Invasive aspergillosis in children with acquired immunodeficiencies

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 54, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 258-267

  Tragiannidis, Athanasios ^a   Roilides, Emmanuel ^a   Walsh, Thomas J ^b   Groll, Andreas H ^c  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

(1-3) BETA DEXTRO GLUCAN; AMPHOTERICIN B CHOLESTEROL SULFATE; AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CASPOFUNGIN; FUNGAL DNA; FUNGUS ANTIGEN; GALACTOMANNAN; GLUCAN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; ITRACONAZOLE; POSACONAZOLE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VORICONAZOLE;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ARTICLE; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CHILD; CHILDHOOD CANCER; CHILDHOOD MORTALITY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC TEST; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG MONITORING; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY; FUNGAL DETECTION; GROUPS BY AGE; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; INFECTION RISK; INVASIVE ASPERGILLOSIS; LUNG ASPERGILLOSIS; NONHUMAN; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RECOMMENDED DRUG DOSE; SECONDARY PREVENTION; THERAPY DELAY;

ADOLESCENT; ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ANTIFUNGAL AGENTS; ASPERGILLOSIS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; IMMUNOLOGIC DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES; MALE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84555206629     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cir786     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Walsh TJ, Gonzalez C, Lyman CA, Chanock SJ, Pizzo PA. Invasive fungal infections in children: recent advances in diagnosis and treatment. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis 1996; 11:187-290.
2. Steinbach WJ. Pediatric aspergillosis: disease and treatment differences in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:358-64. (Pubitemid 40525345)
3. Roilides E, Lyman CA, Panagopoulou P, Chanock S. Immunomodulation of invasive fungal infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2003; 17:193-219. (Pubitemid 36514576)
4. Shoham S, Levitz SM. The immune response to fungal infections. Br J Haematol 2005; 129:569-82. (Pubitemid 40825818)
5. Lehrnbecher T, Koehl U, Wittekindt B, et al. Changes in host defence induced by malignancies and antineoplastic treatment: implication for immunotherapeutic strategies. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9:269-78. (Pubitemid 351722946)
6. Nedel WL, Kontoyiannis DP, Pasqualotto AC. Aspergillosis in patients treated with monoclonal antibodies. Rev Iberoam Micol 2009; 26:175-83.
7. Zaoutis TE, Heydon K, Chu JH, Walsh TJ, Steinbach WJ. Epidemiology, outcomes, and costs of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised children in the United States, 2000. Pediatrics 2006; 117:e711-6. (Pubitemid 46071475)
8. Burgos A, Zaoutis TE, Dvorak CC, et al. Pediatric invasive aspergillosis: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 139 contemporary cases. Pediatrics 2008; 121:e1286-94.
9. Schwartz S, Ruhnke M, Ribaud P, et al. Improved outcome in central nervous system aspergillosis, using voriconazole treatment. Blood 2005; 106:2641-5. (Pubitemid 41510735)
10. Dotis J, Iosifidis E, Roilides E. Central nervous system aspergillosis in children: a systematic review of reported cases. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 11:381-93. (Pubitemid 47239457)
11. Kerl K, Koch B, Fegeler W, Rossig C, Ehlert K, Groll AH. Catheterassociated aspergillosis of the chest wall following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13:182-5.
12. Allo MD, Miller J, Townsend T, Tan C. Primary cutaneous aspergillosis associated with Hickman intravenous catheters. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1105-8. (Pubitemid 17156739)
13. Kavanagh KT, Hughes WT, Parham DM, Chanin LR. Fungal sinusitis in immunocompromised children with neoplasms. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1991; 100:331-6.
14. Walmsley S, Devi S, King S, Schneider R, Richardson S, Ford-Jones L. Invasive Aspergillus infections in a pediatric hospital: a ten-year review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12:673-82. (Pubitemid 23231164)
15. Groll AH, Jaeger G, Allendorf A, Herrmann G, Schloesser R, von Loewenich V. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a critically ill neonate: case report and review of invasive aspergillosis during the first 3 months of life. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27:437-52.
16. Groll AH, Shah PM, Mentzel C, Schneider M, Just-Nuebling G, Huebner K. Trends in the postmortem epidemiology of invasive fungal infections at a university hospital. J Infect 1996; 33:23-32. (Pubitemid 26289847)
17. Shetty D, Giri N, Gonzalez CE, Pizzo PA, Walsh TJ. Invasive aspergillosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16:216-21. (Pubitemid 27078793)
18. Antachopoulos C, Walsh TJ, Roilides E. Fungal infections in primary immunodeficiencies. Eur J Pediatr 2007; 166:1099-117. (Pubitemid 47476633)
19. Abbasi S, Shenep JL, Hughes WT, Flynn PM. Aspergillosis in children with cancer: a 34-year experience. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:1210-9. (Pubitemid 30265641)
20. Groll AH, Kurz M, Schneider W, et al. Five-year-survey of invasive aspergillosis in a paediatric cancer centre. Epidemiology, management and long-term survival. Mycoses 1999; 42:431-42. (Pubitemid 29470384)
21. Lin SJ, Schranz J, Teutsch SM. Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: systematic review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:358-66. (Pubitemid 32173620)
22. Kontoyiannis DP, Marr KA, Park BJ, et al. Prospective surveillance for invasive fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, 2001-2006: overview of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) Database. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1091-100.
23. Hovi L, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Vettenranta K, Saxen H. Invasive fungal infections in pediatric bone marrow transplant recipients: single center experience of 10 years. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 26:999-1004.
24. Benjamin DK Jr, Miller WC, Bayliff S, et al. Infections diagnosed in the first year after pediatric stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:227-34. (Pubitemid 34214140)
25. Crassard N, Hadden H, Pondarré C, et al. Invasive aspergillosis and allogeneic hematopoietic stemcell transplantation in children: a 15-year experience. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10:177-83. (Pubitemid 351704012)
26. Castagnola E, Faraci M, Moroni C, et al. Invasive mycoses in children receiving hemopoietic SCT. Bone Marrow Transplant 2008; 41(Suppl 2):S107-11. (Pubitemid 351864720)
27. Pappas PG, Alexander BD, Andes DR, et al. Invasive fungal infections among organ transplant recipients: results of the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET). Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1101-11.
28. Knapp K, Prasad P, Zaoutis T, et al. Invasive fungal infections among pediatric transplant recipients from the Transplant-Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET) [abstractM-1054]. In: Abstracts of the 50th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 2010.
29. Dornbusch HJ, Groll A, Walsh TJ. Diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised children. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:1328-34.
30. Sutton DA, Sanche SE, Revankar SG, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG. In vitro amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus terreus, with a head-to-head comparison to voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2343-5. (Pubitemid 29277804)
31. Walsh TJ, Groll AH. Overview: non-fumigatus species of Aspergillus: perspectives on emerging pathogens in immunocompromised hosts. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2001; 2:1366-7. (Pubitemid 32994384)
32. Walsh TJ, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, et al. Experimental pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus terreus: pathogenesis and treatment of an emerging fungal pathogen resistant to amphotericin B. J Infect Dis 2003; 188:305-19. (Pubitemid 36898165)
33. Steinbach WJ, Benjamin DK Jr, Kontoyiannis DP, et al. Infections due to Aspergillus terreus: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 83 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:192-8. (Pubitemid 38971489)
34. Verweij PE, Mellado E, Melchers WJ. Multiple-triazole-resistant aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1481-3.
35. Groll AH, Tragiannidis A. Recent advances in antifungal prevention and treatment. Semin Hematol 2009; 46:212-29.
36. Roilides E. Early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in infants and children. Med Mycol 2006; 44(Suppl):S199-205.
37. Caillot D, Casasnovas O, Bernard A, et al. Improved management of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients using early thoracic computed tomography scan and surgery. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:139-47. (Pubitemid 27020567)
38. Caillot D, Couaillier JF, Bernard A, et al. Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans in patients with neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:253-9. (Pubitemid 32063503)
39. Maertens J, Theunissen K, Verhoef G, et al. Galactomannan and computed tomography-based preemptive antifungal therapy in neutropenic patients at high risk for invasive fungal infection: a prospective feasibility study. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1242-50. (Pubitemid 41534660)
40. Taccone A, Occhi M, Garaventa A, Manfredini L, Viscoli C. CT of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in children with cancer. Pediatr Radiol 1993; 23:177-80. (Pubitemid 23220506)
41. Archibald S, Park J, Geyer JR, Hawkins DS. Computed tomography in the evaluation of febrile neutropenic pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2001; 20:5-10. (Pubitemid 32066169)
42. Thomas KE, Owens CM, Veys PA, Novelli V, Costoli V. The radiological spectrum of invasive aspergillosis in children: a 10-year review. Pediatr Radiol 2003; 33:453-60. (Pubitemid 36833728)
43. Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Computed tomography-an increasing source of radiation exposure. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2277-84. (Pubitemid 350190758)
44. Hall EJ, Brenner DJ. Cancer risks from diagnostic radiology. Br J Radiol 2008; 81:362-78. (Pubitemid 351743850)
45. Robbins E. Radiation risks from imaging studies in children with cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51:453-7.
46. De Pauw B, Walsh TJ, Donnelly JP, et al. Revised definitions of invasive fungal disease from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1813-21.
47. Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K, Van Eldere J, Boogaerts M, et al. Screening for circulating galactomannan as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation recipients: a prospective validation. Blood 2001; 97:1604-10. (Pubitemid 32217224)
48. Pfeiffer CD, Fine JP, Safdar N. Diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using a galactomannan assay: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1417-27.
49. Rohrlich P, Sarfati J, Mariani P, et al. Prospective sandwich enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for serum galactomannan: early predictive value and clinical use in invasive aspergillosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996; 15:232-7. (Pubitemid 26098473)
50. Sulahian A, Boutboul F, Ribaud P, Leblanc T, Lacroix C, Derouin F. Value of antigen detection using an enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis and prediction of invasive aspergillosis in two adult and pediatric hematology units during a 4-year prospective study. Cancer 2001; 91:311-8. (Pubitemid 32099231)
51. Herbrecht R, Letscher-Bru V, Oprea C, et al. Aspergillus galactomannan detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:1898-906. (Pubitemid 34273282)
52. Challier S, Boyer S, Abachin E, Berche P. Development of a serumbased Taqman real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:844-6. (Pubitemid 38222678)
53. El-Mahallawy HA, Shaker HH, Ali Helmy H, Mostafa T, Razak Abo-Sedah A. Evaluation of pan-fungal PCR assay and Aspergillus antigen detection in the diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in high risk paediatric cancer patients. Med Mycol 2006; 44:733-9. (Pubitemid 44824451)
54. Hovi L, Saxen H, Saarinen-Pihkala UM, Vettenranta K, Meri T, Richardson M. Prevention and monitoring of invasive fungal infections in pediatric patients with cancer and hematologic disorders. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48:28-34. (Pubitemid 44871589)
55. Steinbach WJ, Addison RM, McLaughlin L, et al. Prospective Aspergillus galactomannan antigen testing in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:558-64. (Pubitemid 47014154)
56. Hayden R, Pounds S, Knapp K, et al. Galactomannan antigenemia in pediatric oncology patients with invasive aspergillosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27:815-9.
57. Armenian SH, Nash KA, Kapoor N, et al. Prospective monitoring for invasive aspergillosis using galactomannan and polymerase chain reaction in high risk pediatric patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009; 31:920-6.
58. Castagnola E, Furfaro E, Caviglia I, et al. Performance of the galactomannan antigen detection test in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in children with cancer or undergoing haemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Microbiol Infect 2010; 16:1197-203.
59. Viscoli C,MachettiM, Cappellano P, et al. False-positive galactomannan platelia Aspergillus test results for patients receiving piperacillintazobactam. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:913-6. (Pubitemid 38387245)
60. Aubry A, Porcher R, Bottero J, et al. Occurrence and kinetics of falsepositive Aspergillus galactomannan test results following treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics in patients with hematological disorders. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:389-94. (Pubitemid 43222228)
61. Mennink-Kersten MA, Klont RR, Warris A, Op den Camp HJ, Verweij PE. Bifidobacterium lipoteichoic acid and false ELISA reactivity in Aspergillus antigen detection. Lancet 2004; 363:325-7. (Pubitemid 38142420)
62. Mennink-Kersten MA, Verweij PE. Non-culture-based diagnostics for opportunistic fungi. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2006; 20:711-27. (Pubitemid 44375116)
63. Marr KA, Balajee SA,McLaughlin L, TabouretM, Bentsen C, Walsh TJ. Detection of galactomannan antigenemia by enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis: variables that affect performance. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:641-9. (Pubitemid 38982107)
64. Desai R, Ross LA, Hoffman JA. The role of bronchoalveolar lavage galactomannan in the diagnosis of pediatric invasive aspergillosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:283-6.
65. Musher B, Fredricks D, Leisenring W, Balajee SA, Smith C, Marr KA. Aspergillus galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative PCR for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42:5517-22. (Pubitemid 39664330)
66. Maertens J, Maertens V, Theunissen K, et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan for the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic diseases. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:1688-93.
67. Nguyen MH, Leather H, Clancy CJ, et al. Galactomannan testing in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid facilitates the diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies and stem cell transplant recipients. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:1043-50.
68. Francesconi A, Kasai M, Petraitiene R, et al. Characterization and comparison of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative real-time PCR assay for detection of Aspergillus fumigatus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from experimental invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:2475-80. (Pubitemid 44092414)
69. Roilides E, Pavlidou E, Papadopoulos F, et al. Cerebral aspergillosis in an infant with corticosteroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18:450-3. (Pubitemid 36798489)
70. Viscoli C, Machetti M, Gazzola P, et al. Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of bone marrow transplant recipients with probable cerebral aspergillosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:1496-9. (Pubitemid 34279924)
71. Smith PB, Benjamin DK Jr, Alexander BD, Johnson MD, Finkelman MA, Steinbach WJ. Quantification of 1,3-beta-D-glucan levels in children: preliminary data for diagnostic use of the beta-glucan assay in a pediatric setting. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2007; 14:924-5.
72. Mularoni A, Furfaro E, Faraci M, et al. High Levels of beta-D-glucan in immunocompromised children with proven invasive fungal disease. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2010; 17:882-3.
73. White PL, Bretagne S, Klingspor L, Melchers WJ, McCulloch E, et al. European Aspergillus PCR initiative. Aspergillus PCR: one step closer to standardization. J Clin Microbiol 2010; 48:1231-40.
74. Bialek R, Moshous D, Casanova JL, Blanche S, Hennequin C. Aspergillus antigen and PCR assays in bone marrow transplanted children. Eur J Med Res 2002; 7:177-80.
75. Klingspor L, Jalal S. Molecular detection and identification of Candida and Aspergillus spp. from clinical samples using real-time PCR. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12:745-53. (Pubitemid 43983799)
76. Hummel M, Spiess B, Roder J, et al. Detection of Aspergillus DNA by a nested PCR assay is able to improve the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in paediatric patients. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1291-7.
77. Lass-Flörl C, Resch G, Nachbaur D, et al. The value of computed tomography-guided percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosis of invasive fungal infection in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:e101-4. (Pubitemid 47580399)
78. Rickerts V, Mousset S, Lambrecht E, et al. Comparison of histopathological analysis, culture, and polymerase chain reaction assays to detect invasive mold infections from biopsy specimens. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1078-83. (Pubitemid 46580276)
79. Herbrecht R, Denning DW, Patterson TF, et al. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:408-15. (Pubitemid 34851833)
80. Walsh TJ, Lutsar I, Driscoll T, et al. Voriconazole in the treatment of aspergillosis, scedosporiosis and other invasive fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002; 21:240-8. (Pubitemid 34214142)
81. Walsh TJ, Karlsson MO, Driscoll T, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of intravenous voriconazole in children after single-or multiple-dose administration. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2166-72. (Pubitemid 38691615)
82. Karlsson MO, Lutsar I, Milligan PA. Population pharmacokinetic analysis of voriconazole plasma concentration data from pediatric studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:935-44.
83. Walsh TJ, Driscoll T, Groll A, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of voriconazole in hospitalized immunocompromised children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4116-23.
84. Hong Y, Shaw PJ, Nath CE, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of liposomal amphotericin B in pediatric patients with malignant diseases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:935-42. (Pubitemid 43327797)
85. Cornely OA, Maertens J, BresnikM, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B as initial therapy for invasive mold infection: a randomized trial comparing a high-loading dose regimen with standard dosing (AmBiLoad trial). Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:1289-97.
86. Kolve H, Ahlke E, Fegeler W, Ritter J, Jürgens H, Groll AH. Safety, tolerance and outcome of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B in pediatric cancer HSCT patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2009; 64: 383-7.
87. Pascual A, Calandra T, Bolay S, Buclin T, Bille J, Marchetti O. Voriconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with invasive mycoses improves efficacy and safety outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:201-11. (Pubitemid 351269158)
88. Neely M, Rushing T, Kovacs A, Jelliffe R, Hoffman J. Voriconazole pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in children. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:27-36.
89. Brüggemann RJ, van der Linden JW, Verweij PE, Burger DM,Warris A. Impact of therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole in a pediatric population. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011; 30:533-4.
90. Walsh TJ, Seibel NL, Arndt C, et al. Amphotericin B lipid complex in pediatric patients with invasive fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:702-8. (Pubitemid 29382466)
91. Wiley JM, Seibel NL, Walsh TJ. Efficacy and safety of amphotericin B lipid complex in 548 children and adolescents with invasive fungal infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005; 24:167-74. (Pubitemid 40250777)
92. Sandler ES, Mustafa MM, Tkaczewski I, et al. Use of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion in children. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2000; 22:242-6. (Pubitemid 32268308)
93. Walsh TJ, Adamson PC, Seibel NL, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of caspofungin in children and adolescents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:4536-45. (Pubitemid 41552583)
94. Maertens J, Raad I, Petrikkos G, et al. Efficacy and safety of caspofungin for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in patients refractory to or intolerant of conventional antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1563-71. (Pubitemid 39578526)
95. Zaoutis T, Lehrnbecher T, Groll AH, et al. Safety experience with caspofungin in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 1132-5.
96. Zaoutis TE, Jafri HS, Huang LM, et al. A prospective, multicenter study of caspofungin for the treatment of documented Candida or Aspergillus infections in pediatric patients. Pediatrics 2009; 123:877-84.
97. Groll AH, Attarbaschi A, Schuster FR, et al. Treatment with caspofungin in immunocompromised paediatric patients: a multicentre survey. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 57:527-35. (Pubitemid 43245429)
98. de Repentigny L, Ratelle J, Leclerc JM, et al. Repeated-dose pharmacokinetics of an oral solution of itraconazole in infants and children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:404-8. (Pubitemid 28114453)
99. Groll AH, Wood L, Roden M, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin itraconazole in pediatric patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2554-63. (Pubitemid 34793463)
100. Caillot D, Bassaris H, McGeer A, et al. Intravenous itraconazole followed by oral itraconazole in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies, chronic granulomatous disease, or AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:e83-90.
101. Krishna G, Sansone-Parsons A, Martinho M, Kantesaria B, Pedicone L. Posaconazole plasma concentrations in juvenile patients with invasive fungal infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:812-8. (Pubitemid 46355260)
102. Blumer J, Hare R, Krishna G, et al. Efficacy of posaconazole salvage therapy in pediatric subjects with invasive fungal infections. In: 15th European Congress for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Basel, Switzerland, 2005.
103. Walsh TJ, Raad I, Patterson TF, et al. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis with posaconazole in patients who are refractory to or intolerant of conventional therapy: an externally controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44:2-12. (Pubitemid 44968977)
104. Lehrnbecher T, Attarbaschi A, Duerken M, et al. Posaconazole salvage treatment in paediatric patients: a multicentre survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1043-5.
105. Wurthwein G, Groll AH, Hempel G, Adler-Shohet FC, Lieberman JM, Walsh TJ. Population pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in neonates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:5092-8. (Pubitemid 41778925)
106. Neely M, Jafri HS, Seibel N, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of caspofungin in older infants and toddlers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1450-6.
107. Caillot D, Thiébaut A, Herbrecht R, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B in combination with caspofungin for invasive aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized pilot study (Combistrat trial). Cancer 2007; 110:2740-6. (Pubitemid 350250344)
108. Marr KA, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Kim HW, Corey L. Combination antifungal therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:797-802. (Pubitemid 39244292)
109. Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, Denning DW, et al. Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:327-60. (Pubitemid 351265310)
110. Groll AH, Ritter J. Diagnosis and management of fungal infections and pneumocystis pneumonitis in pediatric cancer patients. Klin Padiatr 2005; 217(Suppl 1):S37-66. (Pubitemid 41746054)
111. Groll AH, Giri N, Petraitis V, et al. Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans infection of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 2000; 182:274-82. (Pubitemid 30497814)
112. Dornbusch HJ, Manzoni P, Roilides E, Walsh TJ, Groll AH. Invasive fungal infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28:734-7.
113. Groll AH, Ritter J, Müller FM. Prevention of fungal infections in children and adolescents with cancer. Klin Padiatr 2001; 213(Suppl 1): A50-68. (Pubitemid 32881864)
114. Menichetti F, Del Favero A, Martino P, et al. Itraconazole oral solution as prophylaxis for fungal infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies: a randomized, placebo-controlled, doubleblind, multicenter trial. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:250-5. (Pubitemid 29241212)
115. Winston DJ, Maziarz RT, Chandrasekar PH, et al. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous and oral fluconazole for longterm antifungal prophylaxis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients: a multicenter, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:705-13.
116. Marr KA, Crippa F, Leisenring W, et al. Itraconazole versus fluconazole for prevention of fungal infections in patients receiving allogeneic stem cell transplants. Blood 2004; 103:1527-33. (Pubitemid 38168674)
117. Van Burik JA, Ratanatharathorn V, Stepan DE, et al. Micafungin versus fluconazole for prophylaxis against invasive fungal infections during neutropenia in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:1407-16. (Pubitemid 39518200)
118. Penack O, Schwartz S, Martus P, et al. Low-dose liposomal amphotericin B in the prevention of invasive fungal infections in patients with prolonged neutropenia: results from a randomized, single-center trial. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:1306-12. (Pubitemid 44288223)
119. Rijnders BJ, Cornelissen JJ, Slobbe L, et al. Aerosolized liposomal amphotericin B for the prevention of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis during prolonged neutropenia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1401-8. (Pubitemid 351589940)
120. Wingard JR, Carter SL, Walsh TJ, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of fluconazole versus voriconazole for prevention of invasive fungal infection after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2010; 116:5111-8.
121. Cornely OA, Maertens J, Winston DJ, et al. Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:348-59. (Pubitemid 46148777)
122. Ullmann AJ, Lipton JH, Vesole DH, et al. Posaconazole or fluconazole for prophylaxis in severe graft-versus-host disease. N Engl JMed 2007; 356:335-47. (Pubitemid 46148776)
123. Molina JR, Serrano J, Sánchez-García J, et al. Voriconazole as primary antifungal prophylaxis in children undergoing allo-SCT [published online ahead of print 16 May 2011]. Bone Marrow Transplant 2011; doi: 10.1038/bmt.2011.111.
124. Foot AB, Veys PA, Gibson B. Intraconazole oral solution as antifungal prophylaxis in children undergoing stem cell transplantation or intensive chemotherapy for haematological disorders. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 24:1089-93.
125. Martino R, Lopez R, Sureda A, Brunet S, Domingo-Albó s A. Risk of reactivation of a recent invasive fungal infection in patients with hematological malignancies undergoing further intensive chemoradiotherapy: a single center experience and review of the literature. Hematologica 1997; 82:297-304. (Pubitemid 28023304)
126. Offner F, Cordonnier C, Ljungman P, et al. Impact of previous aspergillosis on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1098-103. (Pubitemid 28215472)
127. Krüger WH, Rüssmann B, de Wit M, et al. Haemopoietic cell transplantation of patients with a history of deep or invasive fungal infection during prophylaxis with liposomal amphotericin B. Acta Haematol 2005; 113:104-8. (Pubitemid 40522813)
128. Vehreschild JJ, Sieniawski M, Reuter S, et al. Efficacy of caspofungin and itraconazole as secondary antifungal prophylaxis: analysis of data from a multinational case registry. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 34:446-50.
129. Cordonnier C, Rovira M, Maertens J, et al. Voriconazole for secondary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: results of the VOSIFI study. Haematologica 2010; 95:1762-8.
130. Allinson K, Kolve H, Gumbinger HG, Vormoor HJ, Ehlert K, Groll AH. Secondary antifungal prophylaxis in paediatric allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell recipients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61: 734-42. (Pubitemid 351321154)