The use of ECT and MST in treating depression

International Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2011, Pages 400-412

  Allan, Charlotte L ^a   Ebmeier, Klaus P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; GLIAL CELL LINE DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; SEROTONIN 1A RECEPTOR;

ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA; ARTICLE; AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COGNITION; CONFUSION; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS; DOWN REGULATION; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EMBASE; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; MAGNETIC SEIZURE THERAPY; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSICAL MEDICINE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECEPTOR BINDING; RELAPSE; REMISSION; RETROGRADE AMNESIA; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY EFFECT; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

CEREBRAL CORTEX; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COGNITION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DRUG RESISTANCE; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; ELECTRODES; ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION; FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING; HUMANS; PATIENT SELECTION; RECEPTOR, SEROTONIN, 5-HT1A; RECURRENCE; SEIZURES; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84855241383     PISSN: 09540261     EISSN: 13691627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2011.614223     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Anderson E.L. & Reti I.M. (2009). ECT in pregnancy: A review of the literature from 1941 to 2007. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71 , 235-242.
2. Andrade P., Noblesse L.H., Temel Y., Ackermans L., Lim L.W., Steinbusch H.W. & Visser-Vandewalle V. (2010). Neurostimulatory and ablative treatment options in major depressive disorder: A systematic review. Acta Neurochirurgica , 152 , 565-577.
3. Anttila S., Viikki M., Huuhka K., Huuhka M., Huhtala H., Rontu R., Lehtimaki T. & Leinonen E. (2009). TPH2 polymorphisms may modify clinical picture in treatment-resistant depression. Neuroscience Letters , 464 , 43-46.
4. Antunes P.B. & Fleck M.P. (2009). Clinical outcomes and quality of life in patients submitted to electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of ECT , 25 , 182-185.
5. Azuma H., Yamada A., Shinagawa Y., Nakano Y., Watanabe N., Akechi T. & Furukawa T.A. (2011). Ictal physiological characteristics of remitters during bilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Research , 185 , 462-464.
6. Bailine S., Fink M., Knapp R., Petrides G., Husain M.M., Rasmussen K., Sampson S., Mueller M., McClintock S.M., Tobias K.G. & Kellner C.H. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy is equally effective in unipolar and bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 121 , 431-436.
7. Bar K.J., Ebert A., Boettger M.K., Merz S., Kiehntopf M., Jochum T., Juckel G. & Agelink M.W. (2010). Is successful electroconvulsive therapy related to stimulation of the vagal system? Journal of Affective Disorders , 125 , 323-329.
8. Bayless J.D., McCormick L.M., Brumm M.C., Espe-Pfeifer P.B., Long J.J. & Lewis J.L. (2010). Pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy multidomain cognitive assessment in psychotic depression: Relationship to premorbid abilities and symptom improvement. Journal of ECT , 26 , 47-52.
9. Berg J.E. & Kononova N. (2009). Sense of coherence in patients treated for depression with ECT. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine , 39 , 101-112.
10. Birkenhager T.K., Pluijms E.M., Ju M.R., Mulder P.G. & den Broek W.W. (2010). Influence of age on the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in major depression: A retrospective study. Journal of Affective Disorders , 126 , 257-261.
11. Bolwig T.G. & Fink M. (2009). Electrotherapy for melancholia: The pioneering contributions of Benjamin Franklin and Giovanni Aldini. Journal of ECT , 25 , 15-18.
12. Brunoni A.R., Teng C.T., Correa C., Imamura M., Brasil-Neto J.P., Boechat R., Rosa M., Caramelli P., Cohen R., Del Porto J.A., Boggio P.S. & Fregni F. (2010). Neuromodulation approaches for the treatment of major depression: Challenges and recommendations from a working group meeting. Arquivos de Neuro Psiquiatria , 68 , 433-451.
13. Bundy B.D., Hewer W., Andres F.J., Gass P. & Sartorius A. (2010). Influence of anesthetic drugs and concurrent psychiatric medication on seizure adequacy during electroconvulsive therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 71 , 775-777.
14. Carney S., Cowen P., Geddes J., Goodwin G., Rogers R., Dearness K., Tomlin A., Eastaugh J., Freemantle N., Lester H., Harvey A. & Scott A. (2003). Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet , 361 , 799-808. (Pubitemid 36331841)
15. Carpenter L., Megna J., Herrera-Rojas M. & Siddiqui U. (2011). When medication fails: Neurostimulation therapies for depression. Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 8 , 61-80.
16. Cassidy F., Weiner R.D., Cooper T.B. & Carroll B.J. (2009). Antidepressant response to electroconvulsive therapy is sustained after catecholamine depletion. Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 33 , 872-874.
17. Cassidy F., Weiner R.D., Cooper T.B. & Carroll B.J. (2010). Combined catecholamine and indoleamine depletion following response to ECT. British Journal of Psychiatry , 196 , 493-494.
18. Castren E. & Rantamaki T. (2010). The role of BDNF and its receptors in depression and antidepressant drug action: Reactivation of developmental plasticity. Developmental Neurobiology , 70 , 289-297.
19. Chakrabarti S., Grover S. & Rajagopal R. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy: A review of knowledge, experience and attitudes of patients concerning the treatment. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry , 11 , 525-537.
20. Cinar S., Oude Voshaar R.C., Janzing J.G., Birkenhager T.K., Buitelaar J.K. & van den Broek W.W. (2010). The course of depressive symptoms in unipolar depressive disorder during electroconvulsive therapy: A latent class analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders , 124 , 141-147.
21. Domschke K., Zavorotnyy M., Diemer J., Nitsche S., Hohoff C., Baune B.T., Deckert J., Arolt V. & Zwanzger P. (2010). COMT val158met influence on electroconvulsive therapy response in major depression. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics , 153B 286-290.
22. Dwork A., Arango V., Underwood M., Ilievski B., Rosoklija G., Sackeim H. & Lisanby S.H. (2004). Absence of histological lesions in primate models of ECT and magnetic seizure therapy. American Journal of Psychiatry , 161 , 576-578. (Pubitemid 38326118)
23. Ebert A., Jochum T., Ritter J., Boettger M.K., Schulz S., Voss A. & B ä r K.J. (2010). Does parasympathetic modulation prior to ECT treatment influence therapeutic outcome? Progress in Neuro Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry , 34 , 1174-1180.
24. Falconer D.W., Cleland J., Fielding S. & Reid I.C. (2010). Using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) to assess the cognitive impact of electroconvulsive therapy on visual and visuospatial memory. Psychological Medicine , 40 , 1017-1025.
25. Fernandes B., Gama C.S., Massuda R., Torres M., Camargo D., Kunz M., Inês Lobato M. (2009). Serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is not associated with response to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): A pilot study in drug resistant depressed patients. Neuroscience Letters , 453 , 195-198.
26. Fitzgerald P. (2008). Brain stimulation techniques for the treatment of depression and other psychiatric disorders. Australasian Psychiatry , 16 , 183-190. (Pubitemid 351890611)
27. Fitzsimons L., Disner S.G. & Bress J.N. (2009). Effective utilization and future directions for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: A guide for psychiatric nurses. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association , 15 , 314-324.
28. Fountoulakis K.N. (2010). An update of evidence-based treatment of bipolar depression: Where do we stand? Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 23 , 19-24.
29. Frais A.T. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy: A theory for the mechanism of action. Journal of ECT , 26 , 60-61.
30. Fraser L.M., O'Carroll R.E. & Ebmeier K.P. (2008). The effect of electroconvulsive therapy on autobiographical memory: A systematic review. Journal of ECT , 24 , 10-17. (Pubitemid 351498636)
31. George M., Nahas Z., Li X., Kozel F., Anderson B., Yamanaka K., Chae J. & Foust M. (2002). Novel treatments of mood disorders based on brain circuitry (ECT, MST, TMS, VNS, DBS). Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 7 , 293-304.
32. Gibson T.B., Jing Y., Smith Carls G., Kim E., Bagalman J.E., Burton W.N., Tran Q.V., Pikalov A. & Goetzel R.Z. (2010). Cost burden of treatment resistance in patients with depression. American Journal of Managed Care , 16 , 370-377.
33. Girgenti M.J., Hunsberger J., Duman C.H., Sathyanesan M., Terwilliger R. & Newton S.S. (2009). Erythropoietin induction by electroconvulsive seizure, gene regulation, and antidepressant- like behavioral effects. Biological Psychiatry , 66 , 267-274.
34. Gronli O., Stensland G.O., Wynn R. & Olstad R. (2009). Neurotrophic factors in serum following ECT: A pilot study. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry , 10 , 295-301.
35. Grunze H., Vieta E., Goodwin G.M., Bowden C., Licht R.W., Moller H.J., ⋯Kasper S. (2010). The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry , 11 , 81-109.
36. Hallam K.T., Smith D.I. & Berk M. (2009). Differences between subjective and objective assessments of the utility of electroconvulsive therapy in patients with bipolar and unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders , 112 , 212-218.
37. Haskett R.F. & Loo C. (2010). Adjunctive psychotropic medications during electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of depression, mania, and schizophrenia. Journal of ECT , 26 , 196-201.
38. Hausner L., Damian M., Sartorius A. & Frolich L. (2011). Efficacy and cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depressed elderly inpatients with coexisting mild cognitive impairment or dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 72 , 91-97.
39. Heijnen W., Birkenhager T., Wierdsma A. & Van Den Broek W. (2010). Antidepressant pharmacotherapy failure and response to subsequent electroconvulsive therapy: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology , 30 , 616-619.
40. Hoy K. & Fitzgerald P. (2010a). Brain stimulation in psychiatry and its effects on cognition. Nature Reviews Neurology , 6 , 267-275.
41. Hoy K. & Fitzgerald P. (2010b). Introducing magnetic seizure therapy: A novel therapy for treatment resistant depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 44 , 591-598.
42. Kayser S., Bewernick B., Axmacher N. & Schlaepfer T.E. (2009). Magnetic seizure therapy of treatment-resistant depression in a patient with bipolar disorder. Journal of ECT , 25 , 137-140.
43. Kayser S., Bewernick B., Grubert C., Hadrysiewicz B., Axmacher N. & Schlaepfer T. (2011). Antidepressant effects, of magnetic seizure therapy and electroconvulsive therapy, in treatment-resistant depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research , 45 , 569-576.
44. Kellner C.H., Knapp R., Husain M.M., Rasmussen K., Sampson S., Cullum M., McClintock S.M., Tobias K.G., Martino C., Mueller M., Bailine S.H., Fink M. & Petrides G. (2010a). Bifrontal, bitemporal and right unilateral electrode placement in ECT: Randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry , 196 , 226-234.
45. Kellner C.H., Tobias K.G. & Wiegand J. (2010b). Electrode placement in electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): A review of the literature. Journal of ECT , 26 , 175-180.
46. Keltner N.L. & Boschini D.J. (2009). Electroconvulsive therapy. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care , 45 , 66-70.
47. Kennedy S.H., Milev R., Giacobbe P., Ramasubbu R., Lam R.W., Parikh S.V., Patten S.B., & Ravindran A.V. (2009). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) clinical guidelines for the management of major depressive disorder in adults. IV. Neurostimulation therapies. Journal of Affective Disorders , 117 , S44 - 53).
48. Kessler U., Vaaler A. E., Schoyen H., Oedegaard K.J., Bergsholm P., Andreassen O.A., Malt U.F. & Morken G. (2010). The study protocol of the Norwegian randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy in treatment resistant depression in bipolar disorder. BMC Psychiatry , 10 , 16.
49. Kikuchi A., Yasui-Furukori N., Fujii A., Katagai H. & Kaneko S. (2009). Identification of predictors of post-ictal delirium after electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 63 , 180-185.
50. Kimball J.N., Rosenquist P.B., Dunn A. & McCall V. (2009). Prediction of antidepressant response in both 2.25 threshold RUL and fixed high dose RUL ECT. Journal of Affective Disorders , 112 , 85-91.
51. Kirov G., Ebmeier K., Scott A., Atkins M., Khalid N., Carrick L., Stanfield A., O'Carroll R., Husain M. & Lisanby S. (2008). Quick recovery of orientation after magnetic seizure therapy for major depressive disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry , 193 , 152-155.
52. Kirsch I., Deacon B.J., Huedo-Medina T.B., Scoboria A., Moore T.J. & Johnson B.T. (2008). Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: A meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Medicine , 5 , e45.
53. Kosel M., Frick C., Lisanby S., Fisch H. & Schlaepfer T. (2003). Magnetic seizure therapy improves mood in refractory major depression. Neuropsychopharmacology , 28 , 2045-2048. (Pubitemid 37412114)
54. Langius-Eklof A. & Samuelsson M. (2009). Sense of coherence and psychiatric morbidity in terms of anxiety and depression in patients with major depression before and after electric convulsive treatment. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences , 23 , 375-379.
55. Lisanby S. (2002). Update on magnetic seizure therapy: A novel form of convulsive therapy. Journal of ECT , 18 , 182-188. (Pubitemid 35471057)
56. Lisanby S., Luber B., Finck A.D., Schroeder C., & Sackeim H.A. (2001a). Deliberate seizure induction with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in nonhuman primates. Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 , 199-200. (Pubitemid 32142758)
57. Lisanby S., Luber B., Schlaepfer T. & Sackeim H. (2003a). Safety and feasibility of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) in major depression: Randomized within-subject comparison with electroconvulsive therapy. Neuropsychopharmacology , 28 , 1852-1865. (Pubitemid 41070851)
58. Lisanby S., Morales O., Payne N., Kwon E., Fitzsimons L., Luber B., Nobler M. & Sackeim H. (2003b). New developments in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy. CNS Spectrums , 8 , 529-536. (Pubitemid 38418386)
59. Lisanby S., Moscrip T., Morales O., Luber B., Schroeder C. & Sackeim H. (2003c). Neurophysiological characterization of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) in non-human primates. Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology , 56 , 81-99.
60. Lisanby S.H., Schlaepfer T.E., Fisch H.-U. & Sackeim H.A. (2001b). Magnetic seizure therapy of major depression. Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 , 303-305. (Pubitemid 32209685)
61. Loo C.K., Sainsbury K., Sheehan P. & Lyndon B. (2008). A comparison of RUL ultrabrief pulse (0.3 ms) ECT and standard RUL ECT. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology , 11 , 883-890.
62. Malekian A., Amini Z., Maracy M.R. & Barekatain M. (2009). Knowledge of attitude toward experience and satisfaction with electroconvulsive therapy in a sample of Iranian patients. Journal of ECT , 25 , 106-112.
63. Masdrakis V.G., Florakis A., Tzanoulinos G., Markatou M. & Oulis P. (2010). Safety of the electroconvulsive therapyziprasidone combination. Journal of ECT , 26 , 139-142.
64. Mayur P., Bray A., Fernandes J., Bythe K. & Gilbett D. (2010). Impact of hyperventilation on stimulus efficiency during the early phase of an electroconvulsive therapy course: A randomized double-blind study. Journal of ECT , 26 , 91-94.
65. McClintock S.M., Cullum M., Husain M.M., Rush A.J., Knapp R.G., Mueller M., Petrides G., Sampson S. & Kellner C.H. (2010). Evaluation of the effects of severe depression on global cognitive function and memory. CNS Spectrums , 15 , 304-313.
66. McCormick L.M., Brumm M.C., Benede A.K. & Lewis J.L. (2009a). Relative ineffectiveness of ultrabrief right unilateral versus bilateral electroconvulsive therapy in depression. Journal of ECT , 25 , 238-242.
67. McCormick L.M., Yamada T., Yeh M., Brumm M.C. & Thatcher R.W. (2009b). Antipsychotic effect of electroconvulsive therapy is related to normalization of subgenual cingulate theta activity in psychotic depression. Journal of Psychiatric Research , 43 , 553-560.
68. Medda P., Perugi G., Zanello S., Ciuffa M. & Cassano G.B. (2009). Response to ECT in bipolar I, bipolar II and unipolar depression. Journal of Affective Disorders , 118 , 55-59.
69. Medda P., Perugi G., Zanello S., Ciuffa M., Rizzato S., & Cassano G.B. (2010). Comparative response to electroconvulsive therapy in medication-resistant bipolar I patients with depression and mixed state. Journal of ECT , 26 , 82-86.
70. Merkl A., Heuser I. & Bajbouj M. (2009). Antidepressant electroconvulsive therapy: Mechanism of action, recent advances and limitations. Experimental Neurology , 219 , 20-26.
71. Moksnes K.M. & Ilner S.O. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy - Efficacy and side effects. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening , 130 , 2460-2464.
72. Morales O., Sackeim H., Berman R. & Lisanby S. (2004). Magnetic seizure therapy: Development of a novel intervention for treatment resistant depression. Clinical Neuroscience Research , 4 2, 59-70. (Pubitemid 40567863)
73. Moreines J.L., McClintock S.M. & Holtzheimer P.E. (2011). Neuropsychologic effects of neuromodulation techniques for treatment-resistant depression: A review. Brain Stimulation , 4 , 17-27.
74. Moscrip T.D., Terrace H.S., Sackeim H.A. & Lisanby S.H. (2006). Randomized controlled trial of the cognitive side-effects of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) and electroconvulsive shock (ECS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , 9 , 1-11. (Pubitemid 43068329)
75. Mueller P.S., Albin S.M., Barnes R.D. & Rasmussen K.G. Jr. (2009). Safety of electroconvulsive therapy in patients with unrepaired abdominal aortic aneurysm: Report of eight patients. Journal of ECT , 25 , 165-169.
76. Nakajima S., Ishida T., Akaishi R., Takahata K., Kitahata R., Uchida H., Suzuki T., Takeuchi H., Nomura K., Nakagawa A., Watanabe K. & Kashima H. (2009). Impacts of switching antidepressants after successful electroconvulsive therapy on the maintenance of clinical remission in patients with treatment-resistant depression: A chart review. Journal of ECT , 25 , 178-181.
77. NICE (2003). Technology appraisal (TA59): The clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depressive illness, schizophrenia, catatonia and mania. Available at: Http://www.nice.org.uk/TA059.
78. Nordanskog P., Dahlstrand U., Larsson M.R., Larsson E.M., Knutsson L. & Johanson A. (2010). Increase in hippocampal volume after electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression: A volumetric magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of ECT , 26 , 62-67.
79. O'Connor D.W., Gardner B., Eppingstall B. & Tofler D. (2010a). Cognition in elderly patients receiving unilateral and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy: A prospective, naturalistic comparison. Journal of Affective Disorders , 124 , 235-240.
80. O'Connor D.W., Gardner B., Presnell I., Singh D., Tsanglis M. & White E. (2010b). The effectiveness of continuationmaintenance ECT in reducing depressed older patients'hospital re-admissions. Journal of Affective Disorders , 120 , 62-66.
81. Okazaki M., Tominaga K., Higuchi H., Utagawa I., Nakamura E., Noguchi M., Itaya M., Hashimoto C. & Yamaguchi N. (2010). Predictors of response to electroconvulsive therapy obtained using the three-factor structure of the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale for treatment-resistant depressed patients. Journal of ECT , 26 , 87-90.
82. Palmio J., Huuhka M., Laine S., Huhtala H., Peltola J., Leinonen E., Suhonen J. & Keranen T. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy and biomarkers of neuronal injury and plasticity: Serum levels of neuron-specific enolase and S-100b protein. Psychiatry Research , 177 , 97-100.
83. Petrides G., Braga R. J., Fink M., Mueller M., Knapp R., Husain M., Rummans T., Bailine S., Malur C., O'Connor K., Kellner C. & Group C. (2009). Seizure threshold in a large sample: Implications for stimulus dosing strategies in bilateral electroconvulsive therapy: A report from CORE. Journal of ECT , 25 , 232-237.
84. Petrides G., Fink M., Husain M.M., Knapp R.G., Rush A. J., Mueller M., Rummans T.A., O'Connor K.M., Rasmussen K. G. Jr., Bernstein H.J., Biggs M., Bailine, SH. & Kellner C.H. (2001). ECT remission rates in psychotic versus nonpsychotic depressed patients: A report from CORE. Journal of ECT , 17 , 244-253. (Pubitemid 33131305)
85. Piccinni A., Del Debbio A., Medda P., Bianchi C., Roncaglia I., Veltri A., Zanello S., Massimetti E., Origlia N., Domenici L., Marazziti D. & Dell'Osso L. (2009). Plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor in treatment-resistant depressed patients receiving electroconvulsive therapy. European Neuropsychopharmacology , 19 , 349-355.
86. Plakiotis C., Chin L.F., O'Connor D.W. & Victorian Aged Psychiatry Research Network. (2010). The change in electrical energy delivered to aged patients over a course of moderate dose unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. Psychogeriatrics , 10 , 187-190.
87. Popeo D.M. (2009). Electroconvulsive therapy for depressive episodes: A brief review. Geriatrics , 64 , 9-12.
88. Quante A., Luborzewski A., Brakemeier E.L., Merkl A., Danker- Hopfe H. & Bajbouj M. (2011). Effects of 3 different stimulus intensities of ultrabrief stimuli in right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy in major depression: A randomized, double-blind pilot study. Journal of Psychiatric Research , 45 , 174-178.
89. Rai S., Kivisalu T., Rabheru K. & Kang N. (2010). Electroconvulsive therapy clinical database: A standardized approach in tertiary care psychiatry. Journal of ECT , 26 , 304-309.
90. Rasmussen K.G. (2009). Sham electroconvulsive therapy studies in depressive illness: A review of the literature and consideration of the placebo phenomenon in electroconvulsive therapy practice. Journal of ECT , 25 , 54-59.
91. Rasmussen K.G. & Black J.L. (2009). Serotonin transporter gene status and electroconvulsive therapy outcomes: A retrospec - tive analysis of 83 patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 70 , 92-94.
92. Rasmussen K.G., Mueller M., Rummans T.A., Husain M.M., Petrides G., Knapp R.G., Fink M., Sampson S.M., Bailine S.H. & Kellner C. H. (2009). Is baseline medication resistance associated with potential for relapse after successful remission of a depressive episode with ECT? Data from the Consortium for Research on Electroconvulsive Therapy (CORE). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 70 , 232-237.
93. Rau A., Grossheinrich N., Palm U., Pogarell O. & Padberg F. (2007). Transcranial and deep brain stimulation approaches as treatment for depression. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience , 38 , 105-115. (Pubitemid 46866510)
94. Read J. & Bentall R. (2010). The effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy: A literature review. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale , 19 , 333-347.
95. Rowny S., Benzl K. & Lisanby S. (2009). Translational development strategy for magnetic seizure therapy. Experimental Neurology , 219 , 27-35.
96. Rush A.J., Trivedi M.H., Wisniewski S.R., Stewart J.W., Nierenberg A.A., Thase M.E., Ritz L., Biggs M.M., Warden D., Luther J.F., Shores-Wilson K., Niederehe G., & Fava M. (2006). Bupropion-SR, sertraline, or venlafaxine-XR after failure of SSRIs for depression. N Engl J Med , 354 , 1231-1242.
97. Sackeim H.A., Dillingham E.M., Prudic J., Cooper T., McCall W.V., Rosenquist P., Isenberg K., Garcia K., Mulsant B.H. & Haskett R.F. (2009). Effect of concomitant pharmacotherapy on electroconvulsive therapy outcomes: Short-term efficacy and adverse effects. Archives of General Psychiatry , 66 , 729-737.
98. Sackeim H.A., Haskett R.F., Mulsant B.H., Thase M.E., Mann J.J., Pettinati H.M., Greenberg R.M., Crowe R.R., Cooper T.B. & Prudic J. (2001). Continuation pharmacotherapy in the prevention of relapse following electroconvulsive therapy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 , 1299-1307. (Pubitemid 32216144)
99. Sackeim H.A., Prudic J., Devanand D., Nobler M. S., Lisanby S.H., Peyser S., Fitzsimons L., Moody B.J. & Clark J. (2000). A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bilateral and right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy at different stimulus intensities. Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 , 425-434. (Pubitemid 30257256)
100. Saijo T., Takano A., Suhara T., Arakawa R., Okumura M., Ichimiya T., Ito H. & Okubo Y. (2010a). Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on 5-HT1A receptor binding in patients with depression: A PET study with [11C]WAY 100635. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology , 13 , 785-791.
101. Saijo T., Takano A., Suhara T., Arakawa R., Okumura M., Ichimiya T., Ito H. & Okubo Y. (2010b). Electroconvulsive therapy decreases dopamine D2receptor binding in the anterior cingulate in patients with depression: A controlled study using positron emission tomography with radioligand. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 71 , 793-799.
102. Savitz J., Lucki I. & Drevets W.C. (2009). 5-HT(1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder. Progress in Neurobiology , 88 , 17-31.
103. Scott A. (2004). The ECT Handbook. In A. Scott (Ed.), The Third Report of the Royal College of Psychiatrists'Special Committee on ECT. 4, 12, 15, 144-155
104. Semkovska M. & McLoughlin D.M. (2010). Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological Psychiatry , 68 , 568-577.
105. Shelton R.C., Osuntokun O., Heinloth A.N. & Corya S.A. (2010). Therapeutic options for treatment-resistant depression. CNS Drugs , 24 , 131-161.
106. Sienaert P., Vansteelandt K., Demyttenaere K. & Peuskens J. (2009a). Randomized comparison of ultra-brief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: Clinical efficacy. Journal of Affective Disorders , 116 , 106-112.
107. Sienaert P., Vansteelandt K., Demyttenaere K. & Peuskens J. (2009b). Ultra-brief pulse ECT in bipolar and unipolar depressive disorder: Differences in speed of response. Bipolar Disorders , 11 , 418-424.
108. Sienaert P., Vansteelandt K., Demyttenaere K. & Peuskens J. (2010a). Randomized comparison of ultra-brief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: Cognitive side-effects. Journal of Affective Disorders , 122 , 60-67.
109. Sienaert P.A., Vansteelandt K., Demyttenaere K. & Peuskens J. (2010b). Predictors of patient satisfaction after ultrabrief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapies for major depression. Journal of ECT , 26 , 55-59.
110. Smith G., Rasmussen K. Jr., Cullum C., Felmlee-Devine M., Petrides G., Rummans T., Husain M., Mueller M., Bernstein H., Knapp R., O'Connor M., Fink M., Sampson S., Bailine S. & Kellner C. (2010). A randomized controlled trial comparing the memory effects of continuation electroconvulsive therapy versus continuation pharmacotherapy: Results from the Consortium for Research in ECT (CORE) study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry , 71 , 185-193.
111. Spellman T., McClintock S.M., Terrace H., Luber B., Husain M.M. & Lisanby S.H. (2008). Differential effects of high-dose magnetic seizure therapy and electrocon vulsive shock on cognitive function. Biol Psychiatry, 63 , 1163-1170.
112. Sporn A. & Lisanby S. (2006). Non-pharmacological treatment modalities in children and adolescents: A review of electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation, magnetic seizure therapy, and deep brain stimulation. Clinical Neuropsychiatry , 3 , 230-244. (Pubitemid 44896281)
113. Stanford A., Husain M., Luber B., Berman R., Truesdale M., McClintock S. & Lisanby S.H. (2005). Magnetic seizure therapy and other convulsive therapies. Primary Psychiatry , 12 , 44-50. (Pubitemid 41531975)
114. Stewart J., Kampman O., Huuhka M., Anttila S., Huuhka K., Lehtimaki T. & Leinonen E. (2009). ACE polymorphism and response to electroconvulsive therapy in major depression. Neuroscience Letters , 458 , 122-125.
115. Thirthalli J., Kumar C.N., Bangalore R.P. & Gangadhar B.N. (2009). Speed of response to threshold and suprathreshold bilateral ECT in depression, mania and schizophrenia. Journal of Affective Disorders , 117 , 104-107.
116. Trivedi M.H., Fava M., Wisniewski S.R., Thase M. E., Quitkin F., Warden D., Ritz L., Nierenberg A. A., Lebowitz B. D., Biggs M.M., Luther J.F., Shores-Wilson K., Rush A.J. & STAR * D Study Team. (2006a). Medication augmentation after the failure of SSRIs for depression. New England Journal of Medicine , 354 , 1243-1252.
117. Trivedi M.H., Rush A.J., Wisniewski S.R., Nierenberg A. A., Warden D., Ritz L., Norquist G., Howland R. H., Lebowitz B., McGrath P.J., Shores-Wilson K., Biggs M. M., Balasubramani G.K., Fava M. & STAR * D Study Team. (2006b). Evaluation of outcomes with citalopram for depression using measurement- based care in STAR * D: Implications for clinical practice. American Journal of Psychiatry , 163 , 28-40. (Pubitemid 43050100)
118. Valevski A., Pickholtz E., Roz N., Weizman A. & Rehavi M. (2010). Lack of modulatory effect of short-term repeated electroconvulsive therapy on platelet vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) in depressed patients. Journal of Neural Transmission , 117 , 881-885.
119. van Waarde J.A., Wielaard D., Wijkstra J., Verwey B. & van der Mast R.C. (2010). Retrospective study of continuation electroconvulsive therapy in 50 patients. Journal of ECT , 26 , 299-303.
120. Viikki M., Anttila S., Kampman O., Illi A., Huuhka M., Setälä- Soikkeli E., Mononen N., Lehtimäki T. & Leinonen E. (2010a). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphism is associated with treatment resistant depression. Neuroscience Letters , 477 , 105-108.
121. Viikki M., Kampman O., Illi A., Setala-Soikkeli E., Anttila S., Huuhka M., Nuolivirta T., Poutanen O., Mononen N., Lehtimaki T. & Leinonen E. (2010b). TPH1 218A/C polymorphism is associated with major depressive disorder and its treatment response. Neuroscience Letters , 468 , 80-84.
122. White P., Amos Q., Zhang Y., Stool L., Husain M., Thornton L., Downing M., McClintock S. & Lisanby S. (2006). Anesthetic considerations for magnetic seizure therapy: A novel therapy for severe depression. Anesthesia and Analgesia , 103 , 76-80. (Pubitemid 44036035)
123. Yatham L.N., Kennedy S.H., Schaffer A., Parikh S.V., Beaulieu S., O'Donovan C., MacQueen G., McIntyre R.S., Sharma V., Ravindran A., Young L.T., Young A.H., Alda M., Milev R., Vieta E., Calabrese J.R., Berk M., Ha K. & Kapczinski F. (2009). Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: Update 2009. Bipolar Disorders , 11 (3), 225-255.
124. Yatham L.N., Liddle P.F., Lam R.W., Zis A.P., Stoessl A.J., Sossi V., Adam M.J. & Ruth T. J. (2010). Effect of electroconvulsive therapy on brain 5-HT(2) receptors in major depression. British Journal of Psychiatry , 196 , 474-479.
125. Yildiz A., Mantar A., Simsek S., Onur E., Gokmen N. & Fidaner H. (2010). Combination of pharmacotherapy with electroconvulsive therapy in prevention of depressive relapse: A pilot controlled trial. Journal of ECT , 26 , 104-110.
126. Zhang X., Zhang Z., Sha W., Xie C., Xi G., Zhou H. & Zhang Y. (2009). Electroconvulsive therapy increases glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) serum levels in patients with drug-resistant depression. Psychiatry Research , 170 , 273-275.
127. Zyss T., Zieba A., Hese R., Dudek D., Grabski B., Gorczyca P. & Modrzejewska R. (2010). Magnetic seizure therapy (MST) - A safer method for evoking seizure activity than current therapy with a confirmed antidepressant efficacy. Neuroendocrinology Letters , 31 , 425-437.