Studies of properties of "Pain Networks" as predictors of targets of stimulation for treatment of pain

Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience

Volumn , Issue DECEMBER, 2011, Pages

  Liu, C C ^a   Franaszczuk, P ^b   Crone, N E ^a   Jouny, C ^a   Lenz, F A ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b U S ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

Local field potentials; Pain networks; Stimulation; Treatment of pain

Indexed keywords

ANALGESIA; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN DEPTH STIMULATION; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN REGION; CINGULATE GYRUS; COGNITION; DISINHIBITION; EVENT RELATED CAUSALITY; EVOKED RESPONSE; HUMAN; LOCAL FIELD POTENTIAL; MEDIAL FRONTAL CORTICAL STRUCTURE; MIDDLE CINGULATE CORTEX; NERVOUS SYSTEM ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; PAIN; PARASYLVIAN CORTICAL STRUCTURE; PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX; THALAMUS; THULIUM YAG LASER; TRANSCUTANEOUS NERVE STIMULATION; YAG LASER;

EID: 84855262110     PISSN: 16625145     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2011.00080     Document Type: Article

References (113)

1. Agid, Y., Buzsaki, G., Diamond, D. M., Frackowiak, R., Giedd, J., Girault, J. A., Grace, A., Lambert, J. J., Manji, H., Mayberg, H., Popoli, M., Prochiantz, A., Richter-Levin, G., Somogyi, P., Spedding, M., Svenningsson, P., and Weinberger, D. (2007). How can drug discovery for psychiatric disorders be improved? Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 6, 189-201.
2. Anderson, W. S., and Lenz, F. A. (2006). Surgery insight: deep brain stimulation for movement disorders. Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol. 2, 310-320.
3. Apkarian, A. V., Bushnell, M. C., Treede, R.D., and Zubieta, J. K. (2005). Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease. Eur. J. Pain 9, 463-484.
4. Apkarian, A. V., and Chialvo, D. R. (2006). The shadows of pain. Pain 123,221-222.
5. Apkarian, A. V., and Shi, T. (1994). Squirrel monkey lateral thalamus. I. somatic nociresponsive neurons and their relation to spinothalamic terminals. J. Neurosci. 14, 6779-6795.
6. Arbib, M. A. (2002). The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
7. Bal, T., von Krosigk, M., and McCormick, D. A. (1995). Synaptic and membrane mechanisms underlying synchronized oscillations in the ferret lateral geniculate nucleus in vitro. J. Physiol. 483(Pt 3), 641-663.
8. Barton, M. E., Eberle, E. L., and Shannon, H. E. (2005). The antihyperalgesic effects of the T-type calcium channel blockers ethosuximide, trimethadione, and mibefradil. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 521, 79-85.
9. Boly, M., Balteau, E., Schnakers, C., Degueldre, C., Moonen, G., Luxen, A., Phillips, C., Peigneux, P., Maquet, P., and Laureys, S. (2007). Baseline brain activity fluctuations predict somatosensory perception in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 12187-12192.
10. Borckardt, J. J., Smith, A. R., Reeves, S. T., Weinstein, M., Kozel, F. A., Nahas, Z., Shelley, N., Branham, R. K., Thomas, K. J., and George, M. S. (2007). Fifteen minutes of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation acutely increases thermal pain thresholds in healthy adults. Pain Res. Manag. 12, 287-290.
11. Borckardt, J. J., Weinstein, M., Reeves, S. T., Kozel, F. A., Nahas, Z., Smith, A. R., Byrne, T. K., Morgan, K., and George, M. S. (2006). Postoperative left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces patientcontrolled analgesia use. Anesthesiology 105, 557-562.
12. Brown, J. A., and Barbaro, N. M. (2003). Motor cortex stimulation for central and neuropathic pain: current status. Pain 104, 431-435.
13. Burton, H. (1975). Responses of spinal cord neurons to systematic changes in hindlimb skin temperatures in cats and primates. J. Neurophysiol. 38,1060-1079.
14. Burton, H. (1984). Corticothalamic connections from the second somatosensory area and neighboring regions in the lateral sulcus of macaque monkeys. Brain Res. 309, 367-372.
15. Casey, K. L. (2000). Concepts of pain mechanisms: the contribution of functional imaging of the human brain. Prog. Brain Res. 129, 277-287.
16. Chen, A. C.N., and Bromm, B. (1995). "Painrelated generators of laserevoked brain potentials: brain mapping and dipole modeling," in Pain and the Brain: From Nociception to Cognition, eds B. Bromm and J. E. Desmedt (New York: Raven Press), 245-266.
17. Churchland, P. S., and Sejnowski, T. J. (1992). The Computational Brain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
18. Coffey, R. J., and Lozano, A. M. (2006). Neurostimulation for chronic noncancer pain: an evaluation of the clinical evidence and recommendations for future trial designs. J. Neurosurg. 105, 175-189.
19. Cruccu, G., Aziz, T. Z., Garcia-Larrea, L., Hansson, P., Jensen, T. S., Lefaucheur, J. P., Simpson, B. A., and Taylor, R. S. (2007). EFNS guidelines on neurostimulation therapy for neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Neurol. 14, 952-970.
20. Davis, K. D. (2000). "Studies of pain using functional magnetic resonance imaging", in Pain Imaging, eds K. L. Casey and M. C. Bushnell (Seattle, WA: IASP Press), 195-210.
21. Davis, K. D., Hutchison, W. D., Lozano, A. M., and Dostrovsky, J. O. (1994). Altered pain and temperature perception following cingulotomy and capsulotomy in a patient with schizoaffective disorder. Pain 59, 189-199.
22. Davis, K. D., Taylor, S. J., Crawley, A. P., Wood, M. L., Mikulis, D. J. (1997). Functional MRI of pain and attention related activation in the human cingulate cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 3370-3380.
23. De, L. M., Parker, G. J., Embleton, K., Newton, J. M., and Walsh, V. (2007). Diffusion tensor MRI-based estimation of the influence of brain tissue anisotropy on the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation. Neuroimage 36, 1159-1170.
24. Derbyshire, S. W. (2000). Exploring the pain "neuromatrix". Curr. Rev. Pain 4,467-477.
25. Derbyshire, S. W.G., Vogt, B. A., and Jones, A. K.P. (1998). Pain and stroop interference tasks activate separate processing modules in anterior cingulate cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 118, 52-60.
26. Desmurget, M., Reilly, K. T., Richard, N., Szathmari, A., Mottolese, C., and Sirigu, A. (2009). Movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans. Science 324, 811-813.
27. Destexhe, A., and Sejnowski, T. J. (2001). Thalamcortical Assemblies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
28. Ding, M., Bressler, S. L., Yang, W., and Liang, H. (2000). Short-window spectral analysis of cortical eventrelated potentials by adaptive multivariate autoregressive modeling: data preprocessing, model validation, and variability assessment. Biol. Cybern. 83, 35-45.
29. Dorsi, M. J., and Lenz, F. A. (in press). "Neurosurgical approaches to the treatment of pain," in Wall and Melzack's Textbook of Pain, eds S. McMahon and M. Kotzenberg (New York, NY: Churchill and Livingstone).
30. Fierro, B., De, T. M., Giglia, F., Giglia, G., Palermo, A., and Brighina, F. (2010). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during capsaicin-induced pain: modulatory effects on motor cortex excitability. Exp. Brain Res. 203,31-38.
31. Fischer, T. Z., and Waxman, S. G. (2010). Neuropathic pain in diabetes evidence for a central mechanism. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 6, 462-466.
32. Fontaine, D., Hamani, C., and Lozano, A. (2008). Efficacy and safety of motor cortex stimulation for chronic neuropathic pain: critical review of the literature. J. Neurosurg. 110,251-256.
33. Fregni, F., DaSilva, D., Potvin, K., Ramos-Estebanez, C., Cohen, D., Pascual-Leone, A., and Freedman, S. D. (2005). Treatment of chronic visceral pain with brain stimulation. Ann. Neurol. 58, 971-972.
34. Gelnar, P. A., Krauss, B. R., Sheehe, P. R., Szeverenyi, N. M., and Apkarian, A. V. (1999). A comparative fMRI study of cortical representations for thermal painful, vibrotactile, and motor performance tasks. Neuroimage 10, 460-482.
35. Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross spectral methods. Econometrica 37, 424-438.
36. Greenspan, J. D., Coghill, R. C., Gilron, I., Sarlani, E., Veldhuijzen, D., and Lenz, F. A. (2008). Quantitative somatic sensory testing and functional imaging of the response to painful stimuli before and after cingulotomy for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Eur. J. Pain 12, 990-999.
37. Greenspan, J. D., Lee, R. R., and Lenz, F. A. (1999). Pain sensitivity alterations as a function of lesion location in the parasylvian cortex. Pain 81,273-282.
38. Greenspan, J. D., Ohara, S., Sarlani, E., and Lenz, F. A. (2004). Allodynia in patients with poststroke central pain (CPSP) studied by statistical quantitative sensory testing within individuals. Pain 109, 357-366.
39. Herbsman, T., Forster, L., Molnar, C., Dougherty, R., Christie, D., Koola, J., Ramsey, D., Morgan, P. S., Bohning, D. E., George, M. S., and Nahas, Z. (2009). Motor threshold in transcranial magnetic stimulation: the impact of white matter fiber orientation and skulltocortex distance. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 2044-2055.
40. Hofbauer, R. K., Rainville, P., Duncan, G. H., and Bushnell, M. C. (2001). Cortical representation of the sensory dimension of pain. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 402-411.
41. Huguenard, J. R., and Prince, D. A. (1994). Intrathalamic rhythmicity studied in vitro: nominal T-current modulation causes robust antioscillatory effects. J. Neurosci. 14,5485-5502.
42. Karnath, H. O., Borchers, S., and Himmelbach, M. (2010). Comment on "movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans". Science 327, 1200.
43. Kim, J. H., Greenspan, J. D., Coghill, R. C., Ohara, S., and Lenz, F. A. (2007). Lesions limited to the human thalamic principal somatosensory nucleus (ventral caudal) are associated with loss of cold sensations and central pain. J. Neurosci. 27, 4995-5004.
44. Kim, J. H., Ohara, S., and Lenz, F. A. (2009). Mental arithmetic leads to multiple discrete changes from baseline in the firing patterns of human thalamic neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 2107-2119.
45. Kitamura, Y., Kakigi, R., Hoshiyama, M., Koyama, S., Shimojo, M., and Watanabe, S. (1995). Painrelated somatosensory evoked magnetic fields. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 95, 463-474.
46. Kobayashi, K., Winberry, J., Liu, C. C., Treede, R. D., and Lenz, F. A. (2009). A painful cutaneous laser stimulus evokes responses from single neurons in the human thalamic principal somatic sensory nucleus ventral caudal Vc. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 2210-2217.
47. Kong, J., Loggia, M. L., Zyloney, C., Tu, P., Laviolette, P., and Gollub, R. L. (2010). Exploring the brain in pain: activations, deactivations and their relation. Pain 148, 257-267.
48. Kong, J., White, N. S., Kwong, K. K., Vangel, M. G., Rosman, I. S., Gracely, R. H., Gollub, R. L. (2006). Using fMRI to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain intensity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 27, 715-721.
49. Korzeniewska, A., Crainiceanu, C. M., Kus, R., Franaszczuk, P. J., and Crone, N. E. (2008). Dynamics of eventrelated causality in brain electrical activity. Hum. Brain Mapp. 29, 1170-1192.
50. Korzeniewska, A., Manczak, M., Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K. J., and Kasicki, S. (2003). Determination of information flow direction among brain structures by a modified directed transfer function (dDTF) method. J. Neurosci. Methods 125, 195-207.
51. Lee, J., Dougherty, P. M., Antezana, D., and Lenz, F. A. (1999). Responses of neurons in the region of human thalamic principal somatic sensory nucleus to mechanical and thermal stimuli graded into the painful range. J. Comp. Neurol. 410, 541-555.
52. Lefaucher, J. P. (2008). "TMS and pain," in Handbook of Transcranial Stimulation, eds E. M. Wassermann, C. M. Epstein, U. Ziemann, V. Walsh, T. Paus and S. H. Lisanby (New York, NY: Oxford), 717-736.
53. Lenz, F. A. (2006). "Neurosurgical procedures for neuropathic pain," in Pain, eds T. S. Jensen and F. Cervero (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 869-886.
54. Lenz, F. A., Casey, K. L., Jones, E. G., and Willis, W. D. Jr. (2010). The Human Pain System: Experimental and Clinical Perspectives. NY: Cambridge University Press.
55. Lenz, F. A., Ohara, S., Gracely, R. H., Dougherty, P. M., and Patel, S. H. (2004). Pain encoding in the human forebrain: binary and analog exteroceptive channels. J. Neurosci. 24, 6540-6544.
56. Lenz, F. A., Rios, M., Zirh, A., Chau, D., Krauss, G., and Lesser, R. P. (1998). Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded over the human anterior cingulate gyrus. J. Neurophysiol. 79,2231-2234.
57. Lenz, F. A., Seike, M., Lin, Y. C., Baker, F. H., Rowland, L. H., Gracely, R. H., and Richardson, R. T. (1993). Neurons in the area of human thalamic nucleus ventralis caudalis respond to painful heat stimuli. Brain Res. 623, 235-240.
58. Leo, R. J., and Latif, T. (2007). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in experimentally induced and chronic neuropathic pain: a review. J. Pain 8,453-459.
59. Levit-Binnun, N., Handzy, N. Z., Moses, E., Modai, I., and Peled, A. (2007). Transcranial magnetic stimulation at M1 disrupts cognitive networks in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 93, 334-344.
60. Liu, C. C., Crone, N. E., Franaszczuk, P. J., Cheng, D., Schretlen, D. S., and Lenz, F. A. (2011a). Fear conditioning is associated with dynamic directed functional interactions between and within the human amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal lobe. Neuroscience 189, 359-369.
61. Liu, C. C., Ohara, S., Franaszczuk, P. J., and Lenz, F. A. (2011b). Attention to painful cutaneous laser stimuli evokes directed functional connectivity between activity recorded directly from human pain-related cortical structures. Pain 152, 664-675.
62. Liu, C. C., Ohara, S., Franaszczuk, P., Crone, N., and Lenz, F. A. (2011c). Attention to painful cutaneous laser stimuli evokes directed functional interactions between human sensory and modulatory painrelated cortical areas. Pain 152, 2781-2791.
63. Liu, C. C., Ohara, S., Franaszczuk, P. J., Zagzoog, N., Gallagher, M., and Lenz, F. A. (2010). Painful stimuli evoke potentials recorded from the medial temporal lobe in humans. Neuroscience 165, 1402-1411.
64. Melzack, R. (1990). Phantom limbs and the concept of a neuromatrix. Trends Neurosci. 13, 88-92.
65. Melzack, R., and Casey, K. L. (1968). "Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain," in The Skin Senses, ed D. Kenshalo (Springfield, IL: Thomas), 423-443.
66. Mohler, H. (2009). Role of GABAA receptors in cognition. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 37, 1328-1333.
67. Mohler, H., Rudolph, U., Boison, D., Singer, P., Feldon, J., and Yee, B. K. (2008). Regulation of cognition and symptoms of psychosis: focus on GABA(A) receptors and glycine transporter 1. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 90, 58-64.
68. Montes, C., Magnin, M., Maarrawi, J., Frot, M., Convers, P., Mauguiere, F., and Garcia-Larrea, L. (2005). Thalamic thermoalgesic transmission: ventral posterior (VP) complex versus VMpo in the light of a thalamic infarct with central pain. Pain 113, 223-232.
69. Ohara, S., Crone, N. E., Weiss, N., Kim, J. H., Lenz, F. A. (2008). Analysis of synchrony demonstrates that the presence of "pain networks" prior to a noxious stimulus can enable the perception of pain in response to that stimulus. Exp. Brain Res. 185, 353-358.
70. Ohara, S., Crone, N. E., Weiss, N., and Lenz, F. A. (2004a). Attention to a painful cutaneous laser stimulus modulates electrocorticographic eventrelated desynchronization in humans. Clin. Neurophysiol. 115, 1641-1652.
71. Ohara, S., Crone, N. E., Weiss, N., and Lenz, F. A. (2006). Analysis of synchrony demonstrates 'pain networks' defined by rapidly switching, taskspecific, functional connectivity between painrelated cortical structures. Pain 123, 244-253.
72. Ohara, S., Crone, N. E., Weiss, N., Treede, R. D., and Lenz, F. A. (2004b). Amplitudes of laser evoked potential recorded from primary somatosensory, parasylvian and medial frontal cortex are graded with stimulus intensity. Pain 110, 318-328.
73. Ohara, S., Crone, N. E., Weiss, N., Treede, R. D., and Lenz, F. A. (2004c). Cutaneous painful laser stimuli evoke responses recorded directly from primary somatosensory cortex in awake humans. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 2734-2746.
74. Ohara, S., Crone, N. E., Weiss, N., Vogel, H., Treede, R. D., and Lenz, F. A. (2004d). Attention to pain is processed at multiple cortical sites in man. Exp. Brain Res. 156, 513-517.
75. Ohara, S., and Lenz, F. A. (2003). Medial lateral extent of thermal and pain sensations evoked by microstimulation in somatic sensory nuclei of human thalamus. J. Neurophysiol. 90,2367-2377.
76. Ohara, S., Taghva, A., Kim, J. H., and Lenz, F. A. (2007). Spontaneous low threshold spike bursting in awake humans is different in different lateral thalamic nuclei. Exp. Brain Res. 180,280-281.
77. Patel, S., Ohara, S., Dougherty, P. M., Gracely, R. H., and Lenz, F. A. (2006). Psychophysical elements of place and modality specificity in the thalamic somatic sensory nucleus (ventral caudal, vc) of awake humans. J. Neurophysiol. 95, 646-659.
78. Peyron, R., Garcia-Larrea, L., Gregoire, M. C., Costes, N., Convers, P., Lavenne, F., Mauguiere, F., Michel, D., and Laurent, B. (1999). Haemodynamic brain responses to acute pain in humans: sensory and attentional networks. Brain 122 (Pt 9), 1765-1780.
79. Ploghaus, A., Tracey, I., Gati, J. S., Clare, S., Menon, R. S., Matthews, P. M., Rawlins, J. N. (1999). Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain. Science 284, 1979-1981.
80. Ploner, M., Freund, H.-J., and Schnitzler, A. (1999). Pain affect without pain sensation in a patient with a postcentral lesion. Pain 81, 211-214.
81. Ploner, M., Schoffelen, J. M., Schnitzler, A., and Gross, J. (2009). Functional integration within the human pain system as revealed by Granger causality. Hum. Brain Mapp. 30, 4025-4032.
82. Porcello, D. M., Smith, S. D., and Huguenard, J. R. (2003). Actions of U92032, a T-type Ca2+ channel antagonist, support a functional linkage between I(T) and slow intrathalamic rhythms. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 177-185.
83. Price, D. D. (2000). Psychological and neural mechanisms of the affective dimension of pain. Science 288, 1769-1772.
84. Rainville, P., Bushnell, M. C., and Duncan, G. H. (2000). "PET studies of the subjective experience of pain," in Pain Imaging, eds K. L. Casey and M. C. Bushnell (Seattle: IASP Press), 123-156.
85. Rainville, P., Carrier, B., Hofbauer, R. K., Bushnell, M. C., and Duncan, G. H. (1999). Dissociation of sensory and affective dimensions of pain using hypnotic modulation. Pain 82,159-171.
86. Rasche, D., Rinaldi, P. C., Young, R. F., and Tronnier, V. M. (2006). Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of various chronic pain syndromes. Neurosurg. Focus 21, E8.
87. Rios, M., Treede, R., Lee, J., and Lenz, F. A. (1999). Direct evidence of nociceptive input to human anterior cingulate gyrus and parasylvian cortex. Curr. Rev. Pain 3, 256-264.
88. Rodriguez, E., George, N., Lachaux, J. P., Martinerie, J., Renault, B., and Varela, F. J. (1999). Perception's shadow: longdistance synchronization of human brain activity. Nature 397,430-433.
89. Rudolph, U., and Mohler, H. (2006). GABA-based therapeutic approaches: GABAA receptor subtype functions. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 6, 18-23.
90. Schuurman, P. R., Bosch, D. A., Bossuyt, P. M., Bonsel, G. J., van Someren, E. J., de Bie, R. M., and Speelman, J. D. (2000). A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. N. Engl. J. Med. 342, 461-468.
91. Shajahan, P. M., Glabus, M. F., Steele, J. D., Doris, A. B., Anderson, K., Jenkins, J. A., Gooding, P. A., and Ebmeier, K. P. (2002). Left dorsolateral repetitive transcra-nial magnetic stimulation affects cortical excitability and functional connectivity, but does not impair cognition in major depression. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 26, 945-954.
92. Sherman, S. M., and Guillery, R. W. (2001). Exploring the Thalamus and its Role in Cortical Function. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
93. Singer, W., and Gray, C. M. (1995). Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 555-586.
94. Sirigu, A., Mottolese, C., and Desmurget, M. (2010). Response to comment on "movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans". Science 327, 1200-d.
95. Starr, C. J., Sawaki, L., Wittenberg, G. F., Burdette, J. H., Oshiro, Y., Quevedo, A. S., and Coghill, R. C. (2009). Roles of the insular cortex in the modulation of pain: insights from brain lesions. J. Neurosci. 29, 2684-2694.
96. Steriade, M., Jones, E. G., and McCormick, D. A. (1997a). "Thalamic, organization and chemical neuroanatomy," in Thalamus, Vol. 1, eds M. Steriade, E. G., Jones, and D. A., McCormick (Amsterdam: Elsevier), 269-338.
97. Steriade, M., Jones, E. G., and McCormick, D. A. (1997b). Thalamus Organisation and Function. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
98. Strigo, I. A., Duncan, G. H., Boivin, M., and Bushnell, M. C. (2003). Differentiation of visceral and cutaneous pain in the human brain. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 3294-3303.
99. Talbot, J. D., Villemure, J. G., Bushnell, M. C., and Duncan, G. H. (1995). Evaluation of pain perception after anterior capsulotomy: a case report. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 12, 115-126.
100. Tarkka, I. M., and Treede, R. D. (1993). Equivalent electrical source analysis of painrelated somatosensory evoked potentials elicited by a CO2 laser. J. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10, 513-519.
101. Topper, R., Foltys, H., Meister, I. G., Sparing, R., and Boroojerdi, B. (2003). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the parietal cortex transiently ameliorates phantom limb painlike syndrome. Clin. Neurophysiol. 114, 1521-1530.
102. Tsubokawa, T., Katayama, Y., and Hirayama, T. (1987). Effects of thalamic sensory relay nucleus stimulation on trigeminal subnucleus caudalis neurons in the cat abnormal bursting hyperactivity after trigeminal rhizotomy. Neurol. Med. Chir. (Tokyo) 27, 601-606.
103. Tsubokawa, T., Katayama, Y., Yamamoto, T., Hirayama, T., and Koyama, S. (1991). Treatment of thalamic pain by chronic motor cortex stimulation. Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 14, 131-134.
104. Valeriani, M., Rambaud, L., and Mauguiere, F. (1996). Scalp topography and dipolar source modelling of potentials evoked by CO2 laser stimulation of the hand. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 100, 343-353.
105. Veldhuijzen, D. S., Greenspan, J. D., Kim, J. H., and Lenz, F. A. (2009). Altered pain and thermal sensation in subjects with isolated parietal and insular cortical lesions. Eur. J. Pain 14, e535-e1-e535-e11
106. von der Malsburg, C. (1995). Binding in models of perception and brain function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5, 520-526.
107. Walter, B. L., and Vitek, J. L. (2004). Surgical treatment for Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 3, 719-728.
108. Wassermann, E. M., Epstein, C. M., Ziemann, U., Paus, T., and Lisanby, S. H. (2010). The Oxford Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. New York, NY: Oxford.
109. Wassermann, E. M., and Lisanby, S. H. (2001). Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review. Clin. Neurophysiol. 112, 1367-1377.
110. Weiner, N. (1956). "The theory of prediction," in Modern Mathematicsfor Engineers, ed E. Bechenbach (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill), 165-190.
111. Wichmann, T., and DeLong, M. R. (1996). Functional and pathophysiological models of the basal ganglia. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 751-758.
112. Zygierewicz, J., Durka, P. J., Klekowicz, H., Franaszczuk, P. J., and Crone, N. E. (2005). Computationally efficient approaches to calculating significant ERD/ERS changes in the timefrequency plane. J. Neurosci. Methods 145, 267-276.
113. Zygierewicz, J., Mazurkiewicz, J., Durka, P. J., Franaszczuk, P. J., and Crone, N. E. (2006). Estimation of shorttime cross correlation Stimulation targets in pain networks between frequency bands of event related EEG. J. Neurosci. Methods 157,294-302.