The uncharted waters of emotion: Ethnicity, trait emotion and emotion expression in older adults

Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 71-100

  Consedine, Nathan S ^a,b   Magai, Carol ^a  

^a LONG ISLAND UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Center for Studies of Ethnicity and Human Development   (United States)

Author keywords

Emotion; Emotion expression; Ethnicity; Health; Older adults

Indexed keywords

EID: 0002315655     PISSN: 01693816     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1014838920556     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Althausen, L. (1996). Russian families. In M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano & J. K. Pearce (eds), Ethnicity and family therapy, 2nd edn. (pp. 680-687). New York: Guilford.
2. Alvidrez, J., Azocar, F. & Miranda, J. (1996). Demystifying the concept of ethnicity for psychotherapy researchers, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64: 903-908.
3. Averill, J. R., Opton, E. M. Jnr. & Lazarus, R. S. (1969). Cross-cultural studies of psychophysiological responses during stress and emotion, International Journal of Psychology 4: 82-102.
4. Bach, P. B., Cramer, L. D., Warren, J. L. & Begg, C. B. (1999). Racial differences in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer, The New England Journal of Medicine 341: 1198-1205.
5. Barrick, C. B. (1999). Sad, glad or mad hearts? Epidemiological evidence for a causal relationship between mood disorders and coronary heart disease, Journal of Affective Disorders 53: 193-201.
6. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority, Developmental Psychology Monograph 4: Part 2.
7. Bernard, M. A. & Lampley-Dallas, V. (1997). Common health problems among minority elders, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 97: 771-776.
8. Betancourt, H. & Lopez, S. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology, American Psychologist 48: 629-637.
9. Booth-Kewley, S. & Friedman, H. S. (1987). Psychological predictors of heart disease: A quantitative review, Psychological Bulletin 101: 343-362.
10. Brent, J. E. & Callwood, G. B. (1993). Culturally relevant psychiatric care: The West Indian as a client, Journal of Black Psychology 19: 290-302.
11. Brice, J. (1992). West-Indian families. In M. McGoldrick, J. K. Pearce & J. Giordano (eds), Ethnicity and family therapy (pp. 123-133). NY: Guilford Press.
12. Brigham, J., Henningfield, J. E. & Stitzer, M. E. (1991). Smoking relapse: A review, International Journal of the Addictions 25: 1239-1255.
13. Brody, G. H. & Flor, D. E. (1998). Maternal resources, parenting practices, and child competence in rural, single-parent African American families, Child Development 69: 803-816.
14. Burney, J. & Irwin, H. J. (2000). Shame and guilt in women with eating disorder symptomatology, Journal of Clinical Psychology 56: 51-61.
15. Carmody, T. P. (1989). Affect regulation, nicotine addiction, and smoking cessation, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 21: 331-342.
16. Connell, C. M. & Gibson, G. D. (1997). Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in dementia caregiving: A review and analysis, The Gerontologist 37: 355-364.
17. Consedine, N. S., Magai, C. & Bonanno, G. A. (in press). Moderators of the emotion inhibition-health relationship: A review and research agenda, Review of General Psychology.
18. Consedine, N. S., Magai, C., Cohen, C. & Gillespie, M. (in press). Ethnie variation in the impact of negative emotion and emotion inhibition on the health of older adults, Journals of Gerontology.
19. Cooney, N. L., Litt, M. D., Morse, P. A. & Bauer, L. O. (1997). Alcohol cue reactivity, negative-mood reactivity, and relapse in treated alcoholic men, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106: 243-250.
20. Cooper, C. L. & Faragher, E. B. (1992). Coping strategies and breast disorders/cancer, Psychological Medicine 22: 447-455.
21. Cooper, C. E. & Faragher, E. B. (1993). Psychosocial stress and breast cancer: The interrelationship between stress events, coping strategies and personality, Psychological Medicine 23: 653-662.
22. Deater-Deckard, K., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E. & Pettit, G. S. (1996). Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Einks to children's externalizing behaviors, Developmental Psychology 32: 1065-1072.
23. Dilworth-Anderson, P. (1997). Emotional well-being in adult and later late among African Americans: A cultural and socioculturel perspective. In K. W. Schaie & M. P. Eawton (eds), Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics 17: 282-303.
24. Donker, F. J. S. (2000). Cardiac rehabilitiation: A review of current developments, Clinical Psychology Review 20: 923-943.
25. Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1971). Constants across cultures in the face and emotion, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 17: 124-129.
26. Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. & Ellsworth, P. C. E. (1972). Emotion in the human face. New York: Pergamon Press.
27. Eysenck, H. J. (1985). Personality, cancer, and cardiovascular disease: A causal analysis, Personality and Individual Differences 6: 535-556.
28. Eysenck, H. J. (1988). The respective importance of personality, cigarette smoking and interaction effects for the genesis of cancer and coronary heart disease, Personality and Individual Differences 9: 453-464.
29. Eysenck, H. J. (1991). Smoking, personality, and stress: Psychosocial factors in the prevention of cancer and coronary heart disease. New York: Springer-Verlag.
30. Eysenck, H. J. (1994). Cancer, personality and stress: Prediction and prevention, Advances in Behavior Research and Therapy 16: 167-215.
31. Farran, C. J., Miller, B. H., Kaufman, J. E. & Davis, E. (1997). Race, finding meaning, and caregiver distress, Journal of Aging and Health 9: 316-333.
32. Fawzy, F. L, Cousins, N. Fawzy, N. W., Kemeny, M. E., Elashoff, R. & Morton, D. (1991a). A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients I: Changes over time in methods of coping and affective disturbance, Archives of General Pyschiatry 47: 720-725.
33. Fawzy, F. L, Kemeny, M. E., Fawzy, N. W., Elashoff, R. & Morton, D. Cousins, N. (1991b). A structured psychiatric intervention for cancer patients II: Changes over time in immunological measures, Archives of General Psychiatry 47: 729-735.
34. Fawzy, F., Fawzy, N., Hyun, C., Elashoff, R., Guthrie, D., Fahey, J. & Morton, D. (1993). Malignant melanoma: Effects of an early structured psychiatric intervention: Coping and affective state on recurrence, and survival 6 years later, Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 681-689.
35. Fitzpatrick, T. R. & Van Tran, T. (November 1999). Bereavement and health among different race and age groups. A paper presented at the Gerontological Society of America. San Francisco.
36. Gallo, J. J., Cooper-Patrick, L. & Lesikar, S. (1998). Depressive symptoms of Whites and African Americans aged 60 years and older, Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 53B: P277-P286.
37. Giovino, G. A. (1999). Epidemiology of tobacco use among US adolescents, Nicotine and Tobacco Research 1: S31-S40.
38. Glassman, A. H. & Shapiro, P. A. (1998). Depression and the course of coronary heart disease, American Journal of Psychiatry 155: 4-11.
39. Glick, D. (1995). Reflections of the Holocaust, Pastoral Psychology 44: 13-27.
40. Gopaul-McNicol, S. (1993). Working with West Indian families. New York, Guilford.
41. Gopaul-McNicol, S. (1999). Ethnocultural perspectives on childrearing practices in the Caribbean, International Social Work 42: 79-86.
42. Greer, S., & Morris, T. (1975). Psychological attirbutes of women who develop breast cancer: A controlled study, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 19: 147-153.
43. Grilo, C. M., Shiffman, S. & Wing, R. R. (1989). Relapse crises and coping among dieters, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 57: 488-495.
44. Gross, J. J. (1989). Emotional expression in cancer onset and progression, Social Science and Medicine 28: 1239-1248.
45. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review, Review of General Psychology 2: 271-299.
46. Gross, J. J., Carstensen, E. E., Pasupathi, M., Tsai, J., Goetestam Skorpen, C. & Hsu, A. Y. C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression, and control, Psychology and Aging 12: 590-599.
47. Gross, J. J. & Eevenson, R. W. (1993). Emotional suppression: Physiology, self-report, and expressive behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64: 970-986.
48. Gross, J. J. & Eevenson, R. W. (1997). Hiding feelings: The acute effects of inhibiting negative and positive emotion, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106: 95-103.
49. Grossarth-Maticek, R., Bastiaans, J. & Kanazir, D. T. (1985). Psychosocial factors as strong predictors of mortality from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: The Yugoslav prospective study, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 29: 167-176.
50. Grossarth-Maticek, R., Kanazier, D. T., Schmidt, P. & Vetter, H. (1982). Psychosomatic factors in the process of carcinogenesis: Theoretical models and empirical results, Psychological & Psychosomatics 38: 284-302.
51. Hallstrom, T., Eapidus, E., Bengtsson, C. & Edstrom, K. (1986). Psychosocial factors and the risk of ischaemic heart disease and death in women: A twelve-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 30: 451-459.
52. Hochschild, A. S. ( 1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure, American Journal of Sociology 85: 551-575.
53. Hochschild, A. R. (1983). The managed heart: Commercialization of human feeling. Berkeley: University of California Press.
54. Hughes, S. E., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Weaver, F. M., Kubal, J. D. & Henderson, W. (1999). Relationship between caregiver burden and health related quality of life, The Gerontologist 39: 534-545.
55. Izard, C. E. (1972). Patterns of emotions: A new synthesis of anxiety and depression. New York: Academic Press.
56. Izard, C. E. (1978). Emotions as motivations: An evolutionary-developmental perspective, Nebraska Symposia on Motivation 26: 163-200.
57. Izard, C. E. (1991). The psychology of emotions. New York: Plenum Press.
58. ohnson, K. R. S. (1998). Ethnocultural influences in cancer, Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 5: 357-364.
59. Kelty, M. F., Huffman, R. R. Ill, Ory, M. G., Harden, J. T. (2000). Behavioral and socioculturel aspects of aging, ethnicity and health. In R. M. Eisler & M. Hersen (eds), Handbook of gender, culture, and health (pp. 139-158). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
60. Kitayama, S. & Markus, H. R. (eds) (1994). Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
61. Kubzanksy, E. D. & Kawachi, I. (2000). Going to the heart of the matter: Do negative emotions cause coronary heart disease, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 48: 323-337.
62. Lawton, M. P., Kleban, M. H. & Dean, J. (1993). Affect and age: Cross-sectional comparisons of structure and prevalence, Psychology and Aging 8: 165-175.
63. Lawton, M. P., Rajagopal, D., Brody, E. & Kleban, M. H. (1992). The dynamics of caregiving for a demented elder among Black and White families, Journals of Gerontology 47: S156-S164.
64. LaVeist, T. A. (1994). Beyond dummy variables and sample selection: What health services researchers need to know about race as a variable, Health Services Research 29: 1-16.
65. LeMarchand, E. (1991). Ethnic variation in breast cancer survival: A review, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 18: S119-S126.
66. Leventhal, H., Patrick-Miller, E., Eeventhal, E. A. & Burns, E. A. (1998). Does stress-emotion cause illness in elderly people? In K. W. Schaie & M.P. Eawton (eds), Annual review of gerontology and geriatric (Vol. 17): Focus on emotion and adult development (pp. 138-184). New York: Springer.
67. Lille-Blanton, M. & EaVeist, T. (1996). Race/ethnicity, the social environment and health, Social Science Medicine 43: 83-91.
68. Lutz, C. (1987). Goals, events, and understanding in Ifalaluk emotion theory. In N. Quinn & D. Holland (eds), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 290-312). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
69. Lutz, C. (1990). Engendered emotion: Gender, power and the rhetoric of emotional control in American discourse. In C. Lutz & L. Abu-Eughod (eds), Language and the politics of emotion (pp. 69-91). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
70. Lutz, C. & White, G.M.E. (1986). The anthropology of emotion, Annual Review of Anthropology 15: 405-436.
71. Maccoby, E. E. & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In P. H. Mussen (ed.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. IV, pp. 1-102). NY: Wiley.
72. Magai, C., Cohen, C., Milburn, N., Thorpe, B., McPherson, R. & Peralta, D. (2001). Attachment styles in older European American and African American adults, Journal of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 56B: S28-S35.
73. Margonoff, P. P. & Folwarski, J. (1996). Russian/Ukrainian families: An overview. In M. McGoldrick, J. Giordano & J. K. Pearce (eds), Ethnicity and family therapy 2nd edn. (pp. 658-672). New York: Guilford.
74. Markides, K. S., & Machalek, R. (1984). Selective survival, aging, and society, Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 3: 207-222.
75. Matsumoto, D. (1993). Ethnic differences in affect intensity, emotion judgments, display rule attitudes and self-reported emotional expression in an American sample, Motivation and Emotion 17: 107-123.
76. Mayne, T. J. (1999). Negative affect and health: The importance of being earnest, Cognition and Emotion 13: 601-635.
77. McConatha, J. T., Lightner, E. & Deaner, S. L. (1994). Culture, age, and gender as variables in the expression of emotions, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 9: 481-88.
78. McGroder, S. M. (2000). Parenting among low-income African American single mothers with preschool-age children: Patterns, predictors, and developmental correlates, Child Development 71: 752-771.
79. Mesquita, B. & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotion: A review, Psychological Bulletin 112: 179-204.
80. Mesquita, B., Frijda, N. H. & Scherer, K. R. (1997). Culture and emotion. In J. W. Berry & P. R. Dasen (eds), Handbook of Cross-cultural Psychology (vol. 2): Basic processes and human development, 2nd edn. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
81. Meyerowitz, B. E., Richardson, J., Hudson, S. & Eeedham, B. (1998). Ethnicity and cancer outcomes: Behavioral and psychosocial considerations, Psychological Bulletin 123: 47-70.
82. Miller, B. A., Gloeckler Ries, E. A., Hankey, B. F., Kosary, C. E., Harras, A., Devesa, S. S. & Edwards, B. K. (eds) (1993). SEER cancer statistics review 1973-1990. National Institutes of Health Publication No. 93-2789. Bethesda, MD: US Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, and National Cancer Institute.
83. Morris, T., Greer, S., Pettingale, K. W. & Watson, M. (1981). Patterns of expression of anger and their psychological correlates in women with breast cancer, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 25: 111-117.
84. Musselman, D. E., Evans, D. E. & Nemeroff, C. B. (1998). The relationship of depression to cardiovascular disease: Epidemiology, biology, and treatment, Archives of General Psychiatry 55: 580-592.
85. Myers, H. F., Kagawa-Singer, M., Kumanyika, S. K., Eex, B. W. & Markides, K. S. (1995). Panel III: Behavioral risk factors related to chronic diseases in ethnic minorities, Health Psychology 14: 613-621.
86. Okwumabua, J. O., Baker, F. M., Wong, S. P. & Pilgram, B. O. (1997). Characteristics of depressive symptoms in elderly urban and rural African Americans, Journals of Gerontology 52A: M241-M246.
87. Ortony, A., Clore, G. E. & Collins, A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
88. Ortony, A. & Turner, T. J. (1990). What's basic about basic emotions? Psychological Review 97:315-311.
89. Payne, M. A. (1989). Use and abuse of corporal punishment: A Caribbean view, Child Abuse and Neglect 13: 389-401.
90. Pinderhughes, E. E., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S. & Zelli, A. (2000). Discipline responses: Influences of parents' socioeconomic status, ethnicity, beliefs about parenting, stress, and cognitive-emotional processes, Journal of Family Psychology 14: 380-400.
91. Plasky, P. & Eorion, R. P. (1984). Demographic parameters of self-disclosure to psychodisclosure to psychotherapists and others, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 21: 483-490.
92. Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A Psychoevolutionary synthesis. New York: Harper & Row. Plutchik, R. (1982). A psychoevolutionary theory of emotions, Social Science Information 21: 529-553.
93. Plutchik, R. (1994). The psychology and biology of emotion. New York: Harper Collins College.
94. Prot, K. (2000). Eate effects of early trauma: The psychological problems of "Children of the Holocaust" and "Sybiracs", Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 2: 39-46.
95. Rozin, P., Lowery, L., Imada, S. & Haidt, J. (1999). The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity), Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 76: 574-586.
96. Sanders-Phillips, K. (1996). Correlates of health promotion behaviors in low-income Black women and Latinas, American Journal of Preventative Medicine 12: 450-458.
97. Sanders-Phillips, K. (1999). Ethnic minority women, health behaviors, and drug abuse: A continuum of psychosocial risks. In M. D. Glantz & C. R. Hartel (eds), Drug abuse: Origins and interventions (pp. 191-217). Washington, DC: APA Press.
98. Schmolling, P. (1984). Human reactions to the Nazi concentration camps: A summing up, Journal of Human Stress 10: 108-120.
99. Schwartzman, J. B. & Glaus, K. D. (2000). Depression and coronary heart disease in women: Implications for clinical practice and research, Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 31: 48-57.
100. Shirom, A., Westman, M., Shamai, O. & Carel, R. S. (1997). Effects of work overload and burnout on cholesterial and triglycerides levels: The moderating effects of emotional reactivity among male and female employees, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 2: 275-288.
101. Smith, R. H. (2000). Assimilative and contrastive emotional reactions to upward and downward social comparisons. In J. Suis & Wheeler (eds), Handbook of social comparison: Theory and research (pp. 173-200). New York: Kluwer Academic.
102. Slice, E. (1998). Relations of restraint and negative affect to bulimic pathology: A longitudinal test of three competing models, International Journal of Eating Disorders 23: 243-260.
103. Straus, M. A. (1979). Measuring intrafamily conflict and violence, Journal of Marriage and the Family 41: 75-88.
104. Temoshok, E. (1987). Personality, coping style, emotion, and cancer: Towards an integrative model, Cancer Surveys 6: 544-567.
105. Temoshok, E. (1993). Emotions and health outcomes: Some theoretical and methodological considerations. In H. C. Traue and J. W. Pennebaker (eds), Emotion, inhibition and health (pp. 247-256). Seattle: Hogrefe & Huber.
106. Tomkins, S. S. (1962). Affect, imagery, consciousness: Vol. 1. The positive affects. New York: Springer.
107. Tomkins, S. S. (1963). Affect, imagery, conscousness: Vol. 2. The negative affects. New York: Springer.
108. Tran, T. V. (1997). Ethnicity, gender, and social stress among three groups of elderly Hispanics, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 12: 341-356.
109. Tran, T. V., Fitzpatrick, T., Berg, W. R. & Wright, R. Jnr. (1996). Acculturation, health, stress, and psychological distress among elderly Hispanics, Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology 11: 149-165.
110. Tran, T. V., Wright, R. & Chatters, E. (1991). Health, stress, psychological resources, and subjective well-being among older Blacks, Psychology and Aging 6: 100-108.
111. Trimble, J. E. (1991). Ethnic specification, validation prospects, and the future of drug use research, International Journal of the Addictions 25: 149-170.
112. Watson, M., Pettingale, K. W. & Greer, S. (1984). Emotional control and autonomie arousal in breast cancer patients, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 28: 467-474.
113. Wielgosz, A. T. & Nolan, R. P. (2000). Biobehavioral factors in the context of ischemic cardiovascular disorders, Journal of Psycosomatic Research 48: 339-345.
114. Wierzbicka, A. ( 1992). Sematics, culture and cognition: Universal human concepts in culturespecific configurations. New York: Oxford University Press.
115. Wierzbicka, A. (1998). Russian emotional expression, Ethos 26: 456-486.
116. Wierzbicka, A. (1999). Emotions across languages and cultures: Diversity and universals. Paris: Cambridge University Press.
117. Wills, T. A., Sandy, J. M., Shinar, O. & Yaeger, A. (1999). Contributions of positive and negative affect of adolescent substance use: Test of a bidimensional model in a longitudinal study, Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 13: 327-338.
118. Yee, B. W. K., Castro, F. G., Hammond, W. R., John, R. & Wyatt, G. E. (1995). Panel IV: Risk-taking and abusive behaviors among ethnic minorities, Health Psychology 14: 622-631.
119. Young, V. H. (1974). A Black American socialization pattern, American Ethnologist 1: 415-431.
120. Young, V. H. (1979). Family and childhood in southern Negro community, American Anthropologist 72: 269-288.
121. Zambrana, R. E., Breen, N., Fox, S. A. & Gutierrez-Mohamed, M. E. (1999). Use of cancer screening by Hispanic women: Analyses by subgroup, Preventative Medicine: An International Journal Devoted to Practice and Theory 29: 466-477.