Human brain evolution writ large and small

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 195, Issue , 2012, Pages 237-254

  Sherwood, Chet C ^a   Bauernfeind, Amy L ^a   Bianchi, Serena ^a   Raghanti, Mary Ann ^b   Hof, Patrick R ^c,d  

^a GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b KENT STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d NEW YORK CONSORTIUM IN EVOLUTIONARY PRIMATOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Chimpanzee; Cortical area; Great ape; Pyramidal neuron

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BRAIN; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN NERVE CELL; BRAIN SIZE; CELL STRUCTURE; CEREBELLUM; COGNITION; CORPUS STRIATUM; DENDRITE; FACIAL NERVE NUCLEUS; GRAY MATTER; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; HYPOGLOSSAL NUCLEUS; LANGUAGE; LOCUS CERULEUS; MEDULLA OBLONGATA; MESENCEPHALON; NEUROANATOMICAL TRACT TRACING; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOLOGY; THALAMUS; TRIGEMINAL MOTOR NUCLEUS; VISUAL CORTEX; WHITE MATTER;

EID: 84855481801     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: 18757855     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53860-4.00011-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (149)

1. Aiello L.C., Wheeler P. The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology 1995, 36:199-211.
2. Allman J.M., Tetreault N.A., Hakeem A.Y., Manaye K.F., Semendeferi K., Erwin J.M., et al. The von Economo neurons in frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex in great apes and humans. Brain Structure & Function 2010, 214:495-517.
3. Allman J.M., Tetreault N.A., Hakeem A.Y., Manaye K.F., Semendeferi K., Erwin J.M., et al. The von Economo neurons in the frontoinsular and anterior cingulate cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2011, 1225:59-71.
4. Amunts K., Schleicher A., Burgel U., Mohlberg H., Uylings H.B., Zilles K. Broca's region revisited: Cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. The Journal of Comparative Neurolology 1999, 412:319-341.
5. Arnold A.P., Breedlove S.M. Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids on brain and behavior: A reanalysis. Hormones and Behavior 1985, 19:469-498.
6. Attwell D., Laughlin S.B. An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2001, 21:1133-1145.
7. Azevedo F.A., Carvalho L.R., Grinberg L.T., Farfel J.M., Ferretti R.E., Leite R.E., et al. Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2009, 513:532-541.
8. Barrickman N.L., Bastian M.L., Isler K., van Schaik C.P. Life history costs and benefits of encephalization: A comparative test using data from long-term studies of primates in the wild. Journal of Human Evolution 2008, 54:568-590.
9. Barth J., Reaux J.E., Povinelli D.J. Chimpanzees' (Pan troglodytes) use of gaze cues in object-choice tasks: Different methods yield different results. Animal Cognition 2005, 8:84-92.
10. Barton R.A. Binocularity and brain evolution in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:10113-10115.
11. Barton R.A., Capellini I. Maternal investment, life histories, and the costs of brain growth in mammals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:6169-6174.
12. Benavides-Piccione R., DeFelipe J. Distribution of neurons expressing tyrosine hydroxylase in the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Anatomy 2007, 211:212-222.
13. Beran M.J., Evans T.A. Maintenance of delay of gratification by four chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): The effects of delayed reward visibility, experimenter presence, and extended delay intervals. Behavioural Processes 2006, 73:315-324.
14. Boesch C. Aspects of transmission of tool-use in wild chimpanzees. Tools, language and cognition in human evolution 1993, 171-183. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. K.R. Gibson, T. Ingold (Eds.).
15. Boyd R., Richerson P.J., Henrich J. Colloquium Paper: The cultural niche: Why social learning is essential for human adaptation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108(Suppl. 2):10918-10925.
16. Briand L.A., Gritton H., Howe W.M., Young D.A., Sarter M. Modulators in concert for cognition: Modulator interactions in the prefrontal cortex. Progress in Neurobiology 2007, 83:69-91.
17. Brodal P. The corticopontine projection in the rhesus monkey. Origin and principles of organization. Brain 1978, 101:251-283.
18. Brüne M., Schobel A., Karau R., Benali A., Faustmann P.M., Juckel G., et al. Von Economo neuron density in the anterior cingulate cortex is reduced in early onset schizophrenia. Acta Neuropathologica 2010, 119:771-778.
19. Brüne M., Schobel A., Karau R., Faustmann P.M., Dermietzel R., Juckel G., et al. Neuroanatomical correlates of suicide in psychosis: The possible role of von economo neurons. PloS One 2011, 6:e20936.
20. Bush E.C., Allman J.M. The scaling of white matter to gray matter in cerebellum and neocortex. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2003, 61:1-5.
21. Bush E.C., Allman J.M. The scaling of frontal cortex in primates and carnivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:3962-3966.
22. Butti C., Hof P.R. The insular cortex: A comparative perspective. Brain Structure & Function 2010, 214:477-493.
23. Butti C., Raghanti M.A., Sherwood C.C., Hof P.R. The neocortex of cetaceans: Cytoarchitecture and comparison with other aquatic and terrestrial species. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2011, 1225:47-58.
24. Butti C., Sherwood C.C., Hakeem A.Y., Allman J.M., Hof P.R. Total number and volume of Von Economo neurons in the cerebral cortex of cetaceans. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2009, 515:243-259.
25. Byrne R.W., Whiten A. Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans 1988, Clarendon Press, Oxford.
26. Caceres M., Lachuer J., Zapala M.A., Redmond J.C., Kudo L., Geschwind D.H., et al. Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2003, 100:13030-13035.
27. Changizi M.A. Principles underlying mammalian neocortical scaling. Biological Cybernetics 2001, 84:207-215.
28. Chugani H.T., Phelps M.E. Maturational changes in cerebral function in infants determined by 18FDG positron emission tomography. Science 1986, 231:840-843.
29. Collins C.E., Airey D.C., Young N.A., Leitch D.B., Kaas J.H. Neuron densities vary across and within cortical areas in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:15927-15932.
30. Craig A.D. Forebrain emotional asymmetry: A neuroanatomical basis?. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2005, 9:566-571.
31. Craig A.D. How do you feel-Now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2009, 10:59-70.
32. Craig I.W., Halton K.E. Genetics of human aggressive behaviour. Human Genetics 2009, 126:101-113.
33. de Sousa A.A., Sherwood C.C., Mohlberg H., Amunts K., Schleicher A., MacLeod C.E., et al. Hominoid visual brain structure volumes and the position of the lunate sulcus. Journal of Human Evolution 2010, 58:281-292.
34. de Sousa A.A., Sherwood C.C., Schleicher A., Amunts K., MacLeod C.E., Hof P.R., et al. Comparative cytoarchitectural analyses of striate and extrastriate areas in hominoids. Cerebral Cortex 2010, 20:966-981.
35. Deaner R.O., Barton R.A., van Schaik C.P. Primate brains and life histories: Renewing the connection. Primate life histories and socioecology 2002, 233-265. Univeristy of Chicago Press, Chicago. P.M. Kappeler, M.E. Pereira (Eds.).
36. Donaldson Z.R., Young L.J. Oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurogenetics of sociality. Science 2008, 322:900-904.
37. Dorus S., Vallender E.J., Evans P.D., Anderson J.R., Gilbert S.L., Mahowald M., et al. Accelerated evolution of nervous system genes in the origin of Homo sapiens. Cell 2004, 119:1027-1040.
38. Elston G.N. Pyramidal cells of the frontal lobe: All the more spinous to think with. Journal of Neuroscience 2000, 20:RC95.
39. Elston G.N. Cortex, cognition and the cell: New insights into the pyramidal neuron and prefrontal function. Cerebral Cortex 2003, 13:1124-1138.
40. Elston G.N., Benavides-Piccione R., DeFelipe J. The pyramidal cell in cognition: A comparative study in human and monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 2001, 21:RC163.
41. Elston G.N., Benavides-Piccione R., Elston A., Zietsch B., DeFelipe J., Manger P., et al. Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: Implications for cognitive processing. The Anatomical Record 2006, 288:26-35.
42. Enard W., Przeworski M., Fisher S.E., Lai C.S., Wiebe V., Kitano T., et al. Molecular evolution of FOXP2, a gene involved in speech and language. Nature 2002, 418:869-872.
43. Evans P.D., Anderson J.R., Vallender E.J., Gilbert S.L., Malcom C.M., Dorus S., et al. Adaptive evolution of ASPM, a major determinant of cerebral cortical size in humans. Human Molecular Genetics 2004, 13:489-494.
44. Evans T.A., Beran M.J. Chimpanzees use self-distraction to cope with impulsivity. Biology Letters 2007, 3:599-602.
45. Evans T.A., Beran M.J. Delay of gratification and delay maintenance by rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The Journal of General Psychology 2007, 134:199-216.
46. Fajardo C., Escobar M.I., Buritica E., Arteaga G., Umbarila J., Casanova M.F., et al. Von Economo neurons are present in the dorsolateral (dysgranular) prefrontal cortex of humans. Neuroscience Letters 2008, 435:215-218.
47. Falk D., Redmond J.C., Guyer J., Conroy C., Recheis W., Weber G.W., et al. Early hominid brain evolution: A new look at old endocasts. Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 38:695-717.
48. Friederici A.D., Bahlmann J., Heim S., Schubotz R.I., Anwander A. The brain differentiates human and non-human grammars: Functional localization and structural connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:2458-2463.
49. Fu X., Giavalisco P., Liu X., Catchpole G., Fu N., Ning Z.B., et al. Rapid metabolic evolution in human prefrontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011, 108:6181-6186.
50. Fukuda T., Takahashi J., Tanaka J. Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons are decreased in number in the cerebral cortex of Parkinson's disease. Neuropathology 1999, 19:10-13.
51. Galaburda A., Sanides F. Cytoarchitectonic organization of the human auditory cortex. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1980, 190:597-610.
52. Geschwind N., Levitsky W. Human brain: Left-right asymmetries in temporal speech region. Science 1968, 161:186-187.
53. Gilbert S.L., Dobyns W.B., Lahn B.T. Genetic links between brain development and brain evolution. Nature Reviews Genetics 2005, 6:581-590.
54. Glezer I.I. Area relationships in the precentral region in a comparative-anatomical series of primates. Arkhiv anatomii, gistologii i émbriologii 1958, 2:26.
55. Glickstein M., May J.G., Mercier B.E. Corticopontine projection in the macaque: The distribution of labelled cortical cells after large injections of horseradish peroxidase in the pontine nuclei. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1985, 235:343-359.
56. Hakeem A.Y., Sherwood C.C., Bonar C.J., Butti C., Hof P.R., Allman J.M. Von Economo neurons in the elephant brain. The Anatomical Record 2009, 292:242-248.
57. Hauser M.D., Chomsky N., Fitch W.T. The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve?. Science 2002, 298:1569-1579.
58. Herculano-Houzel S. Brains matter, bodies maybe not: The case for examining neuron numbers irrespective of body size. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2011, 1225:191-199.
59. Herrmann E., Call J., Hernandez-Lloreda M.V., Hare B., Tomasello M. Humans have evolved specialized skills of social cognition: The cultural intelligence hypothesis. Science 2007, 317:1360-1366.
60. Hill J., Inder T., Neil J., Dierker D., Harwell J., Van Essen D. Similar patterns of cortical expansion during human development and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:13135-13140.
61. Hof P.R., Van der Gucht E. Structure of the cerebral cortex of the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Balaenopteridae). The Anatomical Record 2007, 290:1-31.
62. Holloway R.L. Brain size, allometry, and reorganization: Toward a synthesis. Development and evolution of brain size: Behavioral implications 1979, 59-88. Academic Press, New York. M.E. Hahn, C. Jensen, B.C. Dudek (Eds.).
63. Holloway R.L. Toward a synthetic theory of human brain evolution. Origins of the human brain 1996, 42-54. Clarendon Press, Oxford. J.P. Changeux, J. Chavaillon (Eds.).
64. Holloway R.L. Brief communication: How much larger is the relative volume of area 10 of the prefrontal cortex in humans?. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2002, 118:399-401.
65. Holloway R.L., Broadfield D.C., Yuan M.S. The human fossil record. Brain endocasts-The paleoneurological evidence 2004, Vol. 3. Wiley, New York.
66. Hopkins W.D., Taglialatela J.P., Meguerditchian A., Nir T., Schenker N.M., Sherwood C.C. Gray matter asymmetries in chimpanzees as revealed by voxel-based morphometry. NeuroImage 2008, 42:491-497.
67. Hopkins W.D., Taglialatela J.P., Nir T., Schenker N.M., Sherwood C.C. A voxel-based morphometry analysis of white matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2010, 76:93-100.
68. Jacobs B., Schall M., Prather M., Kapler E., Driscoll L., Baca S., et al. Regional dendritic and spine variation in human cerebral cortex: A quantitative Golgi study. Cerebral Cortex 2001, 11:558-571.
69. Jerison H.J. Evolution of the brain and intelligence 1973, Academic Press, New York.
70. Kaas J.H. Why is brain size so important: Design problems and solutions as neocortex gets bigger or smaller. Brain and Mind 2000, 1:7-23.
71. Kaufman J.A., Paul L.K., Manaye K.F., Granstedt A.E., Hof P.R., Hakeem A.Y., et al. Selective reduction of Von Economo neuron number in agenesis of the corpus callosum. Acta Neuropathologica 2008, 116:479-489.
72. Khaitovich P., Lockstone H.E., Wayland M.T., Tsang T.M., Jayatilaka S.D., Guo A.J., et al. Metabolic changes in schizophrenia and human brain evolution. Genome Biology 2008, 9:R124.
73. Kim E.J., Sidhu M., Gaus S.E., Huang E.J., Hof P.R., Miller B.L., et al. Selective frontoinsular von Economo neuron and fork cell loss in early behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Cerebral Cortex 2012, 10.1093/cercor/bhr1004.
74. Kirk E.C. Visual influences on primate encephalization. Journal of Human Evolution 2006, 51:76-90.
75. Kleiber M. The fire of life: An introduction to animal energetics 1961, Wiley, New York.
76. Kohler C., Everitt B.J., Pearson J., Goldstein M. Immunohistochemical evidence for a new group of catecholamine-containing neurons in the basal forebrain of the monkey. Neuroscience Letters 1983, 37:161-166.
77. Konopka G., Bomar J.M., Winden K., Coppola G., Jonsson Z.O., Gao F., et al. Human-specific transcriptional regulation of CNS development genes by FOXP2. Nature 2009, 462:213-217.
78. Konopka G., Geschwind D.H. Human brain evolution: Harnessing the genomics (r)evolution to link genes, cognition, and behavior. Neuron 2010, 68:231-244.
79. Lennie P. The cost of cortical computation. Current Biology 2003, 13:493-497.
80. Martin R.D., Harvey P.H. Brain size allometry: Ontogeny and phylogeny. Size and scaling in primate biology 1985, 147-173. Plenum, New York. W.L. Jungers (Ed.).
81. Marui W., Iseki E., Kato M., Kosaka K. Degeneration of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of patients with dementia with Lewy bodies. Neuroscience Letters 2003, 340:185-188.
82. McLean C.Y., Reno P.L., Pollen A.A., Bassan A.I., Capellini T.D., Guenther C., et al. Human-specific loss of regulatory DNA and the evolution of human-specific traits. Nature 2011, 471:216-219.
83. Nihei K., Kowall N.W. Involvement of NPY-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Neuroscience Letters 1993, 159:67-70.
84. Nimchinsky E.A., Gilissen E., Allman J.M., Perl D.P., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R. A neuronal morphologic type unique to humans and great apes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999, 96:5268-5273.
85. Nimchinsky E.A., Vogt B.A., Morrison J.H., Hof P.R. Spindle neurons of the human anterior cingulate cortex. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1995, 355:27-37.
86. Petrides M., Cadoret G., Mackey S. Orofacial somatomotor responses in the macaque monkey homologue of Broca's area. Nature 2005, 435:1235-1238.
87. Petrides M., Pandya D.N. Comparative architectonic analysis of the human and macaque frontal cortex. Handbook of neuropsychology 1994, 17-58. Elsevier, Amsterdam. F. Boller, J. Grafman (Eds.).
88. Petrides M., Pandya D.N. Comparative cytoarchitectonic analysis of the human and the macaque ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and corticocortical connection patterns in the monkey. European Journal of Neuroscience 2002, 16:291-310.
89. Popesco M.C., Maclaren E.J., Hopkins J., Dumas L., Cox M., Meltesen L., et al. Human lineage-specific amplification, selection, and neuronal expression of DUF1220 domains. Science 2006, 313:1304-1307.
90. Preuss T.M., Caceres M., Oldham M.C., Geschwind D.H. Human brain evolution: Insights from microarrays. Nature Reviews Genetics 2004, 5:850-860.
91. Preuss T.M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Architectonics of the parietal and temporal association cortex in the strepsirhine primate Galago compared to the anthropoid primate Macaca. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1991, 310:475-506.
92. Preuss T.M., Goldman-Rakic P.S. Myelo- and cytoarchitecture of the granular frontal cortex and surrounding regions in the strepsirhine primate Galago and the anthropoid primate Macaca. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1991, 310:429-474.
93. Purves D. Body and brain. A trophic theory of neural connections 1988, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
94. Raghanti M.A., Conley T., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R., Sherwood C.C. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of humans and other anthropoid primates 2011.
95. Raghanti M.A., Simic G., Watson S., Stimpson C.D., Hof P.R., Sherwood C.C. Comparative analysis of the nucleus basalis of Meynert among primates. Neuroscience 2011, 184:1-15.
96. Raghanti M.A., Spocter M.A., Stimpson C.D., Erwin J.M., Bonar C.J., Allman J.M., et al. Species-specific distributions of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the prefrontal cortex of anthropoid primates. Neuroscience 2009, 158:1551-1559.
97. Raghanti M.A., Stimpson C.D., Marcinkiewicz J.L., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R., Sherwood C.C. Cholinergic innervation of the frontal cortex: Differences among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2008, 506:409-424.
98. Raghanti M.A., Stimpson C.D., Marcinkiewicz J.L., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R., Sherwood C.C. Cortical dopaminergic innervation among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys: A comparative study. Neuroscience 2008, 155:203-220.
99. Raghanti M.A., Stimpson C.D., Marcinkiewicz J.L., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R., Sherwood C.C. Differences in cortical serotonergic innervation among humans, chimpanzees, and macaque monkeys: A comparative study. Cerebral Cortex 2008, 18:584-597.
100. Raichle M.E., MacLeod A.M., Snyder A.Z., Powers W.J., Gusnard D.A., Shulman G.L. A default mode of brain function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2001, 98:676-682.
101. Raichle M.E., Mintun M.A. Brain work and brain imaging. Annual Review of Neuroscience 2006, 29:449-476.
102. Raichle M.E., Snyder A.Z. A default mode of brain function: A brief history of an evolving idea. NeuroImage 2007, 37:1083-1090.
103. Raichlen D.A., Gordon A.D. Relationship between exercise capacity and brain size in mammals. PloS One 2011, 6:e20601.
104. Ramon y Cajal S. Histologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés 1909, Maloine, Paris, (pp. 859-888).
105. Reader S.M., Laland K.N. Social intelligence, innovation, and enhanced brain size in primates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2002, 99:4436-4441.
106. Rilling J.K. Human and nonhuman primate brains: Are they allometrically scaled versions of the same design?. Evolutionary Anthropology 2006, 15:65-77.
107. Rilling J.K., Barks S.K., Parr L.A., Preuss T.M., Faber T.L., Pagnoni G., et al. A comparison of resting-state brain activity in humans and chimpanzees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2007, 104:17146-17151.
108. Rilling J.K., Insel T.R. Differential expansion of neural projection systems in primate brain evolution. Neuroreport 1999, 10:1453-1459.
109. Rilling J.K., Insel T.R. The primate neocortex in comparative perspective using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution 1999, 37:191-223.
110. Rilling J.K., Seligman R.A. A quantitative morphometric comparative analysis of the primate temporal lobe. Journal of Human Evolution 2002, 42:505-533.
111. Robinson T.E., Becker J.B. Enduring changes in brain and behavior produced by chronic amphetamine administration: A review and evaluation of animal models of amphetamine psychosis. Brain Research 1986, 396:157-198.
112. Rosenzweig M.R., Bennett E.L. Psychobiology of plasticity: Effects of training and experience on brain and behavior. Behavioural Brain Research 1996, 78:57-65.
113. Santos M., Uppal N., Butti C., Wicinski B., Schmeidler J., Giannakopoulos P., et al. von Economo neurons in autism: A stereologic study of the frontoinsular cortex in children. Brain Research 2011, 1380:206-217.
114. Saxe R. Uniquely human social cognition. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2006, 16:235-239.
115. Schenker N.M., Hopkins W.D., Spocter M.A., Garrison A.R., Stimpson C.D., Erwin J.M., et al. Broca's area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Probabilistic mapping, asymmetry, and comparison to humans. Cerebral Cortex 2010, 20:730-742.
116. Schoenemann P.T. Evolution of the size and functional areas of the human brain. Annual Review of Antropology 2006, 35:379-406.
117. Seeley W.W., Carlin D.A., Allman J.M., Macedo M.N., Bush C., Miller B.L., et al. Early frontotemporal dementia targets neurons unique to apes and humans. Annals of Neurology 2006, 60:660-667.
118. Seeley W.W., Merkle F.T., Gaus S.E., Craig A.D., Allman J.M., Hof P.R. Distinctive neurons of the anterior cingulate and frontoinsular cortex: A historical perspective. Cerebral Cortex 2012, 10.1093/cercor/bhr1005.
119. Semendeferi K., Armstrong E., Schleicher A., Zilles K., Van Hoesen G.W. Limbic frontal cortex in hominoids: A comparative study of area 13. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1998, 106:129-155.
120. Semendeferi K., Armstrong E., Schleicher A., Zilles K., Van Hoesen G.W. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2001, 114:224-241.
121. Semendeferi K., Damasio H. The brain and its main anatomical subdivisions in living hominoids using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Human Evolution 2000, 38:317-332.
122. Semendeferi K., Lu A., Schenker N., Damasio H. Humans and great apes share a large frontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience 2002, 5:272-276.
123. Semendeferi K., Teffer K., Buxhoeveden D.P., Park M.S., Bludau S., Amunts K., et al. Spatial organization of neurons in the frontal pole sets humans apart from great apes. Cerebral Cortex 2011, 21:1485-1497.
124. Sharma Y., Xu T., Graf W.M., Fobbs A., Sherwood C.C., Hof P.R., et al. Comparative anatomy of the locus coeruleus in humans and nonhuman primates. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 2010, 518:963-971.
125. Sherwood C.C., Broadfield D.C., Holloway R.L., Gannon P.J., Hof P.R. Variability of Broca's area homologue in African great apes: Implications for language evolution. Anatomical Record 2003, 271A:276-285.
126. Sherwood C.C., Hof P.R. The evolution of neuron types and cortical histology in apes and humans. Evolution of nervous systems 2007, Vol. 4:355-378. Academic Press, Oxford.
127. Sherwood C.C., Hof P.R., Holloway R.L., Semendeferi K., Gannon P.J., Frahm H.D., et al. Evolution of the brainstem orofacial motor system in primates: A comparative study of trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nuclei. Journal of Human Evolution 2005, 48:45-84.
128. Sherwood C.C., Holloway R.L., Erwin J.M., Hof P.R. Cortical orofacial motor representation in Old World monkeys, great apes, and humans. II. Stereologic analysis of chemoarchitecture. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2004, 63:82-106.
129. Sherwood C.C., Holloway R.L., Semendeferi K., Hof P.R. Is prefrontal white matter enlargement a human evolutionary specialization?. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:537-538.
130. Sherwood C.C., Raghanti M.A., Stimpson C.D., Bonar C.J., de Sousa A.A., Preuss T.M., et al. Scaling of inhibitory interneurons in areas V1 and V2 of anthropoid primates as revealed by calcium-binding protein immunohistochemistry. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 2007, 69:176-195.
131. Sherwood C.C., Raghanti M.A., Stimpson C.D., Spocter M.A., Uddin M., Boddy A.M., et al. Inhibitory interneurons of the human prefrontal cortex display conserved evolution of the phenotype and related genes. Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological Sciences 2010, 277:1011-1020.
132. Sherwood C.C., Stimpson C.D., Raghanti M.A., Wildman D.E., Uddin M., Grossman L.I., et al. Evolution of increased glia-neuron ratios in the human frontal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006, 103:13606-13611.
133. Shultz S., Dunbar R. Encephalization is not a universal macroevolutionary phenomenon in mammals but is associated with sociality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:21582-21586.
134. Shultz S., Dunbar R.I. Species differences in executive function correlate with hippocampus volume and neocortex ratio across nonhuman primates. Journal of Comparative Psychology 2010, 124:252-260.
135. Sokoloff L. Relation between physiological function and energy metabolism in the central nervous system. Journal of Neurochemistry 1977, 29:13-26.
136. Spocter M.A., Hopkins W.D., Garrison A.R., Bauernfeind A.L., Stimpson C.D., Hof P.R., et al. Wernicke's area homologue in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and its relation to the appearance of modern human language. Proceedings of the Royal Society. B, Biological Sciences 2010, 277:2165-2174.
137. Stephan H., Frahm H.D., Baron G. New and revised data on volumes of brain structures in insectivores and primates. Folia Primatologica 1981, 35:1-29.
138. Stimpson C.D., Tetreault N.A., Allman J.M., Jacobs B., Butti C., Hof P.R., et al. Biochemical specificity of von economo neurons in hominoids. American Journal of Human Biology 2011, 23:22-28.
139. Striedter G.F. Principles of brain evolution 2005, Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, MA.
140. Suddendorf T., Addis D.R., Corballis M.C. Mental time travel and the shaping of the human mind. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. B, Biological Sciences 2009, 364:1317-1324.
141. Suddendorf T., Whiten A. Mental evolution and development: Evidence for secondary representation in children, great ages, and other animals. Psychological Bulletin 2001, 127:629-650.
142. Toga A.W., Thompson P.M. Mapping brain asymmetry. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2003, 4:37-48.
143. Uddin M., Goodman M., Erez O., Romero R., Liu G., Islam M., et al. Distinct genomic signatures of adaptation in pre- and postnatal environments during human evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2008, 105:3215-3220.
144. Uddin M., Opazo J.C., Wildman D.E., Sherwood C.C., Hof P.R., Goodman M., et al. Molecular evolution of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 5A gene in primates. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2008, 8:8.
145. Uddin M., Wildman D.E., Liu G., Xu W., Johnson R.M., Hof P.R., et al. Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genome-wide phylogenetic analysis of brain gene expression profiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004, 101:2957-2962.
146. Vaishnavi S.N., Vlassenko A.G., Rundle M.M., Snyder A.Z., Mintun M.A., Raichle M.E. Regional aerobic glycolysis in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010, 107:17757-17762.
147. Vincent J.L., Patel G.H., Fox M.D., Snyder A.Z., Baker J.T., Van Essen D.C., et al. Intrinsic functional architecture in the anaesthetized monkey brain. Nature 2007, 447:83-86.
148. von Economo C. Eine neue Art Spezialzellen des Lobus cinguli and Lobus insulae. Zschr Ges Neurol Psychiat 1926, 100:706-712.
149. Wittenberg G.M., Wang S.S.-H. Evolution and scaling of dendrites. Dendrites 2007, 43-67. Oxford University Press, New York. G. Stuart, N. Spruston, M. Häusser (Eds.).