicine. 2006;166:38-43.
13. Consedine N. S.,Adjei B. A.,Horton D.,Joe A. K.,Borrell L. N.,Ramirez P. M.,Neugut A. I.Fear and loathing in the Caribbean: Three studies of fear and cancer screening in Brooklyn's immigrant Caribbean subpopulations.Infectious Agents and Cancer. 2009;4 (Suppl. 1): S14.
14. Consedine N. S.,Adjei B. A.,Ramirez P. M.,McKiernan J.An object lesson: Differences in source determine the relations that trait anxiety, prostate cancer worry, and fear of screening hold with prostate screening frequency.Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2008;17:1631-1639.
15. Consedine N. S.,Christie M. A.,Neugut A. I.Physician, affective, and cognitive variables differentially predict "initiation" versus "maintenance" PSA screening profiles in diverse groups of men.British Journal of Health Psychology. 2009;14:303-322.
16. Consedine N. S.,Horton D.,Ungar T.,Joe A.,Ramirez P.,Borrell L.Fear, knowledge and efficacy beliefs differentially predict the frequency of DRE versus PSA screening in ethnically diverse samples of older men.American Journal of Men's Health. 2007;1:29-43.
17. Consedine N. S.,Ladwig I.,Reddig M. K.,Broadbent E. A.The many faeces of colorectal cancer screening embarrassment: Preliminary psychometric development and links to screening outcome.British Journal of Health Psychology. 2011;16:559-579.
18. Consedine N. S.,Magai C.The uncharted waters of emotion: Ethnicity, trait emotion and emotion expression in older adults.Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. 2002;17:71-100.
19. Consedine N. S.,Magai C.,Conway F.Predicting ethnic variation in adaptation to later life: Styles of socioemotional functioning and constrained heterotypy.Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology. 2004;19:95-129.
20. Consedine N. S.,Magai C.,Horton D.,Brown W. M.The affective paradox: An emotion regulatory account of ethnic differences in self-reported anger.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2011;:.
21. Consedine N. S.,Magai C.,Krivoshekova Y. S.,Ryzewicz L.,Neugut A. I.Fear, anxiety, worry, and breast cancer screening behavior: A critical review.Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2004;13:501-510.
22. Consedine N. S.,Morgenstern A. H.,Kudadjie-Gyamfi E.,Magai C.,Neugut A. I.Prostate cancer screening behavior in men from seven ethnic groups: The fear factor.Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention. 2006;15:228-237.
23. Consedine N. S.,Moskowitz J. T.The role of discrete emotions in health outcomes: A critical review.Journal of Applied and Preventive Psychology. 2007;12:59-75.
24. Cormier L.,Valeri A.,Azzouzi R.,Fournier G.,Cussenot O.,Berthon P.,Mangin P.Worry and attitude of men in at-risk families for prostate cancer about genetic susceptibility and genetic testing.Prostate. 2002;51:276-285.
25. Dale W.,Bilir P.,Han M.,Meltzer D.The role of anxiety in prostate carcinoma.Cancer. 2005;104:467-478.
26. Drobes D. J.,Elibero A.,Evans D. E.Attentional bias for smoking and affective stimuli: A Stroop task study.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 2006;20:490-495.
27. Edelstein R. S.,Gillath O.Avoiding interference: Adult attachment and emotional processing biases.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 2008;34:171-181.
28. Essink-Bot M. L.,de Koning H. J.,Nijs H. G. T.,Kirkels W. J.,van der Maas P. J.,Schroder F. H.Short-term effects of population-based screening for prostate cancer on health-related quality of life.Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1998;90:925-931.
29. Etkin A.,Klemenhagen K. C.,Dudman J. T.,Rogan M. T.,Hen R.,Kandel E. R.,Hirsch J.Individual differences in trait anxiety predict the response of the basolateral amygdala to unconsciously processed fearful faces.Neuron. 2004;44:1043-1055.
30. Francis W. N.,Kucera H.Frequency analysis of English usage: Lexicon and grammar. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin; 1982:.
31. Gelfand D. E.,Parzuchowski J.,Cort M.,Powell I. J.Digital rectal examinations and prostate cancer screening: Attitudes of African American men.Oncology Nursing Forum. 1995;22:1253-1255.
32. Gonzalez J.,Consedine N. S.,McKiernan J. M.,Spencer B. A.Barriers to initiation and maintenance of PSA screening among African American and Afro-Caribbean men.Urology. 2008;180:2403-2408.
33. Gopaul-McNicol S.Ethnocultural perspectives on childrearing practices in the Caribbean.International Social Work. 1999;42:79-86.
34. Gross J. J.,John O. P.Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003;85:348-362.
35. Gudjonsson G. H.,Rutter S. C.,Clare I. C. H.The relationship between suggestibility and anxiety among suspects detained at police stations.Psychological Medicine. 1995;25:875-878.
36. Hall H. I.,Van Den Eeden S. K.,Tolsma D. D.,Rardin K.,Thompson T.,Sinclair A. H.,Nadel M.Testing for prostate and colorectal cancer: Comparison of self-report and medical record audit.Preventive Medicine. 2004;39:27-35.
37. Ilic D.,O'Connor D.,Green S.,Wilt T.Screening for prostate cancer: A Cochrane systematic review.Cancer Causes and Control. 2007;18:279-285.
38. Isaacowitz D. M.,Wadlinger H. A.,Goren D.,Wilson H. R.Selective preference in visual fixation away from negative images in old age? An eye tracking study.Psychology & Aging. 2006;21:40-48.
39. Jain E.,Labouvie-Vief G.Compensatory effects of emotion avoidance in adult development.Biological Psychology. 2010;84:497-513.
40. Jessop D. C.,Rutter D. R.,Sharma D.,Albery I. P.Emotion and adherence to treatment in people with asthma: An application of the emotional Stroop paradigm.British Journal of Psychology. 2004;95:127-147.
41. Jordan T. R.,Price J. H.,King K. A.,Masyk T.,Bedell A. W.The validity of male patients' self reports regarding prostate cancer screening.Preventive Medicine. 1999;28:297-303.
42. Kunkel E. J. S.,Meyer B.,Daskalakis C.,Cocroft J.,Jennings-Dozier K.,Meyers R. E.Behaviors used by men to protect themselves against prostate cancer.Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. 2004;13:78-86.
43. Lee D. J.,Consedine N. S.,Spencer B. S.Barriers and facilitators to digital rectal examination screening among African American and Afro-Caribbean men.Urology. 2011;77:891-898.
44. MacEfield R. C.,Metcalfe C.,Lane J. A.,Donovan J. L.,Avery K.N.L.,Blazeby J. M.,Vedhara K.Impact of prostate cancer testing: An evaluation of the emotional consequences of a negative biopsy result.British Journal of Cancer. 2010;102:1335-1340.
45. MacLeod C.,Hagan R.Individual differences in the selective processing of threatening information, and emotional responses to a stressful life event.Behavior Research and Therapy. 1992;30:151-161.
46. Madden T.,Barrett L.,Pietromonaco P.Gender an ectives. Fischer A., ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2000:211-231.
47. Magai C.,Cohen C.,Milburn N.,Thorpe B.,McPherson R.,Peralta D.Attachment styles in older European American and African American adults.Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences. 2001;56:S28-S35.
48. Magai C.,Consedine N. S.,Gillespie M.,O'Neal C.,Vilker R.The differential roles of early emotion socialization and adult attachment in adult emotional experience: Testing a mediator hypothesis.Attachment and Human Development. 2004;6:389-419.
49. Magai C.,Hunziker,Mesias W.,Culver L.C.Adult attachment styles and emotional biases.International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2000;24:301-309.
50. Matthews A. M.Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety.Behavior Research and Therapy. 1990;28:455-468.
51. Matthews A. M.,MacLeod C.Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states.Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1986;95:131-138.
52. McKenna F. P.,Sharma D.Intrusive cognitions: an investigation of the emotional Stroop task.Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1995;21:1595-1607.
53. Mickelson K. D.,Kessler R. C.,Shaver P. R.Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1997;73:1092-1106.
54. Myers R. E.,Wolf T. A.,McKee L.,McGrory G.,Burgh D. Y.,Nelson G. T.,Nelson G. A.Factors associated with intention to undergo annual prostate cancer screening among African American men in Philadelphia.Cancer. 1996;78:471-479.
55. Nijs H. G. T.,Essink-Bot M. L.,DeKoning H. J.,Kirkels W. J.,Schroder F. H.Why do men refuse or attend population-based screening for prostate cancer?.Journal of Public Health Medicine. 2000;22:312-316.
56. O'Malley A. S.,Kerner J.,Johnson A. E.,Mandelblatt J. S.Acculturation and breast cancer screening among Hispanic women in New York City.American Journal of Public Health. 1999;89:219-227.
57. Phaf R. H.,Kan K.-J.The automaticity of emotional Stroop: A meta-analysis.Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry. 2007;338:184-199.
58. Phillips A. A.,Jacobson J. S.,Magai C.,Consedine N. S.,Horowitz-Mehler N. C.,Neugut A. I.Cancer incidence and mortality in the Caribbean.Cancer Investigation. 2007;25:476-483.
59. Pinderhughes E. E.,Dodge K. A.,Bates J. E.,Pettit G. S.,Zelli A.Discipline responses: Influences of parents' socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress and cognitive-emotional processes.Journal of Family Psychology. 2000;14:380-400.
60. Roth A. J.,Nelson C. J.,Rosenfeld B.,Warshowski A.,O'Shea N.,Scher H.,Breitbart W.Assessing anxiety in men with prostate cancer: Further data on the reliability and validity of the Memorial Anxiety Scale for Prostate Cancer (MAX-PC).Psychosomatics. 2006;47:340-347.
61. Roumier X.,Azzouzi R.,Valeri A.,Guillemin F.,Fournier G.,Cussenot O.,Cormier L.Adherence to an annual PSA screening program over 3 years for brothers and sons of men with prostate cancer.European Urology. 2004;45:280-286.
62. Schmidley A. D.,Gordon C.Profile of the foreign-born population in the United States: 1997. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1999:.
63. Shelton J. B.,Barocas D. A.,Conway F.,Hart K.,Nelson K.,Richstone L.,Scherr D. S.Prostate-specific antigen screening in a high-risk population: Lessons from the community and how they relate to large-scale population-based studies.Urology. 2005;65:931-936.
64. Smith R. A.,Cokkinides V.,Eyre H. J.American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer, 2004.CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2004;54:41-52.
65. SpielbergerL. (1986). Preliminary manual for the State-Trait Personality Inventory (STPI). Unpublished manuscript, Tampa, FL.
66. Steele R. G.,Elliot V.,Phipps S.Race and health status as determinants of anger expression and adaptive style in children: Effects of stigmatization?.Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 2003;22:40-57.
67. Taylor K. L.,Shelby R.,Kerner J.,Redd W.,Lynch J.Impact of undergoing prostate carcinoma screening on prostate carcinoma-related knowledge and distress.Cancer. 2002;95:1037-1044.
68. Torta R.G.V.,Munari J.Psychological aspects of PSA testing.Nature Reviews Urology. 2009;6:513-515.
69. Waters A. J.,Shiffman S.,Sayette M. A.,Paty J. A.,Gwaltney C. J.,Balabanis M. H.Attentional bias predicts outcome in smoking cessation.Health Psychology. 2003;22:378-387.
70. Weinmann S.,Richert-Boe K. E.,Van Den Eeden S. K.,Enger S. M.,Rybicki B. A.,Shapiro J. A.,Weiss N. S.Screening by prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination in relation to prostate cancer mortality-A case-control study.Epidemiology. 2005;16:367-376.
71. Weinrich S. P.,Weinrich M. C.,Boyd M. D.,Atkinson C.The impact of prostate cancer knowledge on cancer screening.Oncology Nursing Forum. 1998;25:527-534.
72. White C. N.,Ratcliff R.,Vasey M. W.,McKoon G.Using diffusion models to understand clinical disorders.Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 2010;54:39-52.
73. Williams D. R.,González H. M.,Neighbors H.,Nesse R.,Abelson J. M.,Sweetman J.,Jackson J. S.Prevalence and distribution of major depressive disorder in African Americans, Caribbean blacks, and non-Hispanic whites: Results from the National Survey of American Life.Archives of General Psychiatry. 2007;64:305-315.
74. Williams D. R.,Lavizzo-Mourey R.,Warren R. C.The concept of race and health status in America.Public Health Reports. 1994;109:26-41.
75. Wingenfeld K.,Mensebach C.,Driessen M.,Bullig R.,Hartje W.,Beblo T.Attention bias towards personally relevant stimuli: The individual emotional Stroop task.Psychological Reports. 2006;99:781-793.
76. Wolf A. M. D.,Wender R. C.,Etzioni R. B.,Thompson I. M.,D'Amico A. V.,Volk R. J.,Smith R. A.American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of prostate cancer: update 2010.CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2010;60:70-98.