Khami and the venda in the mapungubwe landscape

Journal of African Archaeology

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 189-206

  Huffman, Thomas N ^a   Du Piesanie, Justin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Historical archaeology; Khami phase; Mapungubwe landscape; Oral tradition; South Africa; Venda period

Indexed keywords

EID: 84855250602     PISSN: 16121651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3213/2191-5784-10197     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Badenhorst, S. 2009. The central cattle pattern during the Iron Age of southern Africa: a critique of its spatial features. South African Archaeological Bulletin 64, 148-155.
2. Beach, D.N. 1978. Shona settlement around the Buhwa Range. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Rhodesia, Series A, Human Sciences 4, 106-111.
3. Beach, D.N. 1980. The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850. Mambo Press, Gwelo [Gweru].
4. Blacking, J. 1969. Songs, dances, mimes and symbolism of Venda girls' initiation schools. Part 1: Vhusha. Part 2: Milayo. Part 3: Domba. Part 4: The great Domba song. African Studies 28, 28-35, 69-18, 149-199, 215-266.
5. Boshoff, W. & Steyn, M. 2000. A human grave from the Farm Hamilton in the Limpopo River Valley (South Africa). Southern African Field Archaeology 9, 68-74.
6. Campbell, A.C., Kinahan, J. & Van Waarden, C. 1996. Archaeological sites at Letsibogo Dam. Botswana Notes & Record 28, 47-53.
7. Calabrese, J.A. 2007. The Emergence of Social and Political Complexity in the Shashi-Limpopo Valley of Southern Africa, AD 900 to 1300. Ethnicity, Class, and Polity. BAR International Series 1617. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 69. Archaeopress, Oxford.
8. Chirikure, S. & Pikirayi, I. 2008. Inside and outside the dry stone walls: revisiting the material culture of Great Zimbabwe. Antiquity 82, 976-993.
9. De Waal, J.B. 1943. 'n Soutpansbergse Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Science 40, 303-327.
10. Du Piesanie, J. 2008. Understanding the Socio-Political Status of Leokwe Society during the Middle Iron Age in the Shashe-Limpopo Basin through a Landscape Approach. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
11. Eloff, J.F. & De Vaal, J.B. 1965. Makahane. Koedoe 8, 68-74.
12. Fatherley, K. 2009. Sociopolitical Status of Leokwe People in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin during the Middle Iron Age through Faunal Analysis. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
13. Fouché, L. (ed.) 1937. Mapungubwe: Ancient Bantu Civilization on the Limpopo. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
14. Gardner, G.A. 1963. Mapungubwe: Volume II. J.L. Van Schaik, Pretoria.
15. Hanisch, E.O.M. 1979. Excavations at Icon, northern Transvaal. In: Van der Merwe, N.J. & Huffman, T.N. (eds.), Iron Age Studies in Southern Africa. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 3, pp. 72-79.
16. Hanisch, E. & Fish, W. 1995. The Venetia-Limpopo Nature Reserve. Its History and Archaeological Potential. University of Venda and Schoemansdal Museum.
17. Hemans, H.N. 1913. The history, the sociology, and the folklore and religion of the Abenanzwa Tribe. Proceedings of the Rhodesian Scientific Association 12, 85-112.
18. Holmgren, K., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Cooper, G.R., Lundblad, K., Partridge, T.C., Scott, L., Sithaldeen, R., Talma, A.S. & Tyson, P.D. 2003. Persistent millennial-scale climatic variability over the last 25,000 years in Southern Africa. Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 2311-2326.
19. Huffman, T.N. 1982. Archaeology and ethnohistory of the African Iron Age. Annual Review of Anthropology 11, 133-150.
20. Huffman, T.N. 1986. Archaeological evidence and conventional explanations of Southern Bantu settlement patterns. Africa 56 (3), 280-298.
21. Huffman, T.N. 1996. Snakes & Crocodiles: Power and Symbolism in Ancient Zimbabwe. Witwatersrand University Press, Johannesburg.
22. Huffman, T.N. 2000. Mapungubwe and the origins of the Zimbabwe culture. In: Leslie, M. & Maggs, T. (eds.), African Naissance: The Limpopo Valley 1 000 Years Ago. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8, pp. 14-29.
23. Huffman, T.N. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: The Archaeology of Pre-Colonial Farming Societies in Southern Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.
24. Huffman, T.N. 2009. A cultural proxy for drought: ritual burning in the Iron Age of southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 36 (4), 991-1005.
25. Huffman, T.N. 2010a. Debating the central cattle pattern: a reply to Badenhorst. South African Archaeological Bulletin 65, 164-174.
26. Huffman, T.N. 2010b. Revisiting Great Zimbabwe: a reply to Chirikure & Pikirayi. Azania 45 (3), 321-328.
27. Huffman, T.N. & Hanisch, E.O.M. 1987. Settlement hierarchies in the northern Transvaal: Zimbabwe ruins and Venda history. African Studies 46 (1), 79-116.
28. Huffman, T.N. & Kinahan, J. 2002/2003. Archaeological mitigation of the Letsibogo Dam: agropastoralism in southeast Botswana. Southern African Field Archaeology 11/12, 4-63.
29. Kuper, A. 1982. Wives for Cattle: Bridewealth and Marriage in Southern Africa. Routledge and Kegan Paul London.
30. Küsel, M. 1992. A preliminary report on settlement layout and gold mining at Thula Mela, a Late Iron Age site in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe 35 (1), 55-64.
31. Lestrade, G.P. 1927. Some notes on the ethnic history of the Ba- Venda and their Rhodesian affinities. South African Journal of Science 24, 486-495.
32. Loubser, J.H.N. 1991. The Ethnoarchaeology of Venda-Speakers in Southern Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 7 (8), 145-464.
33. Maggs, T.M. 1976. Iron Age Communities of the Southern Highveld. Occasional Publication 2. Natal Museum, Pietermaritzberg.
34. Manyanga, M. 2007. Resilient Landscapes: Socio-environmental Dynamics in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin, Southern Zimbabwe c. AD 800 to the Present. Studies in Global Archaeology 11. Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Uppsala.
35. Meyer, A. 1998. The Archaeological Sites of Greefswald: Stratigraphy and Chronology of the Sites and a History of Investigations. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
36. Miller, S.M. 1997. Gold Fields Thulamela Project. Unpublished manuscript, on file. South African National Parks, Pretoria.
37. Murimbika, M.T. 2006. Sacred Powers and Rituals of Transformation: An Ethnoarchaeological Study of Rainmaking Rituals and Agricultural Productivity during the Evolution of the Mapungubwe State, AD 1000 to AD 1300. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
38. Newitt, M. 2009. Treatise on the Rivers of Cuama (Tratado dos Rios de Cuama) by António da Conceição. Sources of African History 9. OUP for The British Academy, Oxford.
39. Ngubane, H. 1977. Body and Mind in Zulu Medicine. Academic Press, London.
40. Ralushai, N.M.N. 2002. A Preliminary Report on the Oral History of Mapungubwe. Department of Environmental Affairs & Tourism, Sibasa.
41. Ralushai, N.M.N. & Gray, J.R. 1977. Ruins and traditions of the Ngona and the Mbedzi among the Venda of the northern Transvaal. Rhodesian History 8, 1-11.
42. Robinson, K.R. 1959. Khami Ruins. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
43. Schapera, I. 1943. Native Land Tenure in the Bechuanaland Protectorate. Lovedale Press, Alice.
44. Schoeman, M.H. 2006a. Clouding Power? Rain Control Space, Landscapes and Ideology in Shashe-Limpopo State Formation. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
45. Schoeman, M.H. 2006b. Imagining rain-places: rain-control and changing ritual landscapes in the Shashe-Limpopo confluence area, South Africa. South African Archaeological Bulletin 61, 152-165.
46. Smith, J. 2005. Climate Change and Agropastoral Sustainability in the Shashe-Limpopo River Basin from AD 900. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
47. Smith, J., Lee-Thorp, J. & Hall, S. 2007. Climate change and agropastoralist settlement in the Shashe-Limpopo River Basin, southern Africa: AD 880 to 1700. South African Archaeological Bulletin 62, 115-125.
48. Smith, J., Lee-Thorp, J., Prevec, S., Hall, S. & Späth, A. 2010. Pre-Colonial herding strategies in the Shashi-Limpopo Basin, southern Africa, based on strontium isotope analysis of domestic fauna. Journal of African Archaeology 8 (1), 83-98.
49. Stayt, H.A. 1931. The Bavenda. Oxford University Press for the International African Institute, Oxford.
50. Trevor, T.G. & Mellor, E.T. 1908. Report on the Reconnaissance of the North-western Zoutpansberg District. Transvaal Mines Department. Government Printer, Pretoria.
51. Tyson, P.D. & Preston-Whyte, R.A. 2000. The Weather and Climate of Southern Africa. Oxford University Press Southern Africa (Second Edition), Cape Town.
52. Van Schalkwyk, J.A. 1994. Randjies: report on excavations of a Late Iron Age site on the Mogalakwena River, northwestern Transvaal. Research by the National Cultural History Museum 3, 100-118.
53. Van Warmelo, N.J. 1932. Contributions towards Venda History, Religion and Tribal Ritual. Ethnological Publication 3. Government Printer, Pretoria.
54. Van Warmelo, N.J. 1935. A Preliminary Survey of the Bantu Tribes of South Africa. Ethnological Publication 5. Government Printer, Pretoria.
55. Van Warmelo, N.J. 1940. The Copper Miners of Musina and the Early History of the Zoutpansberg. Ethnological Publication 8. Government Printer, Pretoria.
56. Van Warmelo, N.J. 1953. Die Tlokwa en Birwa van Noord- Transvval. Ethnological Publication 29. Government Printer, Pretoria.
57. Wentzel, P.J. 1983. The Relationship between Venda and Western Shona (vol. 3). University of South Africa, Pretoria.
58. Wood, M. 2000. Making connections: relationships between international trade and glass beads from the Shashe- Limpopo area. In: Leslie, M. & Maggs, T. (eds.), African Naissance: The Limpopo Valley 1 000 Years Ago. South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series 8, pp. 78-90.
59. Wood, M. 2005. Glass Beads and Pre-European Trade in the Shashe-Limpopo Region. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.