Inside and outside the dry stone walls: Revisiting the material culture of Great Zimbabwe

Antiquity

Volumn 82, Issue 318, 2008, Pages 976-993

  Chirikure, Shadreck ^a   Pikirayi, Innocent ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

East Africa; Great Zimbabwe; Second millennium AD; Structural; Symbolic archaeology

Indexed keywords

EID: 58149288217     PISSN: 0003598X     EISSN: 0003598X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0003598X00097726     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. ASCHWANDEN, H. 1982. Symbols of life: an analysis of the consciousness of the Karanga. Gweru: Mambo Press.
2. BEACH, D.N. 1980. The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850. Gweru: Mambo Press.
3. BEACH, D.N. 1998. Cognitive archaeology and imaginary history at Great Zimbabwe - comments and reply. Current Anthropology 1: 47-72.
4. BENT, J.T. 1892. The ruined cities of Mashonaland. London: Longmans.
5. BLACKING, J. 1985. The Great Enclosure and Domba. Man 20: 542-3.
6. BOURDILLON, M.F.C. 1976. The Shona Peoples. Gweru: Mambo Press.
7. BRUWER, A.J. 1965. Zimbabwe: Rhodesia's ancient greatness. Johannesburg: Hugh Keartland.
8. BURKE, E.E. 1969. The Journals of Karl Mauch. Salisbury: National Archives of Rhodesia.
9. CATON-THOMPSON, G. 1931. The Zimbabwe Culture: ruins and reactions. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10. CHIPUNZA, K. 1994. A diachronic analysis of the standing structures of the Hill Complex at Great Zimbabwe (Studies in African Archaeology 8). Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.
11. CHIPUNZA, K. 1997. A diachronic analysis of the standing structures of the Hill Complex at Great Zimbabwe, in G. Pwiti (ed.) Caves, monuments and texts: Zimbabwean archaeology today (Studies in African Archaeology 14): 125-41. Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University.
12. CHIRIKURE, S. 2007a. Archaeology beyond borders: Zimbabwean archaeology in a regional perspective. Keynote address, National Forum on Zimbabwean Archaeology, 6-8 September 2007, Harare.
13. CHIRIKURE, S. 2007b. Metals in society: iron production and its position in Iron Age communities of southern Africa. Journal of Social Archaeology 7: 72-100.
14. CHIRIKURE, S. & G. PWITI. 2008. Community participation in archaeology and heritage management: case studies from southern Africa and elsewhere. Current Anthropology 49(3): 467-85.
15. CHIRIKURE, S., I. PIKIRAYI & G. PWITI. 2001. A comparative study of Khami pottery, Zimbabwe, in F. Chami & G. Pwiti (ed.) Southern Africa and the Swahili world (Studies in African Past 2). Dar es Salaam: Dar es Salaam University Press.
16. COLLETT, D.P., A. VINES & G. HUGHES. 1992. Dating and chronologies of the Valley Enclosures: implications for the interpretation of Great Zimbabwe. African Archaeology Review 10: 139-61.
17. DART, R. 1955. Foreign influences on the Zimbabwe and pre-Zimbabwe eras. Native Affairs Department Annual 32: 19-30.
18. DOUSLIN, H. 1922. Recent explorations at Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the Rhodesian Scientific Association 20: 61.
19. FONTEIN, J. 2006. Silence of Great Zimbabwe: contested landscapes and the power of heritage. London: UCL Press.
20. GARLAKE, P.S. 1970. Rhodesian ruins: a preliminary assessment of their styles and chronology. Journal of African History 11: 495-513.
21. GARLAKE, P.S. 1973. Great Zimbabwe. London: Thames & Hudson.
22. GARLAKE, P.S. 1982. Great Zimbabwe described and explained. Gweru: Mambo Press.
23. GAYRE, R. 1972. The origins of Zimbabwean civilisation. Salisbury: Galaxie.
24. GELFAND, M. 1973. The genuine Shona. Gweru: Mambo Press.
25. GLUCKMAN, M. 1937. Mortuary customs and the belief in survival after death among the South-Eastern Bantu. Bantu Studies 11: 117-36.
26. HALL, M. 1987. The changing past: farmers, kings and traders in southern Africa 200-1860. Cape Town: David Philip.
27. HALL, M. 1995. Great Zimbabwe and the Lost City: the cultural colonisation of the South African past, in P.J. Ucko (ed.) Theory in archaeology: a world perspective. London: Routledge.
28. HALL, R.N. 1905. Great Zimbabwe. London: Methuen.
29. HALL, R.N. 1910. Prehistoric Rhodesia. London: Fisher Unwin.
30. HALL, R.N. & W.G. NEAL. 1902. The ancient ruins of Rhodesia. London: Methuen.
31. HODDER, I. 2007. Symbolic and structural archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. HOLL, A.F.C. 1996. A diachronic analysis of the architecture of the Hill Complex at Great Zimbabwe by K.T. Chipunza. African Archaeological Review 13(1): 77-85.
33. HOLLEMAN, J.F. 1952. Shona customary law: with reference to kinship, marriage, the family and the estate. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
34. HALL, R.N. 1969. Chief, Council and Commissioner: some problems of government in Rhodesia. Assen: Afrika Studiencentrum.
35. HUFFMAN, T.N. 1981. Snakes and birds: expressive space at Great Zimbabwe. African Studies 40: 131-50.
36. HUFFMAN, T.N. 1982. Archaeology and ethnohistory of the African Iron Age. Annual Review of Anthropology 11: 133-50.
37. HUFFMAN, T.N. 1985. The Great Enclosure and Domba. Man 20:543-5.
38. HUFFMAN, T.N. 1986. Cognitive studies of the Iron Age in southern Africa. World Archaeology 18: 84-95.
39. HUFFMAN, T.N. 1996. Snakes and crocodiles: power and symbolism in ancient Zimbabwe. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.
40. HUFFMAN, T.N. 2007. Handbook to the Iron Age: the archaeology of pre-colonial farming societies in Southern Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
41. HUFFMAN, T. N. & J.C. VOGEL. 1991. The chronology of Great Zimbabwe. South African Archaeological Bulletin 46: 61-70.
42. JEFFREYS, M.D.W. 1954. Zimbabwe and Galla culture. South African Archaeological Bulletin 9: 152.
43. MACIVER, D. 1906. Medieval Rhodesia. London: MacMillan.
44. MATENGA, E. 1998. The soapstone birds of Great Zimbabwe. Harare: Africa Publishing House.
45. NDORO, W. 1994. The preservation and presentation of Great Zimbabwe. Antiquity 68: 617-23.
46. NDORO, W. 2001. Your Monument, our shrine: the preservation and presentation of Great Zimbabwe (Studies in African Archaeology 19). Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University.
47. PIKIRAYI, I. 1993. The Archaeological identity of the Mutapa State: towards an historical identity of northern Zimbabwe (Studies in African Archaeology 6). Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.
48. PIKIRAYI, I. 2001. The Zimbabwe culture: origins and decline of southern Zambezian states. Walnut Creek (CA): AltaMira.
49. PWITI, G. 1996. Continuity and change: an archaeological study of farming communities in northern Zimbabwe AD 500-1700 (Studies in African Archaeology 13). Uppsala: Department of Archaeology, Uppsala University.
50. ROBINSON, K.R. 1961a. Excavations of the Acropolis Hill. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3(23A): 159-92.
51. ROBINSON, K.R. 1961b. Zimbabwe pottery. Occasional papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3(23A): 193-226.
52. ROBINSON, K.R. 1961c. Zimbabwe beads. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3 (23A): 227-35.
53. SCHOFIELD, J.F. 1926. Zimbabwe: a critical examination of the building styles employed. South African Journal of Science 23: 971-86.
54. SINCLAIR, P.J.J. 1987. Space, time and social formation: a territorial approach to the archaeology of Zimbabwe and Mozambique c. 0-1700 AD (Aun 9). Uppsala: Societas Archaeologica Upsaliensis.
55. STAYT, H.A. 1931. The Bavenda. London: Oxford University Press/International Institute of African Languages & Cultures.
56. SUMMERS, R. 1961. Excavations in the Great Enclosure. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3(23A): 236-88.
57. SUMMERS, R. & A. WHITTY. 1961. The development of the Great Enclosure. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3(23A): 306-25.
58. SUMMERS, R., K. ROBINSON & A. WHITTY. 1961. Zimbabwe excavations. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Rhodesia 3(23A): 15-332.
59. THORP, C. 1998. Kings and commoners at Great Zimbabwe (National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe Memoirs). Harare: Trustees of the National Museum and Monuments of Zimbabwe.
60. WAINRIGHT, G.A. 1949. The founders of Zimbabwe civilisation. Man 49: 62-66.
61. WHITTY, A. 1961. Architectural style at Zimbabwe. Occasional Papers of the National Museums of Southern Rhodesia 3(23A): 289-305.
62. WILLOUGHBY, J. 1892. A narrative of further excavations at Zimbabwe. London: George Philip.