메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 132, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 1161-1170

Impact of boron, calcium and genetic factors on vitamin C, carotenoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity of carrots (Daucus carota)

Author keywords

Boron; Calcium; Carotene; Carrot (Daucus carota); Cultivar difference; Lutein; Lycopene; Minerals; Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC); Phenolic acids; Vitamin C

Indexed keywords

CAROTENE; CULTIVAR DIFFERENCE; DAUCUS CAROTA; LUTEIN; LYCOPENES; OXYGEN RADICAL ABSORBANCE CAPACITY (ORAC); PHENOLIC ACIDS; VITAMIN C;

EID: 84855266852     PISSN: 03088146     EISSN: 18737072     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.045     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (99)

References (62)
  • 1
    • 0034831413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, antioxidant vitamins, and sensory quality of different colored carrot varieties
    • C. Alasalvar, J.M. Grigor, D.L. Zhang, P.C. Quantick, and F. Shahidi Comparison of volatiles, phenolics, sugars, antioxidant vitamins, and sensory quality of different colored carrot varieties Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49 3 2001 1410 1416
    • (2001) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 1410-1416
    • Alasalvar, C.1    Grigor, J.M.2    Zhang, D.L.3    Quantick, P.C.4    Shahidi, F.5
  • 2
    • 77949355207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carrots of many colors provide basic nutrition and bioavailable phytochemicals acting as a functional food
    • S.A. Arscott, and S.A. Tanumihardjo Carrots of many colors provide basic nutrition and bioavailable phytochemicals acting as a functional food Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 9 2 2010 223 239
    • (2010) Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , vol.9 , Issue.2 , pp. 223-239
    • Arscott, S.A.1    Tanumihardjo, S.A.2
  • 3
    • 0000269060 scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of salinity and fertility on yields of grains and vegetables
    • L. Bernstei, L.E. Francois, and R.A. Clark Interactive effects of salinity and fertility on yields of grains and vegetables Agronomy Journal 66 3 1974 412 421
    • (1974) Agronomy Journal , vol.66 , Issue.3 , pp. 412-421
    • Bernstei, L.1    Francois, L.E.2    Clark, R.A.3
  • 4
    • 0343157105 scopus 로고
    • Interaction of boron with components of nucleic-acid metabolism in cotton ovules cultured invitro
    • E.H. Birnbaum, W.M. Dugger, and B.C.A. Beasley Interaction of boron with components of nucleic-acid metabolism in cotton ovules cultured invitro Plant Physiology 59 6 1977 1034 1038
    • (1977) Plant Physiology , vol.59 , Issue.6 , pp. 1034-1038
    • Birnbaum, E.H.1    Dugger, W.M.2    Beasley, B.C.A.3
  • 6
    • 0029598850 scopus 로고
    • Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function
    • G. Britton Structure and properties of carotenoids in relation to function Faseb Journal 9 15 1995 1551 1558
    • (1995) Faseb Journal , vol.9 , Issue.15 , pp. 1551-1558
    • Britton, G.1
  • 7
    • 0030752809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boron deficiency-induced impairments of cellular functions in plants
    • I. Cakmak, and V. Romheld Boron deficiency-induced impairments of cellular functions in plants Plant and Soil 193 1-2 1997 71 83
    • (1997) Plant and Soil , vol.193 , Issue.12 , pp. 71-83
    • Cakmak, I.1    Romheld, V.2
  • 8
    • 3242701448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boron deficiency causes accumulation of chlorogenic acid and caffeoyl polyamine conjugates in tobacco leaves
    • J.J. Camacho-Cristobal, L. Lunar, F. Lafont, A. Baumert, and A. Gonzalez-Fontes Boron deficiency causes accumulation of chlorogenic acid and caffeoyl polyamine conjugates in tobacco leaves Journal of Plant Physiology 161 7 2004 879 881
    • (2004) Journal of Plant Physiology , vol.161 , Issue.7 , pp. 879-881
    • Camacho-Cristobal, J.J.1    Lunar, L.2    Lafont, F.3    Baumert, A.4    Gonzalez-Fontes, A.5
  • 13
    • 33745981159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of excess boron with niacin on Daucus carota L. (carrot) root callus
    • H. Demiray, and A.E. Dereboylu The effects of excess boron with niacin on Daucus carota L. (carrot) root callus Acta Biologica Hungarica 57 1 2006 105 114
    • (2006) Acta Biologica Hungarica , vol.57 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-114
    • Demiray, H.1    Dereboylu, A.E.2
  • 14
    • 0000125938 scopus 로고
    • Boron in plant metabolism
    • A. Lauchli, R.L. Bieleski, Springer-Verlag Berlin
    • W.M. Dugger Boron in plant metabolism A. Lauchli, R.L. Bieleski, Encyclopedia of plant physiology Vol. 15 1983 Springer-Verlag Berlin 626 650
    • (1983) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology , vol.15 , pp. 626-650
    • Dugger, W.M.1
  • 15
    • 0002422436 scopus 로고
    • Mineral metabolism
    • J. Bonner, J.E. Varner, Academic Press London
    • E. Epstein Mineral metabolism J. Bonner, J.E. Varner, Plant biochemistry 1965 Academic Press London 438 466
    • (1965) Plant Biochemistry , pp. 438-466
    • Epstein, E.1
  • 17
    • 0032078021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the vitamin C content of fresh and frozen vegetables
    • D.J. Favell A comparison of the vitamin C content of fresh and frozen vegetables Food Chemistry 62 1 1998 59 64
    • (1998) Food Chemistry , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 59-64
    • Favell, D.J.1
  • 19
    • 0001743283 scopus 로고
    • Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake.1. Inhibition of phosphate uptake
    • A.D.M. Glass Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake.1. Inhibition of phosphate uptake Plant Physiology 51 6 1973 1037 1041
    • (1973) Plant Physiology , vol.51 , Issue.6 , pp. 1037-1041
    • Glass, A.D.M.1
  • 20
    • 0000316501 scopus 로고
    • Influence of phenolic acids upon ion uptake. 3. Inhibition of potassium absorption
    • A.D.M. Glass Influence of phenolic acids upon ion uptake. 3. Inhibition of potassium absorption Journal of Experimental Botany 25 89 1974 1104 1113
    • (1974) Journal of Experimental Botany , vol.25 , Issue.89 , pp. 1104-1113
    • Glass, A.D.M.1
  • 21
    • 0001384084 scopus 로고
    • Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake.4. Depolarization of membrane-potentials
    • A.D.M. Glass, and J. Dunlop Influence of phenolic acids on ion uptake.4. Depolarization of membrane-potentials Plant Physiology 54 6 1974 855 858
    • (1974) Plant Physiology , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 855-858
    • Glass, A.D.M.1    Dunlop, J.2
  • 22
    • 36348995416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of different coloured carrot cultivars on antioxidative capacity based on their carotenoid and phenolic contents
    • J. Grassmann, W.H. Schnitzler, and R. Habegger Evaluation of different coloured carrot cultivars on antioxidative capacity based on their carotenoid and phenolic contents International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 58 8 2007 603 611
    • (2007) International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition , vol.58 , Issue.8 , pp. 603-611
    • Grassmann, J.1    Schnitzler, W.H.2    Habegger, R.3
  • 23
    • 0344096671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salinity mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops
    • S.R. Grattan, and C.M. Grieve Salinity mineral nutrient relations in horticultural crops Scientia Horticulturae 78 1-4 1999 127 157
    • (1999) Scientia Horticulturae , vol.78 , Issue.14 , pp. 127-157
    • Grattan, S.R.1    Grieve, C.M.2
  • 25
    • 77954771446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Remobilization of boron, photosynthesis, phenolic metabolism and anti-oxidant defense capacity in boron-deficient turnip (Brassica rapa L.) plants
    • R. Hajiboland, and F. Farhanghi Remobilization of boron, photosynthesis, phenolic metabolism and anti-oxidant defense capacity in boron-deficient turnip (Brassica rapa L.) plants Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 56 3 2010 427 437
    • (2010) Soil Science and Plant Nutrition , vol.56 , Issue.3 , pp. 427-437
    • Hajiboland, R.1    Farhanghi, F.2
  • 26
    • 22244473313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving the nutritional value of crops through enhancement of l-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content: Rationale and biotechnological opportunities
    • R.D. Hancock, and R. Viola Improving the nutritional value of crops through enhancement of l-ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content: Rationale and biotechnological opportunities Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 53 13 2005 5248 5257
    • (2005) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.53 , Issue.13 , pp. 5248-5257
    • Hancock, R.D.1    Viola, R.2
  • 27
    • 33751391867 scopus 로고
    • Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in the Netherlands
    • M.G.L. Hertog, P.C.H. Hollman, and M.B. Katan Content of potentially anticarcinogenic flavonoids of 28 vegetables and 9 fruits commonly consumed in The Netherlands Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40 12 1992 2379 2383
    • (1992) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.40 , Issue.12 , pp. 2379-2383
    • Hertog, M.G.L.1    Hollman, P.C.H.2    Katan, M.B.3
  • 28
    • 0009101507 scopus 로고
    • An analysis of the growth-response of carrot seedlings to deficiency in some mineral nutrients
    • C.C. Hole, and A. Scaife An analysis of the growth-response of carrot seedlings to deficiency in some mineral nutrients Plant and Soil 150 1 1993 147 156
    • (1993) Plant and Soil , vol.150 , Issue.1 , pp. 147-156
    • Hole, C.C.1    Scaife, A.2
  • 29
    • 0037181273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer
    • D.J. Huang, B.X. Ou, M. Hampsch-Woodill, J.A. Flanagan, and E.K. Deemer Development and validation of oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay for lipophilic antioxidants using randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin as the solubility enhancer Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 7 2002 1815 1821
    • (2002) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.50 , Issue.7 , pp. 1815-1821
    • Huang, D.J.1    Ou, B.X.2    Hampsch-Woodill, M.3    Flanagan, J.A.4    Deemer, E.K.5
  • 31
    • 84936618036 scopus 로고
    • Influence of ratio of exchangeable calcium-magnesium on yield and composition of soybeans and corn
    • J.L. Key, L.T. Kurtz, and B.B. Tucker Influence of ratio of exchangeable calcium-magnesium on yield and composition of soybeans and corn Soil Science 93 4 1962 265 270
    • (1962) Soil Science , vol.93 , Issue.4 , pp. 265-270
    • Key, J.L.1    Kurtz, L.T.2    Tucker, B.B.3
  • 33
    • 0014199185 scopus 로고
    • Boron in plants - A biochemical role
    • S. Lee, and S. Aronoff Boron in plants - A biochemical role Science 158 3802 1967 798
    • (1967) Science , vol.158 , Issue.3802 , pp. 798
    • Lee, S.1    Aronoff, S.2
  • 35
    • 0036729616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium content in postharvest green-flesh honeydew muskmelons: Influence of cultivar, fruit size, soil type, and year
    • G.E. Lester, and K.M. Crosby Ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium content in postharvest green-flesh honeydew muskmelons: Influence of cultivar, fruit size, soil type, and year Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127 5 2002 843 847
    • (2002) Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , vol.127 , Issue.5 , pp. 843-847
    • Lester, G.E.1    Crosby, K.M.2
  • 36
    • 0034496533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nutritional enhancement of plant foods in Europe 'NEODIET'
    • D.G. Lindsay The nutritional enhancement of plant foods in Europe 'NEODIET' Trends in Food Science & Technology 11 4-5 2000 145 151
    • (2000) Trends in Food Science & Technology , vol.11 , Issue.45 , pp. 145-151
    • Lindsay, D.G.1
  • 37
    • 0029729214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Root growth inhibition in boron-deficient or aluminum-stressed squash may be a result of impaired ascorbate metabolism
    • K.M. Lukaszewski, and D.G. Blevins Root growth inhibition in boron-deficient or aluminum-stressed squash may be a result of impaired ascorbate metabolism Plant Physiology 112 3 1996 1135 1140
    • (1996) Plant Physiology , vol.112 , Issue.3 , pp. 1135-1140
    • Lukaszewski, K.M.1    Blevins, D.G.2
  • 38
    • 67249085572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant compounds in green and red peppers as affected by irrigation frequency, salinity and nutrient solution composition
    • A. Marin, J.S. Rubio, V. Martinez, and M.I. Gil Antioxidant compounds in green and red peppers as affected by irrigation frequency, salinity and nutrient solution composition Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 89 8 2009 1352 1359
    • (2009) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , vol.89 , Issue.8 , pp. 1352-1359
    • Marin, A.1    Rubio, J.S.2    Martinez, V.3    Gil, M.I.4
  • 40
    • 0032219549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boron and calcium, essential inorganic constituents of pectic polysaccharides in higher plant cell walls
    • T. Matoh, and M. Kobayashi Boron and calcium, essential inorganic constituents of pectic polysaccharides in higher plant cell walls Journal of Plant Research 111 1101 1998 179 190
    • (1998) Journal of Plant Research , vol.111 , Issue.1101 , pp. 179-190
    • Matoh, T.1    Kobayashi, M.2
  • 41
    • 0005731878 scopus 로고
    • Effect of boron on enzymatic discoloration and phenolic and ascorbic-acid contents of potatoes
    • N.I. Mondy, and C.B. Munshi Effect of boron on enzymatic discoloration and phenolic and ascorbic-acid contents of potatoes Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 41 4 1993 554 556
    • (1993) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 554-556
    • Mondy, N.I.1    Munshi, C.B.2
  • 42
    • 0024784588 scopus 로고
    • Determination of ascorbic-acid and dehydroascorbic acid in plasma and cerebrospinal-fluid by liquid-chromatography with electrochemical detection
    • E. Nagy, and I. Degrell Determination of ascorbic-acid and dehydroascorbic acid in plasma and cerebrospinal-fluid by liquid-chromatography with electrochemical detection Journal of Chromatography-Biomedical Applications 497 1989 276 281
    • (1989) Journal of Chromatography-Biomedical Applications , vol.497 , pp. 276-281
    • Nagy, E.1    Degrell, I.2
  • 43
    • 33846529584 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sources of antioxidant activity in Australian native fruits. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins
    • M. Netzel, G. Netzel, Q.G. Tian, S. Schwartz, and I. Konczak Sources of antioxidant activity in Australian native fruits. Identification and quantification of anthocyanins Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 26 2006 9820 9826
    • (2006) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.54 , Issue.26 , pp. 9820-9826
    • Netzel, M.1    Netzel, G.2    Tian, Q.G.3    Schwartz, S.4    Konczak, I.5
  • 44
    • 3042723500 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic variability influences carotenoid, vitamin, phenolic, and mineral content in white, yellow, purple, orange, and dark-orange carrot cultivars
    • C. Nicolle, G. Simon, E. Rock, P. Amouroux, and C. Remesy Genetic variability influences carotenoid, vitamin, phenolic, and mineral content in white, yellow, purple, orange, and dark-orange carrot cultivars Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129 4 2004 523 529
    • (2004) Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , vol.129 , Issue.4 , pp. 523-529
    • Nicolle, C.1    Simon, G.2    Rock, E.3    Amouroux, P.4    Remesy, C.5
  • 45
    • 0031729199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Composition and quality of tomato fruit cultivated in nutrient solutions containing different calcium concentrations
    • E.A.S. Paiva, R.A. Sampaio, and H.E.P. Martinez Composition and quality of tomato fruit cultivated in nutrient solutions containing different calcium concentrations Journal of Plant Nutrition 21 12 1998 2653 2661
    • (1998) Journal of Plant Nutrition , vol.21 , Issue.12 , pp. 2653-2661
    • Paiva, E.A.S.1    Sampaio, R.A.2    Martinez, H.E.P.3
  • 46
    • 9844260983 scopus 로고
    • Identification of the blue-fluorescent compounds in boron-deficient plants
    • H.J. Perkins, and S. Aronoff Identification of the blue-fluorescent compounds in boron-deficient plants Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 64 2 1956 506 507
    • (1956) Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , vol.64 , Issue.2 , pp. 506-507
    • Perkins, H.J.1    Aronoff, S.2
  • 47
    • 0034890721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of micronutrient uptake in plants
    • R.J. Reid Mechanisms of micronutrient uptake in plants Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 28 7 2001 659 666
    • (2001) Australian Journal of Plant Physiology , vol.28 , Issue.7 , pp. 659-666
    • Reid, R.J.1
  • 48
    • 0031892021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of temperature on sensory quality, chemical composition and growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.) I. Constant diurnal temperature
    • H.J. Rosenfeld, R.T. Samuelsen, and P. Lea The effect of temperature on sensory quality, chemical composition and growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.) I. Constant diurnal temperature Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 73 2 1998 275 288
    • (1998) Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 275-288
    • Rosenfeld, H.J.1    Samuelsen, R.T.2    Lea, P.3
  • 49
    • 0031916367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between physical and chemical characteristics of carrots grown at northern latitudes
    • H.J. Rosenfeld, R.T. Samuelsen, and P. Lea Relationship between physical and chemical characteristics of carrots grown at northern latitudes Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology 73 2 1998 265 273
    • (1998) Journal of Horticultural Science & Biotechnology , vol.73 , Issue.2 , pp. 265-273
    • Rosenfeld, H.J.1    Samuelsen, R.T.2    Lea, P.3
  • 52
    • 61349116164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of various nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition regimes on the concentrations of sugars, carotenoids and phenolic compounds in carrot (Daucus carota L.)
    • S. Smolen, and W. Sady The effect of various nitrogen fertilization and foliar nutrition regimes on the concentrations of sugars, carotenoids and phenolic compounds in carrot (Daucus carota L.) Scientia Horticulturae 120 3 2009 315 324
    • (2009) Scientia Horticulturae , vol.120 , Issue.3 , pp. 315-324
    • Smolen, S.1    Sady, W.2
  • 54
    • 66149106590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of biofortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colors
    • T. Sun, P.W. Simon, and S.A. Tanumihardjo Antioxidant phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of biofortified carrots (Daucus carota L.) of various colors Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 57 10 2009 4142 4147
    • (2009) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.57 , Issue.10 , pp. 4142-4147
    • Sun, T.1    Simon, P.W.2    Tanumihardjo, S.A.3
  • 55
    • 2542435390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carotenoid profiles and consumer sensory evaluation of specialty carrots (Daucus carota, L.) of various colors
    • R.L. Surles, N. Weng, P.W. Simon, and A.T.T. Sherry Carotenoid profiles and consumer sensory evaluation of specialty carrots (Daucus carota, L.) of various colors Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 11 2004 3417 3421
    • (2004) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.52 , Issue.11 , pp. 3417-3421
    • Surles, R.L.1    Weng, N.2    Simon, P.W.3    Sherry, A.T.T.4
  • 56
    • 38049105665 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhancement of tomato fruit lycopene by potassium is cultivar dependent
    • H. Taber, P. Perkins-Veazie, S. Li, W. White, S. Roderniel, and Y. Xu Enhancement of tomato fruit lycopene by potassium is cultivar dependent Hortscience 43 1 2008 159 165
    • (2008) Hortscience , vol.43 , Issue.1 , pp. 159-165
    • Taber, H.1    Perkins-Veazie, P.2    Li, S.3    White, W.4    Roderniel, S.5    Xu, Y.6
  • 57
    • 0036314581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcium-spray treatments for ameliorating albedo breakdown in navel oranges
    • M.T. Treeby, and R. Storey Calcium-spray treatments for ameliorating albedo breakdown in navel oranges Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42 4 2002 495 502
    • (2002) Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture , vol.42 , Issue.4 , pp. 495-502
    • Treeby, M.T.1    Storey, R.2
  • 60
    • 76449088596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of pre- and postharvest factors on beta-carotene content, its in vitro bioaccessibility, and antioxidant capacity in melons
    • C.M. Wolbang, D.P. Singh, S.R. Sykes, J.K. McInerney, A.R. Bird, and M.T. Treeby Influence of pre- and postharvest factors on beta-carotene content, its in vitro bioaccessibility, and antioxidant capacity in melons Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58 3 2010 1732 1740
    • (2010) Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 1732-1740
    • Wolbang, C.M.1    Singh, D.P.2    Sykes, S.R.3    McInerney, J.K.4    Bird, A.R.5    Treeby, M.T.6
  • 62
    • 35648936540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antioxidant capacity of capacity of leafy vegetables as affected by high tunnel environment, fertilisation and growth stage
    • X. Zhao, T. Iwamoto, and E.E. Carey Antioxidant capacity of capacity of leafy vegetables as affected by high tunnel environment, fertilisation and growth stage Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87 14 2007 2692 2699
    • (2007) Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , vol.87 , Issue.14 , pp. 2692-2699
    • Zhao, X.1    Iwamoto, T.2    Carey, E.E.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.