An update of evidence-based treatment of bipolar depression: Where do we stand?

Current Opinion in Psychiatry

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 19-24

  Fountoulakis, Konstantinos N ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

Author keywords

Anticonvulsants; Antidepressants; Antipsychotics; Bipolar disorder; Evidence based guidelines; Lithium; Mania; Mood stabilizers; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMITRIPTYLINE; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FLUOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; IMIPRAMINE; INOSITOL; LAMOTRIGINE; LITHIUM; MODAFINIL; OLANZAPINE; PAROXETINE; PLACEBO; PRAMIPEXOLE; QUETIAPINE; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE;

ADD ON THERAPY; ANXIETY DISORDER; BIPOLAR DEPRESSION; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; DEPRESSION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; HUMAN; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MANIA; MIXED MANIA AND DEPRESSION; MONOTHERAPY; MOOD DISORDER; POLYPHARMACY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR;

ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENTS; ANTIMANIC AGENTS; BIPOLAR DISORDER; COGNITIVE THERAPY; ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; LITHIUM COMPOUNDS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION;

EID: 74349125504     PISSN: 09517367     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e328333e132     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Vieta E, Goikolea JM. Atypical antipsychotics: newer options for mania and maintenance therapy. Bipolar Disord 2005; 7 (Suppl 4):21-33.
2. Vieta E, Berk M, Wang W, et al. Predominant previous polarity as an outcome predictor in a controlled treatment trial for depression in bipolar I disorder patients. J Affect Disord 2009; 119:22-27.
3. Fountoulakis KN, Grunze H, Panagiotidis P, Kaprinis G. Treatment of bipolar depression: an update. J Affect Disord 2008; 109:21-34.
4. Fountoulakis KN, Magiria S, Siamouli M, et al. A seven-year follow-up of an extremely refractory bipolar I patient. CNS Spectr 2007; 12:733-734.
5. Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, et al. Treatment guidelines for bipolar disorder: a critical review. J Affect Disord 2005; 86:1-10. (Pubitemid 40487954)
6. Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E, Siamouli M, et al. Treatment of bipolar disorder: a complex treatment for a multifaceted disorder. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2007; 6:27.
7. Young AH, McElroy H, Chang W, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study with acute and continuation phase of quetiapine in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN I). Third Biennial Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders; Delhi, India; 2008.
8. Thase ME, Jonas A, Khan A, et al. Aripiprazole monotherapy in nonpsychotic bipolar I depression: results of 2 randomized, placebo-controlled studies. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2008; 28:13-20.
9. Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:1079-1088.
10. Bech P. Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials with mirtazapine using the core items of the Hamilton Depression Scale as evidence of a pure antidepressive effect in the short-term treatment of major depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 4:337-345.
11. Lecrubier Y, Bech P. The Ham D(6) is more homogenous and as sensitive as the Ham D(17). Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22:252-255.
12. Calabrese JR, Keck PE Jr, Macfadden W, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in the treatment of bipolar I or II depression. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1351-1360.
13. Thase ME, Macfadden W, Weisler RH, et al. Efficacy of quetiapine monotherapy in bipolar I and II depression: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (the BOLDER II study). J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006; 26:600-609.
14. McElroy S, Young A, Carlsson A, et al. Double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled study of quetiapine and paroxetine in adults with bipolar depression (EMBOLDEN II). Conference of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders; Delhi and Agra, India.
15. Davis LL, Bartolucci A, Petty F. Divalproex in the treatment of bipolar depression: a placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2005; 85:259-266.
16. Ghaemi SN, Gilmer WS, Goldberg JF, et al. Divalproex in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: a preliminary double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1840-1844.
17. Ballenger JC, Post RM. Carbamazepine in manic-depressive illness: a new treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1980; 137:782-790.
18. Goldsmith DR, Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Perry CM. Lamotrigine: a review of its use in bipolar disorder. Drugs 2003; 63:2029-2050.
19. Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM. Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194:4-9.
20. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. Lamictal 602 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60:79-88.
21. Frye MA, Ketter TA, Kimbrell TA, et al. A placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine and gabapentin monotherapy in refractory mood disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20:607-614.
22. Glen AI, Johnson AL, Shepherd M. Continuation therapy with lithium and amitriptyline in unipolar depressive illness: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. Psychol Med 1984; 14:37-50.
23. Kane JM, Quitkin FM, Rifkin A, et al. Lithium carbonate and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II illness: a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39:1065-1069.
24. Prien RF, Klett CJ, Caffey EM Jr. Lithium carbonate and imipramine in prevention of affective episodes. A comparison in recurrent affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1973; 29:420-425.
25. Prien RF, Kupfer DJ, Mansky PA, et al. Drug therapy in the prevention of recurrences in unipolar and bipolar affective disorders. Report of the NIMH Collaborative Study Group comparing lithium carbonate, imipramine, and a lithium carbonate-imipramine combination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41:1096-1104.
26. Cohn JB, Collins G, Ashbrook E, Wernicke JF. A comparison of fluoxetine imipramine and placebo in patients with bipolar depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1989; 4:313-322.
27. Amsterdam JD, Garcia-Espana F, Fawcett J, et al. Efficacy and safety of fluoxetine in treating bipolar II major depressive episode. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18:435-440.
28. Amsterdam JD, Shults J. Comparison of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and combined fluoxetine plus olanzapine initial therapy of bipolar type I and type II major depression: lack of manic induction. J Affect Disord 2005; 87:121-130.
29. Amsterdam JD, Shults J. Fluoxetine monotherapy of bipolar type II and bipolar NOS major depression: a double-blind, placebo-substitution, continuation study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 20:257-264.
30. Brown EB, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, et al. A 7-week, randomized, double-blind trial of olanzapine/fluoxetine combination versus lamotrigine in the treatment of bipolar I depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1025-1033.
31. Parker G, Tully L, Olley A, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. SSRIs as mood stabilizers for Bipolar II Disorder? A proof of concept study. J Affect Disord 2006; 92:205-214.
32. Zarate CA Jr, Payne JL, Singh J, et al. Pramipexole for bipolar II depression: a placebo-controlled proof of concept study. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 56:54-60.
33. Brown E, Dunner DL, McElroy SL, et al. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination vs. lamotrigine in the 6-month treatment of bipolar I depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:773-782.
34. Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Goikolea JM, et al. A randomized trial comparing paroxetine and venlafaxine in the treatment of bipolar depressed patients taking mood stabilizers. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63:508-512.
35. Quitkin FM, Kane J, Rifkin A, et al. Prophylactic lithium carbonate with and without imipramine for bipolar 1 patients. A double-blind study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1981; 38:902-907. (Pubitemid 11040135)
36. Quitkin FM, Kane JM, Rifkin A, et al. Lithium and imipramine in the prophylaxis of unipolar and bipolar II depression: a prospective, placebo-controlled comparison [proceedings]. Psychopharmacol Bull 1981; 17:142-144.
37. Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, et al. Relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder: 18-month comparison of olanzapine plus mood stabiliser v. mood stabiliser alone. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 184:337-345.
38. Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:62-69.
39. Houston JP, Ahl J, Meyers AL, et al. Reduced suicidal ideation in bipolar I disorder mixed-episode patients in a placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine combined with lithium or divalproex. J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:1246-1252.
40. Tohen M, Bowden CL, Smulevich AB, et al. Olanzapine plus carbamazepine v. carbamazepine alone in treating manic episodes. Br J Psychiatry 2008; 192:135-143.
41. van der Loos ML, Mulder PG, Hartong EG, et al. Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:223-231.
42. Eden Evins A, Demopulos C, Yovel I, et al. Inositol augmentation of lithium or valproate for bipolar depression. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:168-174.
43. Frye MA, Grunze H, Suppes T, et al. A placebo-controlled evaluation of adjunctive modafinil in the treatment of bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1242-1249.
44. Fountoulakis KN, Siamouli M, Panagiotidis P, et al. Ultra short manic-like episodes after antidepressant augmentation with modafinil. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:891-892.
45. Cruz N, Sanchez-Moreno J, Torres F, et al. Efficacy of modern antipsychotics in placebo-controlled trials in bipolar depression: a meta-analysis. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 29:1-10.
46. Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes J. Olanzapine in long-term treatment for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009:CD004367.
47. Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Davis P, et al. Decreased risk of suicides and attempts during long-term lithium treatment: a meta-analytic review. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:625-639.
48. Gonzalez-Pinto A, Mosquera F, Alonso M, et al. Suicidal risk in bipolar I disorder patients and adherence to long-term lithium treatment. Bipolar Disord 2006; 8:618-624.
49. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex Maintenance Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000; 57:481-489.
50. Okuma T, Inanaga K, Otsuki S, et al. A preliminary double-blind study on the efficacy of carbamazepine in prophylaxis of manic-depressive illness. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1981; 73:95-96.
51. Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 392-400. (Pubitemid 36403000)
52. Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 64:1013-1024. (Pubitemid 37158246)
53. Calabrese JR, Suppes T, Bowden CL, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Lamictal 614 Study Group. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61:841-850.
54. Fountoulakis KN, Vieta E. Treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of available data and clinical perspectives. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2008; 11:999-1029.
55. Tohen M, Goldberg JF, Gonzalez-Pinto Arrillaga AM, et al. A 12-week, doubleblind comparison of olanzapine vs haloperidol in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60:1218-1226. (Pubitemid 37494075)
56. Zarate CA Jr, Tohen M. Double-blind comparison of the continued use of antipsychotic treatment versus its discontinuation in remitted manic patients. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:169-171.
57. Gijsman HJ, Geddes JR, Rendell JM, et al. Antidepressants for bipolar depression: a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:1537-1547.
58. Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al. Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:232-239.
59. Moller H, Bottlender R, Grunze H, et al. Are antidepressant less effective in the acute treatment of bipolar I compared to unipolar depression? J Affect Disord 2001; 67:141-146.
60. Post RM, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al. Rate of switch in bipolar patients prospectively treated with second-generation antidepressants as augmentation to mood stabilizers. Bipolar Disord 2001; 3:259-265.
61. Post RM, Altshuler LL, Leverich GS, et al. Mood switch in bipolar depression: comparison of adjunctive venlafaxine, bupropion and sertraline. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189:124-131.
62. Himmelhoch J, Mulla D, Neil J, et al. Incidence and significance of mixed affective states in a bipolar population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33:1062-1066.
63. Bottlender R, Rudolf D, Strauss A, Moller HJ. Mood-stabilisers reduce the risk of developing antidepressant-induced maniform states in acute treatment of bipolar I depressed patients. J Affect Disord 2001; 63:79-83.
64. Young LT, Joffe RT, Robb JC, et al. Double-blind comparison of addition of a second mood stabilizer versus an antidepressant to an initial mood stabilizer for treatment of patients with bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000; 157:124-126.
65. Prien RF. NIMH report. Five-center study clarifies use of lithium, imipramine for recurrent affective disorders. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1984; 35:1097-1098.
66. Prien RF, Caffey EM Jr. Long-term maintenance drug therapy in recurrent affective illness: current status and issues. Dis Nerv Syst 1977; 38:981-992.
67. Amsterdam JD, Shults J, Brunswick DJ, Hundert M. Short-term fluoxetine monotherapy for bipolar type II or bipolar NOS major depression: low manic switch rate. Bipolar Disord 2004; 6:75-81.
68. Ramasubbu R. Dose-response relationship of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors treatment-emergent hypomania in depressive disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001; 104:236-238; discussion 238-239.
69. Keck PE Jr, Corya SA, Altshuler LL, et al. Analyses of treatment-emergent mania with olanzapine/fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2005; 66:611-616.
70. Bauer MS, Wisniewski SR, Marangell LB, et al. Are antidepressants associated with new-onset suicidality in bipolar disorder? A prospective study of participants in the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). J Clin Psychiatry 2006; 67:48-55.
71. Schneck CD, Miklowitz DJ, Miyahara S, et al. The prospective course of rapidcycling bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. Am J Psychiatry 2008; 165:370-377.
72. Truman CJ, Goldberg JF, Ghaemi SN, et al. Self-reported history of manic/hypomanic switch associated with antidepressant use: data from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). J Clin Psychiatry 2007; 68:1472-1479.
73. Miklowitz DJ, Otto MW, Frank E, et al. Intensive psychosocial intervention enhances functioning in patients with bipolar depression: results from a 9-month randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164:1340-1347.
74. Nierenberg AA, Ostacher MJ, Calabrese JR, et al. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a STEP-BD equipoise randomized effectiveness trial of antidepressant augmentation with lamotrigine, inositol, or risperidone. Am J Psychiatry 2006; 163:210-216.
75. Daly JJ, Prudic J, Devanand DP, et al. ECT in bipolar and unipolar depression: differences in speed of response. Bipolar Disord 2001; 3:95-104.
76. Sikdar S, Kulhara P, Avasthi A, Singh H. Combined chlorpromazine and electroconvulsive therapy in mania. Br J Psychiatry 1994; 164:806-810.
77. Small JG, Klapper MH, Kellams JJ, et al. Electroconvulsive treatment compared with lithium in the management of manic states. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:727-732.
78. Dolberg OT, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with bipolar depression: a double blind, controlled study. Bipolar Disord 2002; 1 (4 Suppl):94-95.
79. Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, et al. Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) treatment of depression in bipolar affective disorder: a pilot study of acute safety and efficacy. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5:40-47.
80. Saba G, Rocamora JF, Kalalou K, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an add-on therapy in the treatment of mania: a case series of eight patients. Psychiatry Res 2004; 128:199-202.
81. Scott J, Colom F, Vieta E. A meta-analysis of relapse rates with adjunctive psychological therapies compared to usual psychiatric treatment for bipolar disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2007; 10:123-129.