Judicial retirement and return to practice

Catholic University Law Review

Volumn 60, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 841-917

  Clark, Mary L ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84855224810     PISSN: 00088390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (175)

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3. England and Wales. Judicial Expenses, JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/judges-magistrates-and-tribunal- judges/terms-of-service/judicial-expenses.htm (last visited Sept. 11, 2011).
4. England and Wales. See The Justice System and the Constitution, JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, http://www.judiciaiy.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/the- judiciary-in-detail/jud-acc-ind/justice-sys-and-constitution (last visited Sept. 11, 2011).
5. See Ward Farnsworth, Resolved, The Terms of the Supreme Court Justices Should Be Limited to Eighteen Years: Con, in DEBATING REFORM: CONFLICTING PERSPECTIVES ON HOW TO FIX THE AMERICAN POLITICAL SYSTEM 245, 250
6. See, e.g., Steven G. Calabresi & James Lindgren, Term Limits for the Supreme Court: Life Tenure Reconsidered, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES 15 (Roger C. Cramton & Paul D. Carrington eds., 2006) [hereinafter Calabresi & Lindgren, original version of Term Limits for the Supreme Court];
7. Steven G. Calabresi & James Lindgren, Term Limits for the Supreme Court: Life Tenure Reconsidered, 29 HARV. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y 769 (2006)
8. Paul D. Carrington & Roger C. Cramton, The Supreme Court Renewal Act: A Return to Basic Principles, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra, at 467
9. Paul D. Carrington & Roger C. Cramton, The Supreme Court Renewal Act: A Return to Basic Principles, PAUL DEWITT CARRINGTON (July 5,2005), www.paulcarrington.com/Supreme%20Court%20Renewal%20Act.htm
10. Paul D. Carrington & Roger C. Cramton et al., Four Proposals for a Judiciary Act of 2009, Proposal I: Regular Appointments to the Supreme Court, PAUL DEWITT CARRINGTON (Feb. 9, 2009), http://paulcarrington.com/ Four%20Proposals%20For%20A%20Judiciary%20Act.htm
11. Philip D. Oliver, Systematic Justice: A Proposed Constitutional Amendment to Establish Fixed, Staggered Terms for Members of the United States Supreme Court, 47 OHIO ST. L.J. 799, 800, 811-12 (1986);
12. see L. A. Powe, Jr., Go Geezers Go: Leaving the Bench, 25 LAW & SOC. INQUIRY 1227, 1235 (2000);
13. L. A. Powe, Jr., Old People and Good Behavior, 12 CONST. COMMENT. 195, 196-97 (1995)
14. see also L. A. Powe, Jr., Marble Palace, We've Got a Problem - With You, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, Supra, at 99, 107.
15. See Sanford Levinson, Contempt of Court: The Most Important 'Contemporary Challenge' to Judging, 49 WASH. & LEE L. REV. 339, 341-42 (1992);
16. Sanford Levinson, Life Tenure and the Supreme Court: What Is To Be Done?, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES,
17. Judith Resnik, Judicial Selection and Democratic Theory: Demand, Supply, and Life Tenure, 26 CARDOZO L. REV. 579, 584 (2005)
18. Vicki C. Jackson, Packages of Judicial Independence: The Selection and Tenure of Article III Judges, 95 GEO. L.J. 965, 997, 1000-06 (2007)
19. Michael J. Mazza, A New Look at an Old Debate: Life Tenure and the Article III Judge, 39 GONZ. L. REV. 131, 133, 143-47, 155-62 (2003);
20. David R. Stras & Ryan W. Scott, An Empirical Analysis of Life Tenure: A Response to Professors Calabresi and Lindgren, 30 HARV. J.L. PUB. POL'Y 791passim (2007)
21. David R. Stras & Ryan W. Scott, Retaining Life Tenure: The Case for a "Golden Parachute", 83 WASH. U. L.Q. 1397, 1418-19 (2005).
22. See, e.g., Ward Farnsworth, The Case for Life Tenure, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 251, 265-66;
23. see also Daniel J. Meador, Thinking About Age and Supreme Court Tenure, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 115, 115.
24. Bernard Grofman & Reuben Kline, A New Measure for Understanding the Tenure of U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 93 JUDICATURE 247, 249-50 (2010).
25. Kevin T. McGuire, An Assessment of Tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, 89 JUDICATURE 8, 10, 12 (2005),
26. Stephen B. Burbank, An Interdisciplinary Perspective on the Tenure of Supreme Court Justices, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 317,321.
27. Stephen B. Burbank, Alternative Career Resolution II: Changing the Tenure of Supreme Court Justices, 154 U. PA. L. REV. 1511, 1523-24 (2006)
28. Stephen B. Burbank et al., Reconsidering Judicial Independence, in JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE AT THE CROSSROADS: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH 9, 9-11 (Stephen B. Burbank & Barry Friedman eds., 2002)
29. David J. Garrow, Protecting and Enhancing the U.S. Supreme Court, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 271,278-80.
30. see also Arthur D. Hellman, Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 291,298
31. Paul D. Carrington & Roger C. Cramton, Reforming the Supreme Court: An Introduction, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 3, 7
32. Christopher J. W. Zorn & Steven R. Van Winkle, A Competing Risks Model of Supreme Court Vacancies, 1789-1992, 22 POL. BEHAV. 145, 160 (2000),
33. Saul Brenner, The Myth that Justices Strategically Retire, 36 SOC. SCI. J. 431 (1999))).
34. Albert Yoon, Pensions, Politics, and Judicial Tenure: An Empirical Study of Federal Judges, 1869-2002, 8 AM. L. & ECON. REV. 143, 177 (2006);
35. see also Judith Resnik, Democratic Responses to the Breadth of Power of the Chief Justice, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 181,182 & n. 1
36. Stephen J. Choi et al., The Law and Policy of Judicial Retirement 22 (N.Y. Univ. Sch. of Law, Pub. Law & Legal Theory Research Paper Series, Research Paper No. 11-24; N.Y. Univ. Sch. of Law, Law & Econ. Research Paper Series, Research Paper No. 11-12; Univ. of Chi. Law Sch., Law & Econ., Olin Research Paper No. 549, 2011), available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1792422
37. Richard A. Epstein, Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices, in REFORMING THE COURT: TERM LIMITS FOR SUPREME COURT JUSTICES, supra note 9, at 415,433; Garrow, supra note 57, at 1085-86.
38. EMILY FIELD VAN TASSEL ET AL., FED. JUD. CTR., WHY JUDGES RESIGN: INFLUENCES ON JUDICIAL RETIREMENT SERVICE, 1789 TO 1992 (1993) [hereinafter FJC REPORT], available at http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/fjc/judgeres.pdf;
39. Emily Field Van Tassel, Resignations and Removals: A History of Federal Judicial Service - and Disservice - 1789-1992, 142 U. PA. L. REV. 333, 355-64 (1993) [hereinafter Van Tassel, Resignations and Removals];
40. see generally Charles T. Fenn, Note, Supreme Court Justices: Arguing Before the Court After Resigning from the Court, 84 GEO. L.J. 2473 (1996) (Pubitemid 126406879)
41. Ronald D. Rotunda, The Propriety of a Judge's Failure to Recuse When Being Considered for Another Position, 19 GEO. J. LEGAL ETHICS 1187, 1190-96 (2006).
42. see Richard L. Vining et al., Judicial Tenure on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1790-1868: Frustration, Resignation, and Expiration on the Bench, 20 STUD. AM. POL. DEV. 198, 200 (2006)
43. Richard L. Vining, Jr., Judicial Departures and the Introduction of Qualified Retirement, 1982-1953, 30 JUST. SYS. J. 139, 145, 151 (2009)
44. David R. Stras & Ryan W. Scott, Are Senior Judges Unconstitutional?, 92 CORNELL L. REV. 453, 460 (2007)
45. Dan M. McGill, Disincentives to Resignation of Disciplined Federal Judges in the Benefits Package of the Federal Judiciary, in 2 RESEARCH PAPERS OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON JUDICIAL DISCIPLINE AND REMOVAL 1221, 1224 (1993);
46. See, e.g., Renee Lettow Lerner, From Popular Control to Independence: Reform of the Elected Judiciary in Boss Tweed's New York, 15 GEO. MASON L. REV. 109, 113-14 (2007);
47. Jed Handelsman Shugerman, Economic Crisis and the Rise of Judicial Elections and Judicial Review, 123 HARV. L. REV. 1061 app. A at 1146 (2010).
48. See Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, FED. JUD. CTR., http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/export.html (last visited July 19, 2011).
49. Heather M. Clark, Note, The Supreme Court's Indecent Proposal: Repealing the Honoraria Prohibition of Ethics in Government Act of 1978, 87 CORNELL L. REV. 1475, 1490 (2002).
50. Daniel R. Deja, How Judges Are Selected: A Survey of the Judicial Selection Process in the United States, 75 MICH. BAR J. 904, 905 (1996).
51. The Judicial Conference conducts much of its business through committees, including the Code of Conduct Committee. Organization, U.S. CTS., http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/JudicialConference/organization.aspx (last visited June 18, 2011).
52. see Comm. on Codes of Conduct, Advisory Op. No. 84 (2009), available at www.uscourts.gov/uscourts/RulesandPolicies/conduct/Vol02B-ch02.pdf (addressing the process of seeking post-judicial employment).
53. ROBERT STEVENS, THE ENGLISH JUDGES: THEIR ROLE IN THE CHANGING CONSTITUTION 10-11 (2002);
54. see also JOHN H. LANGBEIN ET AL., HISTORY OF THE COMMON LAW. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ANGLO-AMERICAN LEGAL INSTITUTIONS 656 (2009).
55. Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act, 1993, c. 8, § 26 (U.K.). Some scholars have criticized the provision that empowered the Lord Chancellor to exercise discretion in extending individual judges' terms as a threat to judicial independence. See, e.g., KATE MALLESON, THE NEW JUDICIARY: THE EFFECTS OF EXPANSION AND ACTIVISM 213-14 (1999).
56. see Roger Trapp, Bringing Judges into the Real World, INDEPENDENT, Apr. 5, 1995, http://www.independent.co.uk/money/spend-save/bringing-judges-into-the- real-world-1614280.html (discussing the potential disincentive of becoming a judge when, in order to receive a pension, one must be on the bench by age fifty).
57. See Kate Malleson, Diversity in the Judiciary: The Case for Positive Action, 36 J.L. & SOC'Y 376, 378-79 (2009);
58. see also SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION, MEETING WITH THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE AND THE LORD CHANCELLOR REPORT, 2010-11, H.L. 89, at 56-57 (U.K.) [hereinafter MEETING WITH THE LORD CHIEF JUSTICE AND THE CHANCELLOR REPORT].
59. The Ministry of Justice reports that the 2010 composition of the English and Welsh judiciary was 20.6% female and 4.8% historic minorities. MINISTRY OF JUSTICE, IMPROVING JUDICIAL DIVERSITY, ADVISORY PANEL ON JUDICIAL DIVERSITY 2010, U.K. 66 tbl.2 (2011), available at http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/ publications/policy/moj/judicial-diversity-report-2010.pdf.
60. See 2009 Annual Ethnicity Statistics, JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, http://www.judiciary.gov/uk/publications-and-reports/statistics/ divesrity-stats-and-gen-overview/annual-ethnicity-statistics/ annual-ethnicity-statistics-2009 (last visited Aug. 11, 2011).
61. see also PROFESSOR LIZZIE BARMES ET AL., EQUAL JUSTICE INITIATIVE, EVIDENCE TO THE HOUSE OF LORDS SELECT COMMITTEE ON THE CONSTITUTION INQUIRY INTO THE JUDICIAL AMENDMENT PROCESS 2 (2011) [hereinafter EQUAL JUSTICE INITIATIVE], available at http://www.law.qmul.ac.uk/eji/docs/ EJI%20submission%201NQUIRY%20INTO%20THE%20JUDICIAL%20APPOINTMENTS%20PROCESS.pdf
62. See, e.g., CHERYL THOMAS, COMM'N FOR JUDICIAL APPOINTMENTS, JUDICIAL DIVERSITY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND OTHER JURISDICTIONS 104 (2005);
63. see also 2009 Gender Statistics, JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, http://www.juidiciary.gov.uk/publications-and-reports/statistics/ diversity-states-and-gen-overview/gender-statistics/gender-statistics-judges-in- post-2009
64. See, e.g., Kate Malleson, Appointments to the House of Lords: Who Goes Upstairs, in THE JUDICIAL HOUSE OF LORDS, 1876-2009, at 112, 121 (Louis Blom-Cooper et al. eds., 2009);
65. Kate Malleson, It's Time to Court Women, TIMES (U.K.), Mar. 31, 2011,
66. Tom Bingham, The Law Lords: Who Has Served, in THE JUDICIAL HOUSE OF LORDS, supra note 218, at 122, 125-26
67. Biographies of the Justices, SUP. CT., http://www.supremecourt.gov.uk/ about/biographies.html (last visited Aug. 8, 2011).
68. JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/the- judiciary-in-detail/index/judges-council (last visited July 17, 2011).
69. see Diana Woodhouse, Judicial Independence and Accountability within the United Kingdom's New Constitutional Settlement, in INDEPENDENCE, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND THE JUDICIARY 121,131 (Guy Canivet et al. eds., 2006)
70. see BRIAN ABEL-SMITH & ROBERT STEVENS, IN SEARCH OF JUSTICE: SOCIETY AND THE LEGAL SYSTEM 38 (1968).
71. RICHARD L. ABEL, THE LEGAL PROFESSION IN ENGLAND AND WALES 218 (1988)
72. see also RICHARD L. ABEL, ENGLISH LAWYERS BETWEEN MARKET AND STATE: THE POLITICS OF PROFESSIONALISM 64 (2003) [hereinafter ABEL, LAWYERS BETWEEN MARKET AND STATE].
73. See, e.g., Gordon Borrrie, Judicial Conflicts of Interest in Britain, 18 AM. J. COMP. L. 697, 706 (1970)
74. The Master of the Rolls is "Head of Civil Justice, and the second most senior judicial post in England and Wales, after the Lord Chief Justice." Biographies, JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, http://www.judiciary. gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/judges-magistrates-and-tribunal-judges/biographies (last visited Aug. 8, 2011).
75. TOM BINGHAM, Judicial Ethics, in THE BUSINESS OF JUDGING: SELECTED SPEECHES AND ESSAYS 69,84 (2000).
76. Thomas Bingham, Judicial Ethics, in LEGAL ETHICS AND RESPONSIBILITY 35, 50-51 (R. Cranston ed., 1995).
77. See, e.g., Frances Gibb, Lord Chancellor to Review Ban on Judges Returning to Practise Law, TIMES (London), June 23, 2005, at 26 (discussing how several judges plan to join solicitors' firms as consultants).
78. Joshua Rozenburg, 'Bored' High Court Judge Resigns, DAILY TELEGRAPH (London), June 22, 2005, at 1;
79. Clare Dyer, Boredom Forces Judge to Quit, GUARDIAN, June 23, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/01513546,00.html.
80. see also Frances Gibb, Straw Won't Allow Judges to Return to the Bar, TIMES (London), Nov. 6, 2007, at 28.
81. see Press Release, Gibson Dunn, Former Lord Chancellor Lord Falconer Joins Gibson Dunn's London Office (July 8, 2008), available at http://www.gibsondunn.com/news/Pages/FormerLordChancellorLordFalconer.aspx.
82. see Frances Gibb, 'Da Vinci Code' Judge Escapes with Reprimand, TIMES ONLINE (London) (Apr. 18, 2008), http://business.timesonline.co.uk/to/usiness/ law/article3774109.ece.
83. DEP'T OF CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS, RETURN TO PRACTICE BY FORMER SALARIED JUDGES 6-7 (2006) [hereinafter FORMER SALARIED JUDGES], available at http://www.justice.gov.uk/consultations/docs/cpl506.pdf.
84. Increasing Diversity in the Judiciary. DEP'T OF CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS, INCREASING DIVERSITY IN THE JUDICIARY, RESPONSES TO DCA CONSULTATION PAPER CP 25/04 at 8, 62-65, 76-77 (2005), available at http://webarchive. nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/judiciary/ diversitycp25-04.htm.
85. DEP'T OF CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS, THE LORD CHANCELLOR'S JUDICIARY-RELATED FUNCTIONS: PROPOSALS (2004), available at http://webarchive.nationaIarchives. gov.uk/=/http://www.dca.gov.uk/consult/lcoffice//judiciary.htm#part2.
86. see JUDGES' COUNCIL, RESPONSE OF THE JUDGES' COUNCIL TO THE DCA CONSULTATION PAPER "RETURN TO PRACTICE BY FORMER SALARIED JUDGES" (Dec. 21, 2006) [hereinafter JUDGES' COUNCIL RESPONSE], available at http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/FC640846-B950-4807-A517-6AD30B6DECA6/0/ practice-response-211206.pdf.
87. See, e.g., James Harrison, Judging the Judges: The New Scheme of Judicial Conduct and Discipline in Scotland, 13 EDINBURGH L. REV. 427,427,433 (2009).
88. DEP'T FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS, CONSULTATION PAPER NO. 15/06: RETURN TO PRACTICE BY FORMER SALARIED JUDGES 6-7 (2006) [hereinafter GOVERNMENT CONSULTATION PAPER], available at http://www.justice.gov.uk/consultations/docs/ cpl506.pdf;
89. Becoming a Judge: Qualifications, JUDICIARY ENG. & WALES, http://www.judiciary.gov.uk/about-the-judiciary/judges-magistrates-and-tribunal- judges/judges-career-paths/becoming-a-judge#headingAnchor3 (last visited Aug. 1, 2011).
90. (citing OPINION LEADER RESEARCH, JUDICIAL DIVERSITY: FINDINGS OF A CONSULTATION WITH BARRISTERS, SOLICITORS, AND JUDGES: FINAL REPORT 3 (Jan. 2006), available at http://www.dca.gov.uk/publications/reports-reviews/jd- cbsj06.pdf)).
91. See, e.g., Kate Malleson, Selecting Judges in the Era of Devolution and Human Rights, in BUILDING THE U.K.'S NEW SUPREME COURT: NATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVES 306 (Andrew Le Sueur ed., 2004).
92. See, e.g., JAMES J. ALFINI ET AL., JUDICIAL CONDUCT AND ETHICS § 16.07 (4th ed. 2007)
93. See generally BERNARD S. MEYER, JUDICIAL RETIREMENT LAWS OF THE FIFTY STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1999)
94. Albert Yoon, As You Like It: Senior Federal Judges and the Political Economy of Judicial Tenure, 2 J. EMPIRICAL LEGAL STUD. 495, 499 (2005)
95. accord Ross M. Stolzenberg & James Lindgren, Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices, 47 DEMOGRAPHY 269, 291 (2010)
96. accord David R. Stras, The Incentives Approach to Judicial Retirement, 90 MINN. L. REV. 1417, 1439 (2006).
97. JUDICIAL CONDUCT AND DISABILITY ACT STUDY COMM., IMPLEMENTATION OF THE JUDICIAL CONDUCT AND DISABILITY ACT OF 1980: A REPORT TO THE CHIEF JUSTICE 26 tbl.5 (2006) [hereinafter BREYER COMMITTEE REPORT], available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/breyercommitteereport.pdf.
98. see also JEFFREY N. BARR & THOMAS E. WILLGING, STATEMENT OF ALLEGATIONS AND REASONS IN CHIEF JUDGE DISMISSAL ORDERS UNDER THE JUDICIAL CONDUCT AND DISABILITY ACT OF 1980 (2002), available at http://ftp.resource.org/ courts.gov/fjc/judgcond.pdf
99. Stephen B. Burbank & Jay S. Plager, Foreword: The Law of Federal Judicial Discipline and the Lessons of Social Silence, 142 U. PA. L. REV. 1, 1 (1993) (Pubitemid 24814971)
100. Arthur Hellman, The Regulation of Judicial Ethics in the Federal System: A Peek Behind Closed Doors, 69 U. PITT. L. REV. 189, 242 (2007).
101. JUDICIAL CONFERENCE OF THE U.S., RULES FOR JUDICIAL-CONDUCT AND JUDICIAL-DISABILITY PROCEEDINGS 2 (2008), available at http://www.uscourts.gov/ uscourts/RulesAndPolicies/Misconduct/Jud-conduct-and-disability-308-app-B-rev. pdf;
102. See, e.g., Jeffrey N. Barr & Thomas E. Willging, Decentralized Self-Regulation, Accountability, and Judicial Independence Under the Federal Judicial Conduct and Disability Act of 1980, 142 U. PA. L. REV. 25, 131-44 (1993) (Pubitemid 24814972)
103. see also Charles Gardner Geyh, Informal Methods of Judicial Discipline, 142 U. PA. L. REV. 243, 312 (1993)
104. accord Chad M. Oldfather & Todd C. Peppers, Till Death Do US Part: Chief Justices and the United States Supreme Court 12-18, 21-22
105. But see Paul D. Carrington et al., Four Proposals for a Judiciary Act of 2009, Proposal II: Disability of Justices, PAUL DEWITT CARRINGTON (Feb. 9, 2009), http://paulcarrington.com/Four%20Proposals%20For%20A%20Judiciary%20Act. htm
106. see, e.g., Peter M. Shane, Who May Discipline or Remove Federal Judges? A Constitutional Analysis, 142 U. PA. L. REV. 209, 213-23 (1993). (Pubitemid 24814973)
107. (quoting Bill McAllister, The Judiciary's 'Quiet Crisis': Prestige Doesn't Pay the Tuition, WASH. POST, Jan. 21, 1987, at A19));
108. Michael J. Frank, Judge Not, Lest Yee be Judged Unworthy of a Pay Raise: An Examination of the Federal Judicial Salary "Crisis," 87 MARQ. L. REV. 55, 87 (2003)
109. See, e.g., SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES [CHIEF JUSTICE'S] 2002 YEAR-END REPORT ON THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY (Jan. 1,2003,12:01 AM), http://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/year-end/year-endreports.aspx;
110. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES [CHIEF JUSTICE'S] 2005 YEAR-END REPORT ON THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY 5 (Jan. 1, 2006, 2:01 AM), http://www.supremecourt. gov/publicinfo/year-end/2005year-endreport.pdf
111. Albert Yoon, Love's Labor's Lost? Judicial Tenure Among Federal Court Judges, 91 CALIF. L. REV. 1029, 1054-55 (2003)
112. see also Sheldon Goldman et al., W. Bush's Judicial Legacy: Mission Accomplished, 92 JUDICATURE 258, 273-74 & tbl.l (2009)
113. But see Stephen Gillers, David J. Luban & Steven Lubet, Improper Advances: Talking Dream Jobs with the Judge Out of Court, SLATE (Aug. 17, 2005), http://www.slate.com/id/2124603
114. see also Kathleen Clark, Regulating the Conflict of Interest of Government Officials, in CONFLICT OF INTEREST IN THE PROFESSIONS 49, 57-58 (Michael Davis & Andrew Stark eds., 2001)
115. See, e.g., Thomas D. Morgan, The Quest for Equality in Regulating the Behavior of Government Officials: The Case of Extrajudicial Compensation, 58 GEO. WASH. L. REV. 488, 500 (1990)
116. See, e.g., SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, [CHIEF JUSTICE'S] 2010 YEAR-END REPORT ON THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY 5 (Dec. 10, 2010), available at http://www.supremecourt.gov/publicinfo/year-end/year-endreports.aspx;
117. Federal Court Management Statistics, U.S. CTS., http://www.uscourts.gov/ Statistics/FederalCourtManagementStatistics.aspx (last visited Aug. 1, 2011)
118. cf. William Glaberson, Unusual Turnover in New York Judges as Salaries Lag, N.Y. TIMES, July 5, 2011, et Al (reporting on low pay for the New York judiciary, leading to increased judicial attrition, specifically to large law firms).
119. See, e.g., Russell Wheeler, Changing Backgrounds of U.S. District Judges: Likely Causes and Possible Implications, 93 JUDICATURE 140, 145-49 (Jan.-Feb. 2010);
120. RUSSELL WHEELER, THE CHANGING FACE OF THE FEDERAL JUDICIARY 6-10 (Aug. 2009), available at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2009/08- federalJudiciary-wheeler/08-federal-judiciary-wheeler.pdf.
121. Michael Burrage, WHITTEN BURRAGE, http://whittenburrage.lmobb.com/ 1288751861.php (last visited Sept. 30, 2011).
122. Attorneys: H. Dean Buttram, Jr., BUTTRAM, HAWKINS & HOPPER, LLC, http://www.buttramhawkinshopperllc.com/FirmInfo/Lawyers/21393.aspx (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
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125. Media Relations, Experts: Robert J. Cindrich, UPMC, http://www.upmc.com/ mediarelations/experts/pages/expertspage.aspx?expertid=50 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
126. Attorneys: Kenneth Conboy, LATHAM & WATKINS, LLP, http://www.lw.com/Attorneys.aspx?page=AttorneyBio&attno=00128 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
127. Lawyers: Mark Filip, KlRKLAND & ELLIS, LLP, http://www.kirkland.com/ sitecontent.cfm?contentID=220&itemID=9711 (last visited Sept. 16,2011).
128. Our People: Louis J. Freeh, FREEH SPORKIN SULLIVAN, http://www. freehsporkinsullivan.com/ (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
129. People: Walter D. Kelley Jr., JONES DAY, http://jonesday.com/wdkelley/ (last visited Sept. 16,2011).
130. Attorneys: Joe Kendall, KENDALL LAW GROUP, LLP, http://www. kendalllawgroup.com/attorneys/joe-kendall/ (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
131. People: Stephen G. Larson, ARENT Fox, http://www.arentfox.com/people/ index.cfm?fa=profile&id=591 (last visited Sept. 16,2011).
132. People: Alfred J. Lechner Jr., WHITE & CASE, LLP, http://www.whitecase.com/Attorneys/Detail.aspx?attorney=3562 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
133. Professionals: Hon. Timothy K. Lewis, SCHNADER HARRISON SEGAL & LEWIS, LLP, http://www.schnader.com/professionals/ xprProfessionalDetailsSchnader.aspx?xpST=ProfessionalDetail&professional= 142 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
134. About Us, Executive Biographies: J. Michael Luttig, BOEING COMPANY, http://www.boeing.com/companyoffices/aboutus/execprofiles/luttig.html (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
135. Biographies: Roderick R. McKelvie, COVINGTON & BURLING, LLP, http://www.cov.com/rmckelvie/ (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
136. Attorneys: Edward W. Nottingham Jr., EDWARD W. NOTTINGHAM, LLP, http://www.nottinghamlaw-mediation.com/Attorneys/Edward-Nottingham.shtml (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
137. People, Professionals: Stephen M. Orlofsky, BLANK ROME, LLP, http://www.blankrome.com/index.cfm?contentID=10&bioID=1358 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
138. Professionals: Stephen C. Robinson, SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE, MEAGHER, & FLOMM, LLP, http://www.skadden.com/index.cfm?contentID=45&bioID=9898 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
139. Our Attorneys: Hon. George P. Schiavelli, BROWN, WHITE & NEWHOUSE, LLP, http://www.brownwhitelaw.com/attorneys/gschiavelli.html (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
140. Attorney Bios: Louis C. Bechtle, CONRAD O' BRIEN PC, http://www. conradobrien.com/Attorney-Bios/Louis-C-Bechtle/30/ (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
141. Attorney Bios: John W. Bissell, CONNELL FOLEY, http://www.connellfoley. com/attorneys/bissellj.html (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
142. Lawyer Bio: Frank W. Bullock, Jr., WOMBLE CARLYLE, http://www.wcsr.com/ lawyers/frank-bullock (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
143. People. Edward N. Cahn, BLANK ROME, LLP, http://www.blankrome.com/index. cfm?contentlD=10&bioID=2010 (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
144. Attorney Profiles: U. W. Clemon, WHITE ARNOLD & DOWD PC, http://www.whiteamolddowd.com/attorneys/u-w-clemon.html (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
145. In the Media: Statement from Andrew Smulian Regarding the Passing of Judge Edward B. Davis, AKERMAN (May 25, 2010), http://www.akerman.com/documents/ res.asp?id=872.
146. Attorneys: Robert L. Echols, BASS BERRY SIMS PLC, http://www.bassberry. com/rechols/ (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
147. Attorneys: Joseph J. Farnan, Jr., FARNAN LLP, http://www.farnanlaw.com/ Joe-Farnan-Bio.html (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
148. Court History, 1992-2008 History: The District of Colorado, TENTH JUD. CIRCUIT HIST. SOC'Y, http://www.10thcircuithistory.org/pdfs/1992-2008History/ Colorado%20district%20court%20chapter~Final%20edit.pdf (last visited Sept. 14, 2011)
149. Our People: James T. Giles, PEPPER HAMILTON LLP, http://www.pepperlaw. com/LegalStaff-Preview.aspx?LegalStaffKey=489 (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
150. Biographies: Joseph W. Hatchett, AKERMAN, http://www.akerman.com/bios/ bio.asp?id=296&name=Hatchett (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
151. History of the Federal Judiciary, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges: Aloyisus Leon Higginbotham, Jr., FED. JUD. CENTER, http://www.fjc.gov/ servlet/nGetInfo?jid=1039&cid=999&ctype=na&instate=na (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
152. Attorneys: Thomas Penfield Jackson, JACKSON & CAMPBELL, http://www.jacks-camp.com/profile.asp?data=24 (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
153. People: Nathanial R. Jones, BLANK ROME, LLP, http://www.blankrome.com/ index.cfm?contentID=10&bioID=2251 (last visited Sept. 14,2011).
154. Our Attorneys: Honorable Bruce W. Kauffman, ELLIOTT GREENLEAF, http://www.elliottgreenleaf.com/bwk.html (last visited Sept. 14, 2011).
155. see GEORGE LA PLATA, FROM THE BARRIO TO THE BENCH 218-20 (2008).
156. Attorneys: Héctor M. Laffilte, MCCONNELL VALDÉS LLC, http://www.mcvpr.com/Bio/HectorLaffitte.asp (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
157. Attorneys: Thomas D. Lambros, JANIK LLP, http://janiklaw.com/attorneys- lambros.html (last visited Sept. 16,2011).
158. People: Stephen N. Limbaugh, Sr., ARMSTRONG TEASDALE, www.armstrongteasdale.com (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
159. F.A. Little, Jr., STANLEY, REUTER, ROSS, THORNTON & ALFORD, http://www.sfrlawfirm.com/little.htm (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
160. Foulston Attorneys: James K. Logan, FOUSTON SlEKFIN LLP, http://www.foulston.com/attorneys/detail.cfm?id=361 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
161. Attorneys: Prentice Marshall (deceased), COTSIRILOS, TlGHE & STREICHER, LLP, http://www.cotsiriloslaw.com/attorneys/index.php (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
162. John Martin, MARTIN & OBERMAIER, LLC, http://www.martinobermaierlaw. com/martin.html (last visited Oct. 1, 2011).
163. People: Paul R. Matia, PORTER WRIGHT, http://www.porterwright.com/paul- matia/ (last visited Sept. 16,2011).
164. Patricia Sullivan, Federal Judge Robert R. Merhige Dies, WASH. POST, Feb. 20, 2005, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A38599-2005Feb19.html.
165. Robin I. Mordfin, Mikva Retires from Clinic Service, U. CHI. L. SCH., http://www.law.uchicago.edu/alumni/magazine/spring08/mikvaretires (last visited Oct. 12, 2011)
166. See Lawyers: Michael B. Mukasey, DEBEVOISE & PLIMPTON LLP, http://www.debevoise.com/michael-b-mukasey/ (last visited Sept. 16, 2011)
167. Lawyers & Advisors: William A. Norris, AKIN GUMP STRAUSS HAUER & FELD LLP, http://www.akingump.com/wnorris/ (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
168. Tyler Intellectual Property Attorneys: Attorney Profiles: Robert M. Parker, PARKER, BUNT & AINSWORTH, P.C., http://www.pbatyler.com/attorney- profiles/robert-m-parker/ (last visited Sept. 16,2011).
169. see Charles W. Pickering, Sr. & Bradley S. Clanton, A Proposal: Codification By Statute of the Judicial Confirmation Process, 14 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 807, 807 author footnote (2006)
170. Attorneys: Sam C. Pointer Jr. (1934-2008), LlGHTFOOT FRANKLIN WHITE LLC, http://www.lightfootlaw.com/alabama-lawyer/attorney.cfm?lD=32 (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
171. George C. Pratt, FARRELL FRITZ, P.C., http://www.farrellfritz.com/index. php?pg=attorney-profile&aid=71 (last visited Oct. 1, 2011).
172. Our People: Stanley Sporkin, Senior Counsel, FREEH SPORKIN SULLIVAN, www.freehsporkinsullivan.com (last visited Sept. 16, 2011)
173. Nexsen Pruet Attorneys: William W. Wilkins, NEXSEN PRUET, http://www.nexsenpruet.com/attorneys-290.html (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
174. Alfred M. Wolin: Special Counsel, SAIBER, http://www.saiber.com/attorney- profile.asp?id=56&/Alfred-Wolin (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).
175. Cooper & Ziegler: Donald E. Ziegler, COOPER & ZlEGLER DISP. RESOL., http://www.cooperziegler.com/Dziegler.htm (last visited Sept. 16, 2011).